2nd Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)

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2nd Cavalry Division
2nd cav div WW1.svg
Division insignia
Active13 September 1914 – 31 March 1919
CountryFlag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
BranchFlag of the British Army.svg  British Army
Type Cavalry
Size Division
Part of Cavalry Corps
Engagements World War I
First Battle of the Aisne (1914)
Second Battle of Ypres (1915)
Battle of Arras (1917)
Battle of Cambrai (1917)
Operation Michael (Somme, 1918)
Battle of Amiens (1918)
Second Battle of the Somme (1918)
Hindenburg Line (1918)
Advance in Picardy (1918)
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Hubert Gough
Charles Kavanagh
Philip Chetwode

The 2nd Cavalry Division was a division of the regular British Army that saw service in the Peninsular War and in World War I, when it also known as Gough's Command, after its commanding general. It was part of the British Expeditionary Force that served in France in from 1914 to 1918. [1] It was involved in most of the major actions where cavalry were used as a mounted mobile force, and also many where the troops were dismounted and effectively served as infantry. [2]

Contents

On 11 November 1918 units of the division were east and north-east of Mons, in Belgium. Orders were received that the division would lead the advance of Fourth Army into Germany, a move that was to begin on 17 November 1918. On 1 December it crossed the frontier south of St. Vith. The winter was spent south of Liège, and demobilisation commenced. The division ceased to exist on 31 March 1919. [2]

After the war the division was reformed in the Territorial Army. [3]

History

Napoleonic Wars

During the Peninsular War, Wellington organized his cavalry into one, later two, cavalry divisions. They performed a purely administrative, rather than tactical, role; [4] the normal tactical headquarters were provided by brigades commanding two, later usually three, regiments. [5] On 19 June 1811, the cavalry was reorganized as two divisions and the existing Cavalry Division was redesignated as 1st Cavalry Division with the formation of the 2nd Cavalry Division. [6]

Major General Sir William Erskine took command on formation. [6] He was absent from 8 December 1811 to 8 April 1812, though at this time the division only comprised one brigade. [7] He resumed command briefly, but committed suicide in Lisbon on 13 February 1813. [6] The divisions were once again amalgamated as The Cavalry Division on 21 April 1813 with Lieutenant General Stapleton Cotton (of the 1st Cavalry Division) in command. [8]

Assigned Brigades

The division was formed on 19 June 1811 with De Grey's and Long's Brigades; Long's Brigade was to remain with the division throughout its existence. Between 8 November 1811 and 23 March 1812 it commanded just one brigade and it never exceed three brigades in strength. [9]

BrigadeFromTo
De Grey's 19 June 1811 [lower-alpha 1] 5 October 1811 [lower-alpha 2]
Long's 19 June 1811 [lower-alpha 3] 21 April 1813 [lower-alpha 4]
Le Marchant's 30 August 1811 [lower-alpha 5] 8 November 1811 [lower-alpha 6]
von Bock's 23 March 1812 [lower-alpha 5] 14 April 1812 [lower-alpha 2]
Slade's 14 April 1812 [lower-alpha 7] 21 April 1813 [lower-alpha 4]
Rebow's 25 January 1813 [lower-alpha 5] 5 February 1813 [lower-alpha 2]
Grant's 15 April 1813 [lower-alpha 5] 21 April 1813 [lower-alpha 4]

First World War

Gough's Command

On 6 September, the formerly independent 5th Cavalry Brigade was joined with the 3rd Cavalry Brigade from the Cavalry Division as Gough's Command. Named for the commander of 3rd Cavalry Brigade, Brigadier-General Hubert Gough, it took part in the First Battle of the Aisne (12–15 September). On 13 September, the command was re-designated as the 2nd Cavalry Division, with the addition of divisional troops from the Royal Horse Artillery, Royal Engineers etc. [10]

The 4th Cavalry Brigade joined the division on 14 October from 1st Cavalry Division to bring it up to the standard three brigade strength. The division remained on the Western Front until the end of the war. [11]

1914–1917

In 1914, the division took part in First Battle of Ypres, notably the battle of Gheluvelt (29–31 October). In 1915, the division was in action at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle (10–12 March 1915) and the Second Battle of Ypres notable the Battle of St Julien (26 April–3 May) and the Battle of Bellewaarde Ridge (24–25 May). [10]

