1988 Toronto municipal election

Last updated

1988 Toronto mayoral election
Flag of Toronto, Canada.svg
←  1985 November 14, 1988 1991  →
Turnout31% [1]
 
Arthur Eggleton Defense Minister of Canada (cropped).jpg
CW
BR
Candidate Art Eggleton Carolann Wright Bill Roberts
Popular vote91,18024,4797,235
Percentage64.9%17.4%5.1%
Mayor of Toronto before election

Art Eggleton

Elected Mayor of Toronto

Art Eggleton

The 1988 Toronto municipal election was held to elect members of municipal councils, school boards, and hydro commissions in the six municipalities that made up Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The election was held November 14, 1988. This election also marked the abolition of Boards of Control in North York, Etobicoke, Scarborough, and York. The Toronto Board of Control had been abolished in 1969.

Contents

Metro

The electoral divisions used for Metro in the 1988 election Toronto region wards 1988.png
The electoral divisions used for Metro in the 1988 election

The 1988 campaign was the first time most members of Metro Toronto were directly elected. Toronto had moved to direct elections in 1985, but the other cities had still had a selection of council members dually seated at Metro. In the new council only the five mayors would be granted automatic Metro seats.

East York
Peter Oyler - 11,088
Avril Usha Velupillai - 7,885
Bob Willis - 2,043
Lakeshore Queensway
Chris Stockwell - 10,442
Morley Kells - 7,790
Kingsway Humber
Dennis Flynn - 16,642
Jack Soules - 4,497
Markland Centennial
Dick O'Brien - 13,049
Leonard Braithwaite - 7,296
Rexdale Thistletown
Lois Griffin - acclaimed
North York Humber
Mario Gentile - 19,697
Angelo Natale - 4,795
Black Creek
Maria Augimeri - 19,244
Camilo Tiqui - 2,462
Sherland Chhangur - 2,391
North York Spadina
Howard Moscoe - acclaimed
North York Centre South
Bev Salmon - 10,618
Gordon Chong - 7,223
North York Centre
Norman Gardner - acclaimed
Don Parkway
Marie Labette - 14,443
Courtney Doidron - 3,108
Seneca Heights
Joan King - acclaimed
Scarborough Bluffs
Brian Ashton - 9,957
Bill Belfontaine - 8,348
Scarborough Wexford
Maureen Prinsloo - 6,007
Bryan Prettie - 4,922
Scarborough Centre
Brian Harrison - 8,516
Barry Christensen - 5,150
Keith Sutherland - 1,906
Scarborough Malvern
Bob Sanders - 4,780
Hugh Evelyn - 3,575
Chris Burry - 1,309
Yaqoob Khan - 1,308
Roy Paluoja - 448
Scarborough Highland Creek
Ken Morrish - acclaimed
Scarborough Agincourt
Scott Cavalier - 8,175
Eden Gajraj - 1,861
High Park
Derwyn Shea - 11,473
Ben Grys - 9,204
Trinity Niagara
Joe Pantalone - 8,717
Lamartine Silva - 3,864
Davenport
Richard Gilbert - 7,880
Dennis Fotinos - 5,133
North Toronto
Anne Johnston - acclaimed
Midtown
Ila Bossons - 7,924
Ying Hope - 7,196
Bill Granger - 4,375
Downtown
Dale Martin - 10,322
Janly Pang - 3,950
Don River
Roger Hollander - 11,785
Richard Yue - 5,447
East Toronto
Paul Christie - 11,187
Linda Lynch - 9,361
York Eglinton
Mike Colle - 11,527
Jacquie Chic - 3,571
York Humber
Alan Tonks - acclaimed

Lakeshore Queensway Councillor Chris Stockwell resigned when he won a seat in the 1990 Provincial Election. A by-election was held on November 29, 1990.

