1977 World Snooker Championship

Last updated

Embassy World Snooker Championship
Tournament information
Dates18–30 April 1977 (1977-04-18 – 1977-04-30)
Venue Crucible Theatre
City Sheffield
CountryEngland
Organisation WPBSA
Format Ranking event
Total prize fund£17,000
Winner's share£6,000
Highest breakFlag of England.svg  John Spencer  (ENG) (135)
Final
ChampionFlag of England.svg  John Spencer  (ENG)
Runner-upFlag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Cliff Thorburn  (CAN)
Score25–21
← 1976
1978 →

The 1977 World Snooker Championship is a professional snooker tournament that took place from 18 to 30 April 1977 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield. John Spencer won his third World Snooker Championship title by defeating Cliff Thorburn by 25 frames to 21 in the final. It was the first time the championship was held at the Crucible, which has remained as the venue for the Championship. The tournament was sponsored by cigarette manufacturer Embassy.

Contents

Qualifying matches took place from 28 March to 7 April 1977 at Hounslow Civic Centre and Fisher's Snooker Centre, Acton, to select eight qualifiers to play against the eight top-seeded players from the 1976/1977 snooker world rankings in the main tournament. Ray Reardon, who had won the annual championship each year from 1973 to 1976, was defeated 6–13 by Spencer in the quarter-finals. There were six century breaks at the championship; Spencer scored 135, the tournament's highest break, in the sixth frame of his semi-final match against John Pulman. Spencer was the first player to win the championship using a two-piece cue . As champion, he received £6,000 from the prize fund of £17,000. The World Championship was the only ranking event of the 1976–77 snooker season.

Overview

British Army soldiers stationed in India invented snooker, a cue sport, in the late 19th century. [1] Joe Davis won the first World Snooker Championship, which the Billiards Association and Control Council (BA&CC) organised in 1927. [2] : 23  [3] In the "modern" era of the sport, which started in 1969 when the World Championship reverted to a knockout format, [4] snooker has become increasingly popular worldwide, especially in East and Southeast Asian nations such as China, Hong Kong and Thailand. [5] [6] [7] Since 1977, the championship has been held at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England. [8]

In the 1977 championship, 16 professional players competed in one-on-one snooker matches in a single-elimination format, each match being played over several frames . [9] Ray Reardon was the defending champion, having defeated Alex Higgins 27–16 in the final of the 1976 World Snooker Championship [10] The top-eight players in the 1976/1977 snooker world rankings were exempted to the main tournament, where they each faced a player from a qualifying competition. [11] The championship was organised by the governing body for professional snooker the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (WPBSA), [12] and promoted by Mike Watterson, [13] with sponsorship by cigarette company Embassy. [14] Watterson chose the Crucible after his wife Carol Watterson, saw a play there and recommended the venue. [10] [15] [16] Watterson booked the venue at a cost of £6,600, and made personal financial guarantees for the championship before Embassy's sponsorship had been secured. Audience members purchased tickets at prices ranging from 75p to £3.50, and the event made a surplus of £12,000. [17] [18] Highlights of the semi-finals and final were broadcast on the national television channel BBC2. [19] [20] [21]

Prize fund

The breakdown of prize money for 1977 was: [22]

  • Winner: £6,000
  • Runner-up: £2,000
  • Semi-final: £1,200
  • Quarter-final: £750
  • Last 16: £350
  • Highest break: £500
  • Total: £17,000

Tournament summary

The Crucible Theatre, Sheffield (pictured in 2005) has been the venue for the World Snooker Championship since 1977. Sheffield, Crucible Theatre - geograph.org.uk - 495326 (cropped).jpg
The Crucible Theatre, Sheffield (pictured in 2005) has been the venue for the World Snooker Championship since 1977.

