386th Rifle Division

Last updated
386th Rifle Division (August 19, 1941 – June 30, 1942)
386th Rifle Division (November 22, 1944 – 1946)
Active1941 - 1946
CountryFlag of the USSR (1936-1955).svg  Soviet Union
Branch Red Army flag.svg Red Army
TypeDivision
RoleInfantry
Engagements Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)
Soviet invasion of Manchuria
Decorations Order of Red Banner.svg   Order of the Red Banner (2nd Formation)
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Col. Nikolai Filippovich Skutelnik
Col. Kondratii Mikhailovich Pshenichnikov
Col. Sergei Andreevich Tugolukov

The 386th Rifle Division was raised in 1941 as an infantry division of the Red Army, and served twice during the Great Patriotic War in that role. The division followed a very similar combat path to that of the 388th Rifle Division in both of its formations. It was first formed on August 19 in the Transcaucasus Military District. In late December it was shipped from the Black Sea ports to Sevastopol, which was under siege by the German 11th Army. The division arrived just as the second Axis assault on the fortress was ending and did not see any heavy fighting until the final offensive, Operation Störfang, began on June 2, 1942. On June 18 it came under attack from the Romanian Mountain Corps and put up a stiff fight but rapidly lost strength and cohesion before falling back towards the port in the last days of the month; it was officially disbanded just days before the final Axis victory. In the buildup to the Soviet invasion of Manchuria a new 386th was formed in the Far Eastern Front in late 1944. The new division fought with enough distinction that it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and continued to serve briefly into the postwar period.

Contents

1st Formation

The 386th began forming on August 19, 1941 at Tiflis in the Transcaucasus Military District, [1] Its order of battle, based on the first wartime shtat (table of organization and equipment) for rifle divisions, was as follows:

Col. Nikolai Filippovich Skutelnik was assigned to command of the division on the day it formed, and he would remain in command throughout the existence of this formation. It continued forming under the military district headquarters into September and late that month was transferred to Transcaucasus Front. As of December 1 it was under command of the 46th Army. [4] Beginning on December 26 it was shipped from several of the Transcaucasus Black Sea ports into Sevastopol to join the Soviet forces besieged there. [5]

Siege of Sevastopol

Modern view of the village Sugar Head and the defense sector of the 386th Infantry Division Sahargolov 1.jpeg
Modern view of the village Sugar Head and the defense sector of the 386th Infantry Division

The 386th arrived during the German second assault on the city, which began on December 17. On December 21 the commander of Coastal Army, Maj. Gen. Ivan Petrov, was informed that the division would be sent to Sevastopol, in addition to the 345th Rifle Division and 81st Tank Battalion. At 0540 hours on the morning of December 29 the cruiser Molotov arrived in the port, carrying 1,200 men of the 769th Rifle Regiment. Two days later Petrov's headquarters sent out a request for the remainder of the division to be sent out post-haste. At 1050 hours, as the German second assault was ending, the 772nd Rifle Regiment arrived and began moving to Dergacheva on the Suzdal Heights; word was also received that further troops were on the way from Poti. Major German offensive actions would not resume until June, 1942. During the first days of January the remainder of the 386th arrived, minus its artillery, and it was placed opposite the Romanian 1st Mountain Brigade. The 952nd Artillery Regiment finally arrived aboard the transport Krasnyi Kuban on January 28. The guns of the 677th Antiaircraft Battalion were lost at sea in the spring. [6]

Monument to the soldiers of the 386th Infantry Division in the village of Sugar Head Pamiatnik voinam 386 strelkovoi divizii.jpg
Monument to the soldiers of the 386th Infantry Division in the village of Sugar Head

During the spring Colonel Skutelnik was put in command of Defense Sector II, which was manned by his own division in the Chernaya River valley plus the 8th and 7th Naval Infantry Brigades. [7] The latter unit held the same ground where Russian artillery had repulsed the Charge of the Light Brigade in 1854. [8] The sector was 17.5 km long and ran from that point generally northward along the tops of the heights and reverse slopes of Mount Gasfort, Telegraph Hill and the heights above the Chorguns to Shuli. The lines of the 386th consisted mostly of trenches and a few pre-cast bunkers. The division also held two strongpoints equipped with bunkers and field fortifications at or near the tops of Mount Kara-Koba and Sugar Head. [9]

The third German assault began with an intensive bombardment from June 2 to 6. The ground attack started at 0700 hours on June 7, but initially targeted Defense Sectors III and IV to the north. Later the 1st Romanian Guards Division attacked the left flank of 7th Naval Infantry and the 772nd Regiment in the vicinity of the village of Upper Chorgun with little success. [10]

On June 11, 1942, in a battle, junior political instructor M. L. Gakhokidze, with three soldiers, rushed to the aid of a flanking rifle platoon, whose situation was becoming critical. As a result, the four were cut off from their unit, but were able to capture an enemy machine gun and use it against the enemy. The fighters managed to destroy about seventy fascists, of which 30 were on account of Mikhail Gakhokidze himself. By decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces of June 20, 1942, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for "exemplary performance of combat missions of the command on the front against the German invaders and the courage and heroism shown in the process." [11]