Blake Kinahan - 1,770
Bruce Davis - 1,520
Ron Barr - 1,150
Jeff Knoll - 994
Richard Clupa - 657
Helen Wursta - 550
Kevin McGourty - 221
Agnes Ugolini Potts - 213
Branko Gasperlin - 180
Aileen Anderson - 157
Maureen Hunter Dennis - 107
Stephen Elkerton - 62

Toronto

Mayor

Incumbent mayor Art Eggleton faced little opposition in his bid for his fourth term of office. His closest opponent was New Democrat Carolann Wright, a community activist running on an anti-poverty platform.

Results
Art Eggleton - 91,180
Carolann Wright - 24,479
Bill Roberts - 7,235
Don Andrews - 5,690
John Kellerman - 3,197
Jim Atherton - 2,459
Ben Kerr - 2,204
Zoltan Szoboszlov - 2,202
Alan Ritchie - 1,869

City council

Ward boundaries used in the 1988 election Toronto Ward Map 1988.png
Ward boundaries used in the 1988 election

There was the largest turnover in councillors in this election since the 1972 election. The left on council ran a joint Reform Toronto campaign focused on curbing the development industry. The vote was a major triumph for the left on city council with two prominent and long-serving conservatives defeated: Fred Beavis, who had served on council since 1961, was defeated by environmentalist Marilyn Churley, and in the north end, conservative Michael Gee lost to Howard Levine.

Ward 1 (Swansea and Bloor West Village)
William Boytchuk (incumbent) - 7,686
David Garrick - 4,092
Ward 2 (Parkdale
Chris Korwin-Kuczynski (incumbent) - 7,242
Francine Dick - 1,312
Michael Sarazen - 412
Thomas Bose - 348
Ward 3 (Brockton)
Tony O'Donohue (incumbent) - 4,269
Jimmy Talpa - 837
Ward 4 (Trinity-Bellwoods and Little Italy)
Martin Silva - 3,529
Nick Figliano - 1,494
Tony Letra - 1,266
Joey Pimental - 675
Ward 5 (Financial District, Toronto - University of Toronto)
Liz Amer - 3,481
Peter Maloney - 2,336
Rachel Foulkes - 1,226
Steve BFG Johnson - 417
Ray Barker - 224
Ward 6 Downtown East
Jack Layton (incumbent) - 5,486
Lois MacMillan-Walker - 1,480
Ward 7 (Regent Park and Cabbagetown)
Barbara Hall (incumbent) - 4,748
Mike Armstrong - 1,536
Allan Boudreau - 499
Ward 8 (Riverdale)
Marilyn Churley - 5,771
Fred Beavis (incumbent) - 4,192
Paul Ralna - 1,028
Ward 9 (East Danforth)
Tom Clifford (incumbent) - 5,220
Mitchell Kosny - 3,498
Michael Tegtmeyer - 370
Ward 10 (The Beaches)
Tom Jakobek (incumbent) - 9,782
Glenn Middleton - 2,443
Ward 11 (The Junction)
Rob Maxwell - 3,299
Peter Zahakos - 3,119
Melania Leshko - 545
Ward 12 (Davenport and Corso Italia)
Betty Disero (incumbent) - acclaimed
Ward 13 (The Annex and Yorkville)
Nadine Nowlan (incumbent) - acclaimed
Ward 14 (Forest Hill)
Howard Levine - 5,477
Michael Gee (incumbent) - 4,995
Ward 15 (Western North Toronto)
Kay Gardner (incumbent) - 7,955
Jeffrey Stutz - 1,966
Bob Murphy - 1,591
Ward 16 (Davisville and Lawrence Park)
Michael Walker (incumbent) - 5,436
Malcolm Martini - 5,249
Joanne Short - 722

Results are taken from the November 15, 1988 Toronto Star and might not exactly match final tallies.

By-election

Ward 8 Councillor Marilyn Churley resigned upon winning a seat in the 1990 Provincial Election. A by-election was held on November 29, 1990:

Peter Tabuns - 3,217
Linda Lynch - 2,421
Carol Mark - 521
Susan Millingen - 195
Donald Andrews - 137
Daniel Browning - 97

Borough of East York

The election in East York was a rather tame affair with the mayor, Dave Johnson handily re-elected by a large plurality. On Council five of eight members were new but only one incumbent, Bob Dale was defeated. Incumbent Steve Mastoras was re-elected but demoted to Junior Councillor in Ward 2. [2]

† - denotes incumbent status from previous council

Mayor

Councillor

Two councillors were elected to each ward.