Qualifying

The WPBSA first published official world rankings for players on the main tour for the 1976–77 season. Players' performances in the previous three World Snooker Championships—1974, 1975, and 1976—contributed to their points totals. These rankings were used for seedings for the tournament. As defending champion, Reardon was seeded first and was also number one on the ranking list. [10] [23] Originally, the top 14 players were due to be seeded into the last-16 round, but the WPBSA members voted 11–10 to change this so that only the top eight players were exempted to the last-16. [11] The draw for the tournament was conducted by journalist Janice Hale at Albany Hotel, Birmingham. [24] The 1977 World Championship was the only ranking event of the 1976–77 season. [25]

Qualifying matches were scheduled from 28 March to 7 April 1977, and took place at Hounslow Civic Centre and Fisher's Snooker Centre, Acton. [11] [26] [27] In the first round, John Virgo eliminated Roy Andrewartha 11–1. In the next round, Virgo won four consecutive frames to go from 7–6 against John Dunning to win 11–6. Willie Thorne won six consecutive frames to complete an 11–6 defeat of Bernard Bennett. Jim Meadowcroft gained a 6–3 lead against Patsy Fagan but lost 9–11 after the pair had been level at 8–8. David Taylor defeated David Greaves 11–0 and made a century break in the fourth frame. There were two other 11–0 defeats: by Cliff Thorburn against Chris Ross and by Dennis Taylor against Jack Karnehm. Veteran Jackie Rea was 8–6 and later 9–8 ahead of Masters champion Doug Mountjoy, a first-season professional who was the reigning World Amateur Champion. Mountjoy won three consecutive frames to win the match 11–9. Maurice Parkin withdrew from the tournament due to illness, giving John Pulman a win by default. [11] [27] Fagan, Virgo, Mountjoy and Thorne qualified to make their World Championship debuts. [28]

First round

The first round took place from 18 to 21 April; each match was played over three sessions as the best of 25 frames. [29] Reardon and Fagan each won four frames in their first session, [30] before Reardon opened a 10–7 lead during the second session and won the match 13–7 the following day. [31] John Spencer was three frames behind Virgo at 1–4 and 4–7 but won three successive frames to equalise both times, and won the match 13–9. [30] [9] Graham Miles was one frame in front of Thorne at 4–3 after their first session, [30] and from 5–4 ahead, Miles won eight consecutive frames to win the match. [9] Pulman led his fellow former world champion Fred Davis 5–3, [30] and then 11–6, winning 13–12. [32]

Eddie Charlton won seven of the first eight frames against David Taylor, made a 105 break in the 12th frame and progressed to the next round with a 13–5 win. Thorburn won seven successive frames during his 13–6 defeat of Rex Williams. Dennis Taylor concluded a 13–11 win against Perrie Mans with a break of 76, the highest of their match, in the 24th frame. [9] The second seed Alex Higgins was 9–7 ahead of Mountjoy after two sessions but Mountjoy won the opening frame of their third session with a 102 break, and then four of the following five frames. Higgins won the following two frames and led by 36 points in the deciding frame . Higgins missed an attempt to pot the pink ball , and a break of 31 by Mountjoy immediately afterwards terminated when he failed to double the final black ball . Two visits later, Mountjoy potted the black to win the match. [33]

Quarter-finals

The quarter-finals were played as best-of-25-frames matches over three sessions on 23 and 24 April. [29] Reardon was never ahead of Spencer, who won the match 6–13, eliminating Reardon. The Snooker Scene match-report assessment said: "Even when the title was slipping away from [Reardon] he never seemed able to focus his concentration and stop making mistakes". [9] : 16  Pulman reached the semi-finals for the first time since 1970 by defeating Miles 13–10. [9] The reporter for Snooker Scene said Pulman played "the smooth, attractive snooker of his great days" in the final session. [9] : 16 

Thorburn and Charlton were level several times at 3–3, 7–7, 10–10 and 11–11. Charlton won the 23rd frame on the final black but lost the match when Thorburn won the next two frames to win the match 13–12. [34] [9] Mountjoy won the first three frames of his match against Dennis Taylor but then lost the next five frames. [34] Each player won four frames in the second session, then Taylor won the opening frame in the third session to lead 10–7. Mountjoy won the next two frames, each on the final black ball, but lost the 20th frame after he went in-off the last black. [9] Taylor won 13–11. [9]

Semi-finals

Cliff Thorburn (pictured in 2007) reached the final for the first time, and was runner-up to John Spencer. Cliff Thorburn in 2007.jpg
Cliff Thorburn (pictured in 2007) reached the final for the first time, and was runner-up to John Spencer.