1916 saw no notable actions, but in 1917 the division saw action in the Battle of Arras (First Battle of the Scarpe, 9–11 April). and the Battle of Cambrai (the Tank Attack of 20 and 21 November, the Capture of Bourlon Wood of 24–28 November and the German Counter-Attack of 30 November–3 December). [10] At other times, the brigades formed dismounted units and served in the trenches as regiments under the command of their brigadiers. [12]

War of movement

1918 saw the return of the war of movement and the division took part in the First Battle of the Somme notably the Battle of St Quentin (21–23 March), the Battle of the Lys (Battle of Hazebrouck of 14–15 April), the Battle of Amiens (8–11 August) and the Second Battle of the Somme (Battle of Albert of 21–23 August and the Second Battle of Bapaume of 31 August–3 September). [13]

The division was then split up with the 3rd Cavalry Brigade serving with First Army, 4th Cavalry Brigade with Third Army and 5th Cavalry Brigade with Fourth Army. [13] The brigades variously took part in the battles of the Hindenburg Line: the battles of Canal du Nord (27 September–1 October), St. Quentin Canal (29 September–2 October), Beaurevoir Line (3–5 October) and Cambrai (8–9 October) and the Pursuit to the Selle (9–12 October). Its final action was to take part in the Advance in Picardy (17 October–11 November) including the Battle of the Sambre (4 November) and the capture of Mons (11 November, 3rd Canadian Division with 5th (Royal Irish) Lancers and one section [lower-alpha 8] of D Battery, RHA). [13]

Armistice

At the Armistice, units of the division had reached Clairfayts (5th Cavalry Brigade with Fourth Army), Erquelinnes (4th Cavalry Brigade with Third Army) and Havré and St. Denis (3rd Cavalry Brigade with First Army). On 15 November, the division was re-assembled near Maubeuge and ordered to advance into Germany as an advance screen for Fourth Army and form part of the Occupation Force. The move began on 17 November, Ciney and Rochefort were reached five days later and the 5th Cavalry Brigade crossed the German border south of St. Vith on 1 December. [13]

In late December, the division moved to winter quarters south and south-east of Liège. It remained here until 30 January 1919 when it exchanged regiments with 1st and 3rd Cavalry Divisions then gradually moved back to England. The Division ceased to exist at midnight 31 March / 1 April 1919. [13]

Order of battle

3rd Cavalry Brigade
The Retreat from Mons: 16th Lancers on the march, September 1914. 16th Lancers September 1914.jpg
The Retreat from Mons: 16th Lancers on the march, September 1914.

The brigade joined Gough's Command on 6 September from The Cavalry Division and remained with the division until the end of the war. [10]

UnitFromTo
4th (Queen’s Own) Hussars Mobilization
5th (Royal Irish) Lancers Mobilization
16th (Queen’s) Lancers Mobilization
1/1st Leicestershire Yeomanry 4 April 1918 [lower-alpha 9]
D Battery, RHA 17 September 1914 [lower-alpha 10]
3rd Signal Troop, Royal Engineers Mobilization
3rd Cavalry Brigade Field AmbulanceMobilization13 September 1914 [lower-alpha 11]
3rd Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron, MGC 29 February 1916 [lower-alpha 12]
4th Cavalry Brigade
Squadron from the 1st Life Guards August 1914, attached to the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment, preparing to leave for France. British cavalry 1914.jpg
Squadron from the 1st Life Guards August 1914, attached to the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment, preparing to leave for France.

The brigade joined the division on 14 October from 1st Cavalry Division and remained with the division until the end of the war. [11]

UnitFromTo
Household Cavalry Composite Regiment Mobilization11 November 1914 [lower-alpha 13]
6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers) Mobilization
3rd (King's Own) Hussars Mobilization
1/1st Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars 11 November 1914 [lower-alpha 14]
J Battery, RHA 16 September 1914 [lower-alpha 15]
4th Signal Troop, Royal Engineers Mobilization
4th Cavalry Brigade Field AmbulanceMobilization16 October 1914 [lower-alpha 16]
4th Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron, MGC 28 February 1916 [lower-alpha 12]
5th Cavalry Brigade
2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys) training in France during the First World War. NLS Haig - Royal Scots Greys in France.jpg
2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys) training in France during the First World War.