Ward 1
Case Ootes - 2,903
Michael Prue - 2,413
John Papadakis - 1,101
Melanie Milanich - 868
John Couvell - 398
Michael Grosso - 303
Alex Parucha - 292
Ward 2
†Bill Buckingham - 4,275
†George Vasilopolous - 3,920
Paul Robinson - 3,351
Ward 3
Helen Kennedy - 3,418
†Steve Mastoras - 3,006
†Bob Dale - 2,561
Anastasios Baxevanidis - 609
Ward 4
Lorna Krawchuk - 4,343
Jenner Jean-Marie - 4,016
Steve Gorgey - 2,686
Ghamsh Kara - 1,713

Trustee

Ward 1 (3 to be elected)
†Gail Nyberg - 2,419
Janet McKeown - 1,781
Dennis Kolby - 1,503
Randy Silar - 1,146
Grace Stephens - 907
Ward 2 (1 to be elected)
†Connie Culbertson - 3,553
†Ken Maxted - 3,069
Alexander Kory - 1,679
Ward 3 (3 to be elected)
Margaret Hazelton - 2,643
Len Self - 1,884
Shirley Boast - 1,205
Russell English - 609
Ward 4 (3 to be elected)
Elca Rennick - 4,128
Ruth Goldhar - 3,978
Henry Friesen - 1,447
Abdul Hal Patel - 954

Hydro Commission

(2 to be elected)

†Frank E. Johnson - 13,033
John Flowers - 9,801
Georgia Dunn - 8,964
John Nursey - 3,334

City of Etobicoke

Mayor

City Councillors

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

Ward 5

Ward 6

Ward 7

Ward 8

Ward 9

Ward 10

Ward 11

Ward 12

City of Scarborough

Mayor

City Councillors

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

Ward 5

Ward 6

Ward 7

Ward 8

Ward 9

Ward 10

Ward 11

Ward 12

Ward 13

Ward 14

Public Utilities Commission

City of North York

Mel Lastman was re-elected mayor of the North York for the sixth consecutive time. His wife, Marilyn also tried to obtain a council seat but was defeated by former school trustee Bob Bradley. Only one incumbent councillor, Bob Yuill was defeated in Ward 8 by newcomer Joanne Flint. All other councillors were re-elected. [3] [4]

Mayor

Council

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

Ward 5

1988 Toronto municipal election : North York Councillor, Ward Five
CandidateVotes%
Anthony Perruzza 5,20750.65
Frank Crudo1,96719.13
Bruno Rea1,55715.14
John Butcher9519.25
Charles Olito5995.83
Total valid votes10,281100.00

46 out of 47 polls reporting.

Ward 6

Ward 7

Ward 8

Ward 9

Ward 10

Ward 11

Ward 12

Ward 13

Ward 14

School Board

Ward 1

Ward 2

Ward 3

Ward 4

Ward 5

Ward 6

1988 Toronto municipal election : North York Board of Education, Ward Six
CandidateVotes%
Cheryl Moscoe3,85252.82
Phyllis Weinberg3,44147.18
Total valid votes7,293100.00

Ward 7

Ward 8

Ward 9

Ward 10

Ward 11

Ward 12

Ward 13

Ward 14

Hydro Commission

(2 elected)

City of York

Mayor

Mario Faraone was a 47-year-old building designer, consultant, and the owner of the firm F.M. Faraone and Sons company. He campaigned in support of urban tax reform, better traffic planning and affordable housing. [20] He was a member of the Liberal Party, but ran without a party endorsement. [21] A 1990 article in the Toronto Star newspaper drew attention to the fact that the York adjustment committee approved every single proposal put forward by Faraone in 1989 through 1990, despite serious concerns from local residents in some instances. One of the committee members was Faraone's business partner, Jack Capitanio. Faraone denied any suggestion of wrongdoing, and argued that his success rate was a reflection of his experience in the building industry. Capitano also denied suggestions of favouritism. [22] Mayor Fergy Brown responded to the article by saying that he would raise the matter at the next council meeting, and recommended the city's legal department start an investigation. [23] Newspaper reports do not indicate how the matter was resolved. Faraone has remained active in the building trade. [24]