The semi-finals took place from 24 to 27 April as best-of-35-frames matches played over five sessions. [29] Pulman took a 3–0 lead but Spencer recovered to 3–3 and compiled a total clearance of 135 in the sixth frame. Pulman then went ahead 7–3 before Spencer levelled the match by winning the next four frames. Spencer went on to lead 13–9 and 16–2, and won 18–12, qualifying for the final for the first time since 1972. [9] [35] [36]

Thorburn led 4–3 after the first session and was level at 7–7 with Taylor after the second session. At the start of the third session, Thorburn made a 100 break, which included a cocked-hat double on the final red ball , and led 12–9 at the close of the penultimate day. Taylor added three frames to his tally at the start of the fourth session to equalise, and four frames later, the pair were again level at 14–14. Four frames into the last session, they were at 16–16. Thorburn made a break of 111 in the 33rd frame, during which the only time he potted the black ball was at the end, then took a lead of 80–0 points in the 34th frame, which ended 98–30, meaning Thorburn qualified for the final for the first time. [9] [36]

Final

The tournament's final took place from 28 to 30 April as the best of 49 frames, [29] and was refereed by John Smyth. [37] Spencer won his third world title by defeating Thorburn 25–21. [10] The first session ended with Spencer 4–2 ahead after he won the opening three frames, [9] and he extended his lead to 5–2 before Thorburn won four of the next five frames to leave the score at 6–6 at the day's conclusion. [38] When the third session ended, Thorburn and Spencer were tied at 9–9. Spencer made a break of 105 in the 18th frame. [29]

During the fourth session, Thorburn gained a 13–11 advantage [39] and extended it to 15–11 but Spencer won the next four frames to make it 15–15. The players were also level at 18–18 at the start of the final's last day. Spencer won the first three frames of the day. Thorburn won the following two frames before Spencer won the 42nd frame with a break of 67 to lead 22–20. Thorburn narrowed his deficit to one frame at 21–22 but Spencer won the next three frames to claim victory. [11]

Spencer was the first player to win the title with a two-piece cue. His previous cue was smashed in a car accident just before the 1974 Norwich Union Open; despite repairs, Spencer was not confident about using it so he purchased a new, two-piece implement whilst on tour in Canada. Having made several century breaks with the new cue following his return to England, Spencer decided to use it for the championship only two months before the tournament. A few months after his victory, he replaced it with a different, Japanese-made cue. [11] [40] Snooker historian Clive Everton wrote Spencer "exploded two myths" by winning with a two-piece cue, a type of implement that was generally seen as suitable for pool but not snooker, and having only used it for two months, when most professional players thought it took many months to become proficient with a new cue. [11] : 50  Thorburn also used a two-piece cue for the match as was common in his native Canada. [11]

An article in Snooker Scene contrasted Spencer's playing style in his earlier World Championship victories, which featured "aggressive" long potting , to the way he played in 1977, which included fewer long pots and consistent mid-distance potting, and praised his "coolness and steadiness of nerve" and his choice of shots to play. [41] The same magazine described Thorburn's strengths at the tournament as "concentration and consistency". [42]

Main draw

The results for the tournament are shown below. The numbers in brackets denote player seedings and match winners are denoted in bold. [29] [43]

 
Last 16
Best of 25 frames		Quarter-finals
Best of 25 frames		Semi-finals
Best of 35 frames		Final
Best of 49 frames
 