The brigade, formerly independent, joined Gough's Command on 6 September and remained with the division until the end of the war. [10]

UnitFromTo
2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys) Mobilization
12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's) Mobilization
20th Hussars Mobilization
J Battery, RHA Mobilization16 September 1914 [lower-alpha 15]
E Battery, RHA 17 September 1914 [lower-alpha 17]
4th Field Troop, Royal Engineers Mobilization15 October 1914 [lower-alpha 18]
5th Signal Troop, Royal EngineersMobilization
5th Cavalry Brigade Field AmbulanceMobilization13 September 1914 [lower-alpha 19]
5th Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron, MGC 28 February 1916 [lower-alpha 12]
Divisional Artillery
III Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery
D Battery, Royal Horse Artillery attached to 3rd Cavalry Brigade [lower-alpha 20]
E Battery, Royal Horse Artillery attached to 5th Cavalry Brigade [lower-alpha 20]
J Battery, Royal Horse Artillery attached to 4th Cavalry Brigade [lower-alpha 20]
1/1st Warwickshire Battery, RHA (TF) [lower-alpha 21]
III Brigade Ammunition Column
Divisional Troops

The division was supported by the following units: [11]

 UnitFromTo
Engineers2nd Field Squadron, Royal Engineers 16 October 1914 [lower-alpha 18]
Signals2nd Signal Squadron, Royal Engineers28 September 1914
Medical2nd Cavalry Field Ambulance13 September 1914 [lower-alpha 22]
5th Cavalry Field Ambulance13 September 1914 [lower-alpha 19]
4th Cavalry Field Ambulance16 October 1914 [lower-alpha 16]
No. 4 Sanitary Section12 January 1915 [12]
2nd Cavalry Division Field Ambulance Workshop26 February 191516 April 1916 [lower-alpha 23]
Veterinary7th Mobile Veterinary Section16 September 1914
8th Mobile Veterinary Section16 September 1914 [lower-alpha 24]
9th Mobile Veterinary Section15 October 1915 [lower-alpha 25]
Army Service Corps 424th (Horsed Transport) Company, ASC
HQ 2nd Cavalry Divisional ASC		10 October 1914
575th (Horsed Transport) Company, ASC
2nd Cavalry Divisional Auxiliary (Horse) Company		25 September 1915
46th (Mechanical Transport) Company, ASC
2nd Cavalry Divisional Supply Column		Formation
413th (Mechanical Transport) Company, ASC
2nd Cavalry Divisional Supply Column		Formation10 October 1916 [lower-alpha 26]
56th (Mechanical Transport) Company, ASC
2nd Cavalry Divisional Ammunition Park		Formation23 December 1917
Others772nd Divisional Employment Company16 September 1917

Territorial Army

In the 1920s the division was reformed from Yeomanry regiments in the Territorial Army with the following organisation: [3]

5th Cavalry Brigade
6th Cavalry Brigade
Royal Artillery
Royal Engineers
Royal Corps of Signals
Royal Army Service Corps
Royal Army Medical Corps
Royal Army Ordnance Corps

On the outbreak of World War II 2nd Cavalry Division's units were reorganised as 1st Cavalry Division and served in Palestine, Iraq and Syria before being converted into 10th Armoured Division on 1 August 1941. [22]

Commanders

The 2nd Cavalry Division had the following commanders: [23]

FromRankName
Formation Major-General Sir H. de la P. Gough
19 April 1915Major-General C.T.McM. Kavanagh
15 July 1915Major-General Sir P.W. Chetwode, Bt.
6 November 1916 Brigadier-General T.T. Pitman (acting)
16 November 1916Major-GeneralW.H. Greenly [lower-alpha 27]
22 March 1918Brigadier-GeneralT.T. Pitman (acting)
27 March 1918Major-GeneralW.H. Greenly (sick, 28 March 1918)
28 March 1918Brigadier-GeneralT.T. Pitman (acting)
16 April 1918Major-GeneralT.T. Pitman