1988 Toronto municipal election : Mayor of York
CandidateVotes%
Fergy Brown 21,49358.74
Tony Grande 13,61637.21
Mario Faraone1,4824.05
Total valid votes36,591100.00

City Council

Of the eight ward races, six incumbents were returned. Newcomer Frances Nunziata beat incumbent Gary Bloor in Ward 7. Jim Fera was also a new member for Ward 5. [25]

Ward 1
Ben Nobleman (incumbent) 2,228
Daria Bradbury 1,885
Ward 2
Tony Mandarano (incumbent) 2,558
Chai Kalevar 809
Frank Rogers 592
Ward 3
Tony Rizzo (incumbent) 1,965
Ron Bradd 1,786
Suzana Dozsa 404
Lisa Alliston 298
Dino Coletti 150
Ettore Reda 72
Roland Saggiorato (withdrew)
Ward 4
Nicolo Fortunato (incumbent) 1,421
Joan Roberts 1,179
Salvatore Sinopoli 458
Sydney King 181
Ward 5
Jim Fera 1,890
Enrico M. Iafolla 1,479
Dan Howells 597
Ward 6
Bob McLean (incumbent) 4,277
Rick Richards 1,367
Ward 7
Frances Nunziata 2,969
Gary Bloor (incumbent) 2,252
Gurpreet Malhotra 83
Ward 8
Bill Saundercook (incumbent, acclaimed)

Board of trustees

Ward 1
Karen Hen (incumbent) 2,162
James Stevens 809
Ward 2*
Branko Jovanovich 833
Pete Karageorgos 826
Marion Ward 561
  • Election Night Results - Recount
Ward 2 Post Recount
Branko Jovanovich 828
Pete Karageorgos 827
Marion Ward 561
Due to irregularities by-election ordered by District Court Judge R.G. Conant
Ward 2 By-Election Results - June 19, 1989
Pete Karageorgos 537
Branko Jovanovich 527
Marion Ward 196
Ward 3
Ruth Russell (incumbent) 1,897
Peter Luci 559
Ward 4
Elizabeth Hill 760
Michael Bunker 442
Stefano Scopacasa 363
Charles Ashton 88
Ward 5
Patricia Hainer 1,260
Joseph Morriello 1,051
Ward 6
John Gibson (incumbent) 2,096
Brian Morgan 1,623
Ward 7
Steven Mold (incumbent) 2,551
Jon Gentry 1,005
Ward 8
Madeleine McDowell (incumbent) 1,804
Gaye Lew 1,129

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raymond Cho (politician)</span> Canadian politician

Raymond Sung Joon Cho is a Canadian politician who has served as the Ontario minister of seniors and accessibility since June 29, 2018. A member of the Progressive Conservative (PC) Party, Cho has sat as a member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) since 2016. He currently represents Scarborough North, and is the Legislative Assembly's oldest sitting MPP. Cho's over 30-year long political career began in 1991 when he was first elected to the Metro Toronto Council. Following amalgamation in 1998, Cho ran for Toronto City Council, where he re-elected eight times until resigning in 2016 following a successful run for Scarborough—Rouge River in a provincial by-election. Prior to entering politics, Cho worked as a social worker.