              
 
18 & 19 April
 
 
Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg  Ray Reardon  (WAL) (1)13
 
22 & 23 April
 
Flag of Ireland.svg  Patsy Fagan  (IRL)7
 
Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg  Ray Reardon  (WAL) (1)6
 
18 & 19 April
 
Flag of England.svg  John Spencer  (ENG) (8)13
 
Flag of England.svg  John Spencer  (ENG) (8)13
 
24, 25, 26 & 27 April
 
Flag of England.svg  John Virgo  (ENG)9
 
Flag of England.svg  John Spencer  (ENG) (8)18
 
18 & 19 April
 
Flag of England.svg  John Pulman  (ENG)16
 
Flag of England.svg  Graham Miles  (ENG) (5)13
 
22 & 23 April
 
Flag of England.svg  Willie Thorne  (ENG)4
 
Flag of England.svg  Graham Miles  (ENG) (5)10
 
18 & 19 April
 
Flag of England.svg  John Pulman  (ENG)13
 
Flag of England.svg  Fred Davis  (ENG) (4)12
 
28, 29, & 30 April
 
Flag of England.svg  John Pulman  (ENG)13
 
Flag of England.svg  John Spencer  (ENG) (8)25
 
20 & 21 April
 
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Cliff Thorburn  (CAN)21
 
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Eddie Charlton  (AUS) (3)13
 
22 & 23 April
 
Flag of England.svg  David Taylor  (ENG)5
 
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Eddie Charlton  (AUS) (3)12
 
20 & 21 April
 
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Cliff Thorburn  (CAN)13
 
Flag of England.svg  Rex Williams  (ENG) (6)6
 
24, 25, 26 & 27 April
 
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Cliff Thorburn  (CAN)13
 
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Cliff Thorburn  (CAN)18
 
20 & 21 April
 
Ulster Banner.svg  Dennis Taylor  (NIR)16
 
Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg  Perrie Mans  (RSA) (7)11
 
22 & 23 April
 
Ulster Banner.svg  Dennis Taylor  (NIR)13
 
Ulster Banner.svg  Dennis Taylor  (NIR)13
 
20 & 21 April
 
Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg  Doug Mountjoy  (WAL)11
 
Ulster Banner.svg  Alex Higgins  (NIR) (2)12
 
 
Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg  Doug Mountjoy  (WAL)13
 

Final

Details for the final are shown below. [29] Numbers in bold and with a † symbol represent frame-winning scores. Numbers in brackets and italics represent breaks of 50 or more.

Final: Best-of-49 frames.

Crucible Theatre, Sheffield. 28–30 April 1977.

Referee: John Smyth.

Flag of England.svg  John Spencer  (ENG)

25–21Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Cliff Thorburn  (CAN)
First session, 28 April, 11:00 a.m. start
Frame123456
Spencer63†98†79†412873†
Thorburn49212446†94†13
Frames (Spencer first)1–02–03–03–13–24–2
Second session, 28 April, 3:15 p.m. start
Frame789101112
Spencer70†(68)39112987†(75)32
Thorburn4677†72†64†2170†
Frames (Spencer first)5–25–35–45–56–56–6
Third session, 28 April, 7:30 p.m. start
Frame131415161718
Spencer415184†(54)105†(97)44118†(105)
Thorburn90†62†402169†0
Frames (Spencer first)6–76–87–88–88–99–9
Fourth session, 29 April, 11:00 a.m. start
Frame192021222324
Spencer6071†73†335338
Thorburn71†314585†85†(58)70†
Frames (Spencer first)9–1010–1011–1011–1111–1211–13
Fifth session, 29 April, 3:15 p.m. start
Frame252627282930
Spencer384887†90†81†63†
Thorburn58†77†(77)31402058
Frames (Spencer first)11–1411–1512–1513–1514–1515–15
Sixth session, 29 April, 7:30 p.m. start
Frame313233343536
Spencer2959†78†(78)70†3946
Thorburn82†26584475†(75)85†
Frames (Spencer first)15–1616–1617–1618–1618–1718–18
Seventh session, 30 April, 11:00 a.m. start
Frame373839404142
Spencer93†64†74†936107†(67)
Thorburn20512183†(58)72†20
Frames (Spencer first)19–1820–1821–1821–1921–2022–20
Eighth session, 30 April, 2:30 p.m. start
Frame43444546474849
Spencer1783†69†72†(51)
Thorburn74†143612
Frames (Spencer first)22–2123–2124–2125–21
105Highest break77
1Century breaks0
7Other 50+ breaks4
John Spencer won the 1977 World Snooker Championship

