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The spindle checkpoint, also known as the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), the metaphase checkpoint, or the mitotic checkpoint, is a cell cycle checkpoint during mitosis or meiosis that prevents the separation of the duplicated chromosomes (anaphase) until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle. To achieve proper segregation, the two kinetochores on the sister chromatids must be attached to opposite spindle poles. Only this pattern of attachment will ensure that each daughter cell receives one copy of the chromosome. The defining biochemical feature of this checkpoint is the stimulation of the anaphase-promoting complex by M-phase cyclin-CDK complexes, which in turn causes the proteolytic destruction of cyclins and proteins that hold the sister chromatids together.
A kinetochore is a disc-shaped protein structure associated with duplicated chromatids in eukaryotic cells where the spindle fibers attach during cell division to pull sister chromatids apart. The kinetochore assembles on the centromere and links the chromosome to microtubule polymers from the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. The term kinetochore was first used in a footnote in a 1934 Cytology book by Lester W. Sharp and commonly accepted in 1936. Sharp's footnote reads: "The convenient term kinetochore has been suggested to the author by J. A. Moore", likely referring to John Alexander Moore who had joined Columbia University as a freshman in 1932.
Chromosome 17 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 17 spans more than 84 million base pairs and represents between 2.5 and 3% of the total DNA in cells.
Cell division cycle protein 27 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC27 gene.
Kinetochore protein NDC80 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NDC80 gene.
Cell division cycle protein 16 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC16 gene.
Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BUB3 gene.
Centromere protein C 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CENPC1 gene.
Kinetochore protein Nuf2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUF2 gene.
Centromere/kinetochore protein zw10 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZW10 gene. This gene encodes a protein that is one of many involved in mechanisms to ensure proper chromosome segregation during cell division. The encoded protein binds to centromeres during the prophase, metaphase, and early anaphase cell division stages and to kinetochore microtubules during metaphase.
Centromere protein H is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CENPH gene. It is involved in the assembly of kinetochore proteins, mitotic progression and chromosome segregation.
KNL1 is a protein that is encoded by the KNL1 gene in humans.
60S ribosomal protein L13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL13 gene.
Kinetochore-associated protein NSL1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NSL1 gene.
Protein MIS12 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIS12 gene.
Phosphatase and tensin homolog, pseudogene 1, also known as PTENP1, is a human pseudogene. which has a partial reactivated function as a competing endogenous RNA regulating the tumor suppressor gene PTEN.
Kinetochore protein Spc24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPC24 gene.
DSN1, MIND kinetochore complex component, homolog , also known as DSN1 or MIS13, is a protein which in humans encoded by the DSN1 gene.
Iain Cheeseman investigates the role of the kinetochore, a group of proteins required for cell division and chromosome segregation. This core network of proteins facilitates the attachment of chromosomes to microtubule polymers—the spindle structures that attach to the ends of cells, pulling and dividing them during cell division. The kinetochore is critical to ensuring duplication without loss or damage to the genetic material. Cheeseman is also investigating the activities of the individual molecular machines that make up this structure and how these proteins are controlled and regulated.
Trisha Nell Davis is an American biochemist, the current Earl Davie/ZymoGenetics Chair of the department of biochemistry at the University of Washington. Her early research focused on Calmodulin, though the primary focus of her lab has since shifted to the molecular machinery of cell division in budding yeast, especially the microtubule organizing centers and the kinetochores.
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