 | This article needs additional citations for verification .(November 2015) |
 | |
| Host city | Kobe, Japan |
|---|---|
| Nations | 106 |
| Athletes | 2,783 |
| Events | 119 in 11 sports |
| Opening | August 24, 1985 |
| Closing | September 4, 1985 |
| Opened by | Crown Prince Akihito |
| Main venue | Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium |
The 1985 Summer Universiade, also known as the XIII Summer Universiade, took place in Kobe, Japan.
The mascot of the Kobe Universiade, "Unitan", designed by Osamu Tezuka, is a red-crested white crane, symbolic of Japan and a good omen. The name was chosen from some 8,000 suggestions received from throughout the country. The name is derived from a combination of 'uni' from 'Universiade' and 'tan' from the Japanese name for red-crested crane, namely 'tancho-tsuru'.
The sex chromatin test was used at these games to decide on participants' gender; Spanish hurdler Maria José Martínez-Patiño was declared a man and thus ruled ineligible for the women's events. [1] [2] [3] In agreement with officials who suggested she fake an injury so she could withdraw without publicity, she complied. She later fought, successfully, to have that diagnosis reversed. [4]
Athletics () 
Basketball () 
Diving () 
Fencing () 
Football () 
Gymnastics () 
Judo () 
Swimming () 
Tennis () 
Volleyball () 
Water polo () | Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Soviet Union (URS) | 41 | 22 | 17 | 80 |
| 2 |  United States (USA) | 25 | 21 | 23 | 69 |
| 3 |  Cuba (CUB) | 8 | 8 | 5 | 21 |
| 4 |  China (CHN) | 6 | 7 | 6 | 19 |
| 5 |  Romania (ROM) | 5 | 10 | 6 | 21 |
| 6 |  Japan (JPN)* | 5 | 3 | 7 | 15 |
| 7 |  Italy (ITA) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 15 |
| 8 |  Bulgaria (BUL) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 14 |
| 9 |  North Korea (PRK) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |
| 10 |  Netherlands (NED) | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
| 11 |  Poland (POL) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 12 |  South Korea (KOR) | 3 | 0 | 4 | 7 |
| 13 |  West Germany (FRG) | 2 | 4 | 9 | 15 |
| 14 |  Australia (AUS) | 2 | 4 | 2 | 8 |
| 15 |  Nigeria (NGR) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 16 |  Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 17 |  Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 18 |  Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 19 |  Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
 Jamaica (JAM) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| 21 |  Canada (CAN) | 0 | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 22 |  France (FRA) | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 23 |  Yugoslavia (YUG) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 24 |  Mexico (MEX) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Portugal (POR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Uruguay (URU) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 28 |  Ivory Coast (CIV) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Morocco (MAR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
 Puerto Rico (PUR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (30 entries) | 121 | 119 | 125 | 365 | |
A gender role, also known as a sex role, is a social role encompassing a range of behaviors and attitudes that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person's sex. Gender roles are usually centered on conceptions of masculinity and femininity, although there are exceptions and variations.
Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field, road running, cross-country running, and racewalking.
Sex verification in sports occurs because eligibility of athletes to compete is restricted whenever sporting events are limited to a single sex, which is generally the case, as well as when events are limited to mixed-sex teams of defined composition. Practice has varied tremendously over time, across borders and by competitive level. Issues have arisen multiple times in the Olympic games and other high-profile sporting competitions, for example allegations that certain male athletes attempted to compete as women or that certain female athletes had intersex conditions perceived to give unfair advantage. The topic of sex verification is related to the more recent question of how to treat transgender people in sports. Sex verification is not typically conducted on athletes competing in the male category because there is generally no perceived competitive advantage for a female or intersex athlete to compete in male categories.
The FISU World University Games, formerly the Universiade, is an international multi-sport event, organized for university athletes by the International University Sports Federation (FISU). The former name is a portmanteau of the words "University" and "Olympiad".
Renée Richards is an American ophthalmologist and former tennis player who competed on the professional circuit in the 1970s, and became widely known following male-to-female sex reassignment surgery, when she fought to compete as a woman in the 1976 US Open.