Qualifying

Results for the qualifying rounds are shown below. Players in bold denote match winners. [44] [45]

Round 1 (Best of 21 frames)

PlayerScorePlayer
Flag of England.svg  John Virgo  (ENG)11–1Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg  Roy Andrewartha  (WAL)

Round 2 (Best of 21 frames)

PlayerScorePlayer
Flag of Ireland.svg  Patsy Fagan  (IRL)11–9Flag of England.svg  Jim Meadowcroft  (ENG)
Flag of England.svg  John Virgo  (ENG)11–6Flag of England.svg  John Dunning  (ENG)
Flag of England.svg  Willie Thorne  (ENG)11–4Flag of England.svg  Bernard Bennett  (ENG)
Flag of England.svg  John Pulman  (ENG)w/o–w/dFlag of England.svg  Maurice Parkin  (ENG)
Flag of England.svg  David Taylor  (ENG)11–0Flag of England.svg  David Greaves  (ENG)
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Cliff Thorburn  (CAN)11–0Flag of Scotland.svg  Chris Ross  (SCO)
Ulster Banner.svg  Dennis Taylor  (NIR)11–0Flag of England.svg  Jack Karnehm  (ENG)
Flag of Wales (1959-present).svg  Doug Mountjoy  (WAL)11–9Ulster Banner.svg  Jackie Rea  (NIR)

Century breaks

There were six century breaks at the championship. The highest break of the tournament was 135, which was made by John Spencer. [46]