Alan Tonks is a former Canadian politician. He was the Liberal MP for the federal riding of York South—Weston in Toronto from 2000 to 2011, and was the Metro Toronto Chairman from 1987 to 1997.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anthony Perruzza</span> Canadian politician

Anthony Perruzza is a Canadian politician who has served on Toronto City Council since 2006. He currently represents Ward 7 Humber River—Black Creek. Perruzza was a North York councillor from 1988 to 1990, and served in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1990 to 1995 as a member of the New Democratic Party (NDP). Perruzza was a candidate for mayor of Toronto in the 2023 by-election, placing tenth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto</span> Regional chair of Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada

The Chairman of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto or Metro Chairman was the regional chair of Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and the most senior political figure in the municipality. The Metro Chairman was elected by the members of Metropolitan Toronto Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1997 Toronto municipal election</span> Amalgamated offices poll

The 1997 Toronto municipal election was the first election held for offices in the amalgamated "megacity" of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The elections were administered by the old City of Toronto and its five suburbs within Metropolitan Toronto. The vote was held November 10, 1997, electing the mayor and 56 councillors in 28 wards who took office on January 1, 1998, the day of the amalgamation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994 Toronto municipal election</span>

The 1994 Toronto municipal election was held in November 1994 to elect councillors in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and mayors, councillors and school trustees in Toronto, York, East York, North York, Scarborough and Etobicoke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1991 Toronto municipal election</span> Canadian city election

The 1991 Toronto municipal election was held on November 12, 1991, to elect councillors in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and mayors, councillors and school trustees in Toronto, York, East York, North York, Scarborough and Etobicoke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1985 Toronto municipal election</span>

The 1985 Toronto municipal election was held to elect members of municipal councils, school boards, and hydro commissions in the six municipalities that made up Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The election was held on November 12, 1985.

The Toronto municipal election of 1976 was held on December 6, 1976 in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mayors, city councillors and school board trustees were elected in the municipalities of Toronto, York, East York, North York, Etobicoke and Scarborough.

Norman "Norm" Gardner is a politician and administrator in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He is a former North York and Toronto City Councillor, serving most recently as chair of the Toronto Police Services Board (1998–2003). He was subsequently chair of the board of the Mackenzie Institute for several years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1982 Toronto municipal election</span>

The 1982 Toronto municipal election was held on November 8, 1982, in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mayors, controllers, city councillors and school board trustees were elected in the municipalities of Toronto, York, East York, North York, Etobicoke and Scarborough.

The 1980 Toronto municipal election was held on November 10, 1980 in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mayors, controllers, city councillors and school board trustees were elected in the municipalities of Toronto, York, East York, North York, Etobicoke and Scarborough.

The 1974 Toronto municipal election was held on December 2, 1974 in Metropolitan Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Mayors, controllers, city councillors and school board trustees were elected in the municipalities of Toronto, York, East York, North York, Etobicoke and Scarborough.

The 1972 Toronto municipal election was held December 4, 1972, to elect the governments of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, the five other boroughs, and the government of Metro Toronto as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maureen Prinsloo</span>

Maureen Prinsloo was a municipal politician in Scarborough, Ontario who served as Chair of the Toronto Police Services Board from 1995 to 1998.

Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 5, 1966. The elections were the first in Toronto after its merger with several smaller suburban communities on January 1, 1967. Forest Hill and Swansea were annexed by the City of Toronto, Leaside was merged with the Township of East York to become the Borough of East York. Weston was combined with the Township of York to form the Borough of York. The Village of Long Branch and the towns of Mimico and New Toronto were merged with the Township of Etobicoke to form the Borough of Etobicoke.

Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 7, 1964. Incumbent mayor Philip Givens defeated former mayor Allan Lamport.

Municipal elections were held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, on December 7, 1953. Incumbent mayor Allan Lamport won an unexpectedly close race against school board chairman Arthur J. Brown. This election was the first for councils in the municipality of Metropolitan Toronto which would be created on January 1, 1954 and was composed of 14 municipalities: the City of Toronto, the towns of New Toronto, Mimico, Weston and Leaside; the villages of Long Branch, Swansea and Forest Hill, and the townships of Etobicoke, York, North York, East York, and Scarborough.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Toronto municipal election</span>

The 2010 Toronto municipal election was held on October 25, 2010 to elect a mayor and 44 city councillors in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In addition, school trustees were elected to the Toronto District School Board, Toronto Catholic District School Board, Conseil scolaire de district du Centre-Sud-Ouest and Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud. The election was held in conjunction with those held in other municipalities in the province of Ontario. Candidate registration opened on January 4, 2010 and ended on September 10. Advance polls were open October 5, 6, 7, 8 and 12, 13, 16 and 17.