Ewa Janina Kłobukowska is a Polish former sprinter. She competed at the 1964 Olympics in the 4×100 m relay and 100 m sprint and won a gold and a bronze medal, respectively. She also won two gold and one silver medal at the 1966 European Athletics Championships. Kłobukowska set three world records, one in the 100 m and two in the 4×100 m relay. Kłobukowska was at one point considered to be the fastest woman in the world. The American Press made a statement, saying that nobody would beat Kłobukowska for the next 7–8 years following a race in Prague. Despite these successes and laurels, her records were annulled by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) after a gender identification test in 1967 wrongly labeled her as not female. The test procedures were later found to be inadequate.
Homare Sawa is a Japanese former professional footballer who played as a forward or a midfielder. Regarded by many as one of the greatest female footballers of all time and the greatest Asian female footballer of all time, Sawa had a professional club career spanning 24 seasons, mostly with Nippon TV Beleza and INAC Kobe Leonessa. She also spent 22 years with the Japan national team, most notably captaining them to a FIFA Women's World Cup win in 2011 and an Olympic silver medal finish in 2012.
A man is an adult male human. Prior to adulthood, a male human is referred to as a boy.
Mokgadi Caster Semenya OIB is a South African middle-distance runner and winner of two Olympic gold medals and three World Championships in the women's 800 metres. She first won gold at the World Championships in 2009 and went on to win at the 2016 Olympics and the 2017 World Championships, where she also won a bronze medal in the 1500 metres. After the doping disqualification of Mariya Savinova, she was also awarded gold medals for the 2011 World Championships and the 2012 Olympics.
Ji So-yun is a South Korean professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for WK League club Suwon FC and the South Korea national team.
Yukari Kinga is a Japanese football player. She is currently playing as a defender for Sanfrecce Hiroshima Regina in the WE League. She previously played for the Japan women's national football team, winning a World Cup and an Olympic silver medal before her international retirement in 2016.
Nahomi Kawasumi is a Japanese footballer who plays for Japanese club Albirex Niigata. A full international since 2008, she won gold at the 2011 World Cup as well as silver at the 2012 London Olympics and 2015 World Cup. During the 2011 World Cup, she scored two goals—including a lob at 35 yards away against Sweden during the semifinals—helping Japan eventually win the tournament for the first time in its history.
The 2017 Summer Universiade was a multi-sport event, commonly referred to as a Universiade, held in the city of Taipei, Taiwan. It took place from August 19 to August 30, 2017.
Nataliya Olegovna Goncharova, from 2012 to 2016 Obmochaeva, is a Russian volleyball player. She played for the Ukraine women's national volleyball team until 2010 when she became part of the Russia women's national volleyball team.
Dutee Chand is an Indian professional sprinter and current national champion in the women's 100 metres event. She is the first Indian to win a gold medal in 100m race in a global competition. She is the third Indian woman to ever qualify for the Women's 100 metres event at the Summer Olympic Games. However, in the 2016 Summer Olympics, her 11.69 s in the preliminary round did not qualify her for the next round. In 2018, Chand clinched silver in women's 100m at the Jakarta Asian Games. It was India's first medal in this event since 1998. In 2019, she became the first Indian sprinter to win gold at the Universiade, clocking 11.32 seconds in the 100 m race.
Sex differences in human intelligence have long been a topic of debate among researchers and scholars. It is now recognized that there are no significant sex differences in general intelligence, though particular subtypes of intelligence vary somewhat between sexes.
Maria José Martínez-Patiño is a Spanish former hurdler, whose dismissal from the Spanish Olympic team in 1986 for failing the gender test is a notable moment in the history of sex verification in sports.
The participation of transgender people in competitive sports, a traditionally sex-segregated institution, is a controversial issue, particularly the inclusion of transgender women and girls in women's sports.
Accounts of transgender people have been identified going back to ancient times in cultures worldwide. The modern terms and meanings of "transgender", "gender", "gender identity", and "gender role" only emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. As a result, opinions vary on how to categorize historical accounts of gender-variant people and identities.
 | This article about a sporting event is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This article related to sports in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