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References

  1. ↑ Williams, Victoria R. (28 April 2015). Weird Sports and Wacky Games around the World: From Buzkashi to Zorbing. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 286. ISBN   978-1-61069-639-5. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  2. ↑ Everton, Clive (2012). Black Farce and Cue Ball Wizards: The Inside Story of the Snooker World. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN   978-1-78057-568-1.
  3. ↑ "History of Snooker – a Timeline". wpbsa. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  4. ↑ "John Higgins eyes more crucible titles" . The Daily Telegraph. London. 5 May 2009. Archived from the original on 30 April 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2020. the modern era, which began in 1969 when the World Championship became a knockout event.
  5. ↑ "The Rise of China". wst.tv. World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association. 26 February 2018. Archived from the original on 19 April 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  6. ↑ Wilson, Bill (24 April 2015). "Snooker looks to cue up more big breaks in China". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  7. ↑ "Snooker world champion, Hongkonger Ng On-yee aims to change image of male-dominated game". Hong Kong Free Press. Agence France-Presse. 17 March 2018. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  8. ↑ "World snooker championship 2022 – when is Crucible main draw, how to watch with Ronnie O'Sullivan, Judd Trump in action". Eurosport. 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Embassy world professional championship". Snooker Scene. June 1977. pp. 12–19.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Turner, Chris. "World Professional Championship". cajt.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk. Chris Turner's Snooker Archive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Everton, Clive (1993). The Embassy Book of World Snooker. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 47–50. ISBN   978-0-7475-1610-1.
  12. ↑ Harris, Luke J. (3 January 2020). "21. Snooker and billiards". In Nauright, John; Zipp, Sarah (eds.). Routledge Handbook of Global Sport. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. pp. 227–237. ISBN   978-1-138-88723-7. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 3 September 2020.
  13. ↑ Morrison, Ian (1989). Snooker: records, facts and champions. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 36. ISBN   978-0-85112-364-6.
  14. ↑ Mackenzie, Andrew (16 April 2010). "Final Curtain: Last World Snooker Championship to be held away from the Crucible (1976)". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
  15. ↑ "1977: Spencer sparkles in Sheffield". BBC Sport. 18 April 2003. Archived from the original on 8 April 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  16. ↑ "World Snooker Championship Trivia". Embassy Snooker. Archived from the original on 4 December 2004. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
  17. ↑ "Mike Watterson". The Times. No. 72796. 16 March 2019. p. 88.
  18. ↑ "[Advertisement for the] Embassy world professional snooker championship". Snooker Scene. April 1977. p. 15.
  19. ↑ Everton, Clive (1981). The Guinness Book of Snooker. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 8. ISBN   978-0-85112-230-4.
  20. ↑ "BBC2". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 28 April 1977. p. 15.
  21. ↑ "BBC2". Coventry Evening Telegraph. 30 April 1977. p. 10.
  22. ↑ Downer, Chris (2019). Crucible Almanac. Bournemouth. p. 146.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ↑ "Official rankings". Snooker Scene. August 1976. p. 10.
  24. ↑ "New qualifying system". Snooker Scene. February 1977. p. 18.
  25. ↑ "Official world rankings". Snooker Scene. June 1978. p. 28.
  26. ↑ "Embassy world professional snooker championship". Snooker Scene. March 1977. p. 5.
  27. 1 2 Green, Trevor (May 1977). "Embassy world professional snooker championship: qualifying section at Hounslow Civic Centre". Snooker Scene. pp. 7–9.
  28. ↑ "Patsy Fagan at the World Championship". Snooker Database. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
    "John Virgo at the World Championship". Snooker Database. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
    "Doug Mountjoy at the World Championship". Snooker Database. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
    "Willie Thorne at the World Championship". Snooker Database. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Downer, Chris (2010). Crucible Almanac. Bournemouth. pp. 4–5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  30. 1 2 3 4 "World champion held to 4–4 by Fagan". The Times. No. 59981. 19 April 1977. p. 8.
  31. ↑ "Reardon reaches last eight". The Times. No. 59982. 20 April 1977. p. 10.
  32. ↑ "Last frame to Pulman". The Sydney Morning Herald. 21 April 1977. p. 17.
  33. ↑ "Mountjoy chases new title". The Times. No. 59984. 22 April 1977. p. 15.
  34. 1 2 "Fine start for Mountjoy". The Times. No. 59987. 23 April 1977. p. 7.
  35. ↑ Everton, Clive (25 April 1977). "Old master restored". The Guardian. p. 17.
  36. 1 2 Everton, Clive (26 April 1977). "Two-piece success". The Guardian. p. 20.
  37. ↑ Downer, Chris (2010). Crucible Almanac. Bournemouth. p. 159.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  38. ↑ "Thorburn and Spencer level". The Daily Telegraph. 29 April 1977. p. 34.
  39. ↑ "Snooker players tied". Star-Phoenix. Saskatoon. 30 April 1977. p. 17.
  40. ↑ "Then and Now: John Spencer". Eurosport UK. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  41. ↑ "How Spencer came back". Snooker Scene. June 1977. p. 5.
  42. ↑ "How Thorburn made it". Snooker Scene. June 1977. p. 7.
  43. ↑ "1977 World Championships Results Grid". Snooker Database. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
  44. ↑ Eric, Hayton (2004). The CueSport Book of Professional Snooker: The Complete Record & History. London: Rose Villa Publications. p. 146. ISBN   978-0-9548549-0-4.
  45. ↑ Downer, Chris (2010). Crucible Almanac. Bournemouth. p. 197.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  46. ↑ Downer, Chris (2019). Crucible Almanac. Bournemouth. p. 162.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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