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ De Grey's Brigade transferred from The Cavalry Division on formation of the 2nd Cavalry Division.
  2. 1 2 3 Brigade transferred to the 1st Cavalry Division.
  3. ↑ Long's Brigade was formed on 13 June 1811 and joined 2nd Cavalry Division on formation on 19 June 1811.
  4. 1 2 3 Brigade transferred to The Cavalry Division when the two cavalry divisions were amalgamated.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Brigade was newly formed and joined the division.
  6. ↑ Le Marchant's Brigade transferred to the 1st Cavalry Division to replace Madden's Portuguese Brigade.
  7. ↑ Brigade transferred from the 1st Cavalry Division.
  8. ↑ A Subsection consisted of a single gun and limber drawn by six horses (with three drivers), eight gunners (riding on the limber or mounted on their own horses), and an ammunition wagon also drawn by six horses (with three drivers). [14] Two Subsections formed a Section and in a six gun battery these would be designated as Left, Centre and Right Sections. [15]
  9. ↑ Leicestershire Yeomanry was originally with 8th Cavalry Brigade, 3rd Cavalry Division. It left the brigade on 14 March 1918 to become a cyclist unit, then to form a machine gun battalion with the North Somerset Yeomanry. The German spring offensive forestalled this plan and the regiment was remounted and sent to the 2nd Cavalry Division. From 4 April it was split up with a squadron joining each regiment in 3rd Cavalry Brigade. [16]
  10. ↑ D Battery, RHA was permanently attached to 3rd Cavalry Brigade from the Division's III Brigade, RHA. [11]
  11. ↑ 3rd Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance remained with 1st Cavalry Division when the brigade transferred to 2nd Cavalry Division. [17]
  12. 1 2 3 Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadrons were formed from the machine gun sections of the brigades' constituent regiments. [21]
  13. ↑ The Household Cavalry Composite Regiment was broken up and the squadrons rejoined their parent regiments. [18]
  14. ↑ Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, a Yeomanry regiment, joined from 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade to replace the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment. [19]
  15. 1 2 J Battery, RHA transferred from 5th Cavalry Brigade to 4th Cavalry Brigade and was permanently attached thereafter. [20] [11]
  16. 1 2 4th Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance transferred to 2nd Cavalry Division when the brigade joined from 1st Cavalry Division. [11]
  17. ↑ E Battery, RHA was permanently attached to 5th Cavalry Brigade from the Division's III Brigade, RHA. [11]
  18. 1 2 4th Field Troop, RE absorbed into 2nd Field Squadron, RE. [11]
  19. 1 2 5th Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance transferred to 2nd Cavalry Division when the brigade joined the division. [11]
  20. 1 2 3 Equipped with six 13 pounders. [11]
  21. ↑ 1/1st Warwickshire Battery, RHA was attached from 4 December 1914 to 14 April 1915. It then transferred to 9th Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division. [12]
  22. ↑ 2nd Cavalry Field Ambulance joined with 3rd Cavalry Brigade from 1st Cavalry Division.
  23. ↑ 2nd Cavalry Division Field Ambulance Workshop absorbed into Divisional Supply Column. [12]
  24. ↑ 8th Mobile Veterinary Section joined with 3rd Cavalry Brigade from 1st Cavalry Division.
  25. ↑ 9th Mobile Veterinary Section joined with 4th Cavalry Brigade from 1st Cavalry Division.
  26. ↑ 413th (M. T.) Company, ASC absorbed into 46th (M. T.) Company, ASC. [11]
  27. ↑ Assigned to temporary command of 14th (Light) Division on 22 March 1918. [23]

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References

Citations

  1. ↑ "royalirishlancers".
  2. 1 2 Baker, Chris. "The 2nd Cavalry Division in 1914-1918". The Long Long Trail. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  3. 1 2 TA 1927.
  4. ↑ Haythornthwaite 1990 , p. 103
  5. ↑ Reid 2004 , p. 75
  6. 1 2 3 Reid 2004 , p. 81
  7. ↑ Reid 2004 , p. 82
  8. ↑ Reid 2004 , p. 85
  9. ↑ Reid 2004 , pp. 80–85
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Becke 1935 , p. 14
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Becke 1935 , p. 12
  12. 1 2 3 4 Becke 1935 , p. 11
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Becke 1935 , p. 15
  14. ↑ Clarke 1993, p. 43
  15. ↑ Clarke 1993, p. 45
  16. ↑ James 1978, p. 22
  17. ↑ Becke 1935, p. 5
  18. ↑ James 1978, p. 11
  19. ↑ James 1978, p. 26
  20. ↑ Becke 1935, p. 4
  21. ↑ Baker, Chris. "Cavalry units of the Machine Gun Corps". The Long Long Trail. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  22. ↑ Joslen, pp. 25–6, 33, 189–91.
  23. 1 2 Becke 1935 , p. 9

Bibliography

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