The 2022 Toronto municipal election was held on October 24, 2022, to elect the mayor and 25 city councillors in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. In addition, school trustees were elected to the Toronto District School Board, Toronto Catholic District School Board, Conseil scolaire Viamonde and Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir. The election was held in conjunction with those held in other municipalities in the province of Ontario.

References

  1. ↑ Page A7. (1991, Nov 21). Toronto Star (1971-2009)
  2. ↑ Holden, Alfred; Fruman, Leslie (November 15, 1988). "Easy win for incumbent mayor Johnson". Toronto Star. pp. B3, B7.
  3. ↑ James, Royson (November 15, 1988). "Bittersweet victory for Mel as Marilyn loses". Toronto Star. p. 8.
  4. ↑ "Civic election '88". The Globe and Mail. November 16, 1988. p. A16.
  5. ↑ "The candidates", Toronto Star, 10 November 1988, A15.
  6. ↑ Stan Josey, "Ex-North York councillors join race for vacant seat", Toronto Star, 14 October 1990, A3.
  7. ↑ Stan Josey, "Area's diversity emphasized", Toronto Star, 24 October 1991, NY2.
  8. ↑ Theresa Boyle, "Disgruntled York Centre Liberals set to go to court", Toronto Star, 4 February 1993, NY2.
  9. ↑ Bruno Rea, "All defences of death penalty are full of holes", The Globe and Mail, 14 April 1987, A7.
  10. ↑ Sterling Taylor, "Wide social gulf runs down Black Creek valley", Toronto Star, 25 October 1988, A7.
  11. ↑ "North York choices", Toronto Star, 5 November 1988, D2.
  12. ↑ Dorothy O'Neill and Cal Miller, "Candidate in Ward 5 found with rival's signs", Toronto Star, 7 November 1988, A1; Robert MacLeod, "Candidate in Ward 5 found with rival's signs", The Globe and Mail, 8 November 1988, A1; Lila Sarick, "False news was spread, municipal candidate says", The Globe and Mail, 12 November 1988, A15 [the title of this piece relates to a separate matter].
  13. ↑ "Campaign sign-nappers fined", The Globe and Mail, 16 February 1989, A16.
  14. ↑ "Cancer Coalition Meets to Develop Action Plan" [press release], Canada NewsWire, 6 March 2000, 12:44 report. The press release does not indicate if Rea was working for the provincial or federal ministry, although the former seems more likely.
  15. ↑ Sterling Taylor, "Wide social gulf runs down Black Creek valley", Toronto Star, 25 October 1988, A7.
  16. ↑ "The Candidates", Toronto Star, 11 November 1988, A12.
  17. ↑ Isabel Vincent, "I'm Phyllis, and I'm a Jewish mother-in-law", The Globe and Mail, 22 May 1996, A1.
  18. ↑ Paul Taylor, "School yard candidate is kicked out", The Globe and Mail, 25 October 1988, A20.
  19. ↑ "Record number of candidates in York", Toronto Star, 17 October 1991, NY1.
  20. ↑ Darcy Henton, "Close race shapes up in smallest city", Toronto Star, 7 November 1988, A6.
  21. ↑ Susan Huxley, "Outgoing York mayor backing council veteran as successor", The Globe and Mail, 11 November 1988, A20.
  22. ↑ Kevin Donovan, "The man who always gets his way", Toronto Star, 22 November 1990, A1.
  23. ↑ Kevin Donovan, "City of York allegations of conflict to be probed", Toronto Star, 23 November 1990, A6.
  24. ↑ Humber-York Community Council Agenda, Meeting No. 5, 20 June 2003, p. 22, accessed 27 October 2006.
  25. ↑ "Civic Elections '88 The Results City of York". Toronto Star. November 15, 1988. p. B7.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.