On June 18 the Romanian Mountain Corps finally made a major attack against Sector II's defenses. The 1st Mountain Division struggled for three days to gain control of North Nose and Sugar Head; the battle swung back and forth as the 7th Naval Infantry and the 386th counterattacked regularly to regain any lost ground but by June 20 the Romanians gained their objectives at the cost of thousands of casualties. The next night two battalions of the German 420th Infantry Regiment joined the Romanians in a sudden night attack which overwhelmed and routed the one regiment of the division on the Fedyukhiny Heights. Over the following days the Romanian Corps cleared several Soviet positions in the Chernaya valley and forced the rest of the Sector II forces to retreat. [12] As they retreated, sappers of the 386th blew up Bunker 40 at the foot of Sugar Head. [13]

At dawn on June 28 the remnants of the division were positioned 400 m south of Hill 75.0 facing the Romanian 1st and 4th Mountain Divisions. Before dawn on the 29th the German XXX Corps launched an all-out offensive to finally gain Sapun Ridge. Part of the attacking force struck the 7th Naval Infantry at its junction with the 769th Regiment while Romanian 4th Mountain joined in from the direction of Novo Shuli. Later that morning the 8th Naval Infantry reported that the 775th Regiment was retreating in disarray from Sapun under heavy enemy fire towards the English Victoria redoubt, where what remained of the division joined them. By late afternoon the 386th was trapped as German forces advanced towards the south shore of Sevastopol Bay along Killen Ravine. The remnants of 772nd and 769th Regiments were ordered to attack the German flank. The remainder of the division waited for orders to break out and retreat, but none came. The command staff decided to blow up the command post bunker and all the divisional documents. [14] On June 30 the division was officially disbanded. [15]

2nd Formation

After an absence of more than two years from the Red Army order of battle, much like the 384th Rifle Division, a new 386th was formed on November 22, 1944 in the 39th Rifle Corps of the 25th Army of the Far Eastern Front. [16] It had an entirely different order of battle from the 1st formation:

Col. Kondratii Mikhailovich Pshenichnikov was appointed to command on the day the division re-formed, and remained in command until February 27, 1945, when he was replaced by Col. Sergei Andreevich Tugolukov, who would remain in this post for the duration.

Invasion of Manchuria

When the Manchurian operation began on August 9 the division was still in 39th Corps of 25th Army, which was now part of the 1st Far Eastern Front. [17] 39th Corps moved into its final attack positions as late as possible on the evening of August 8. The Corps had the 386th and 40th Rifle Divisions in the first echelon with the 384th in second. Assault groups were formed from the border guards and fortified region troops who were familiar with the terrain, with one advance battalion from each lead rifle regiment to follow, and the 259th Tank Brigade that would take the lead once a penetration was made. In addition, to maintain surprise there would be no artillery preparation. Light rain began about midnight which would soon intensify; while this hindered movement it also contributed to surprise. By the end of the day the 39th Corps had advanced 10 to 12 km into the Japanese rear on the Pad Sennaya axis and were beginning to fight for the town of Tungning and the vital rail line to Tumen. [18]

On August 11 the 386th was re-subordinated to the 88th Rifle Corps, still in 25th Army. On the previous two days advance units of the 108th and 113th Fortified Regions had captured Japanese positions across the Hunchun and Tumen rivers, north of the old 1938 battlefield at Lake Khasan. 88th Corps was committed to support the fortified regions and advanced on the Hunchun - Tumen axis. By August 14 Hunchun was taken by 113th Fortified Region, but as it advanced toward the Inanho River it faced heavy opposition from the Japanese 112th Infantry Division. The next day the 386th, supported by the 209th Tank Brigade, drove across the Inanho but ran into one regiment of the Japanese division, strongly entrenched, and several attempts to dislodge them failed. Late in the day the 258th Rifle Division from Corps second echelon crossed the Tumen at Hunyong to attack the Japanese right flank. On August 16 elements of the 113th Fortified Region extended their operations eastward on the division's right flank but ran into the remainder of the Japanese 112th, which held its positions, but by now was encircled on three sides by 25th Army. On the 17th the ring closed around the 112th and its neighboring 79th Infantry Division as 39th Corps secured Tumen while 88th Corps pushed aside a regiment of the 79th Infantry at Mayusan and occupied Onsang, 10km east of Tumen. Remaining Japanese units surrendered or fled into the hills south of the Tumen River. [19]

With the official Japanese surrender pending, on August 18 the 88th Corps, supported by the 10th Mechanized Corps, continued to clear northeastern Korea south of Yenchi and Tumen. Through the rest of the month these two forces advanced south into the Korean peninsula, finally reaching the 38th parallel, the line agreed upon by the Soviet and American authorities for separation their occupation forces. [20] On September 19 the 386th was recognized for its service in the campaign with the award of the Order of the Red Banner. [21] The division was disbanded as part of the 88th Corps of the 25th Army in 1946. [22]

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The 388th Rifle Division was raised in 1941 as an infantry division of the Red Army, and served twice during World War II in that role. The division followed a very similar combat path to that of the 386th Rifle Division in both of its formations. It was first formed on August 19, in the Transcaucasus Military District. From December 7 to 13, it was shipped from the Black Sea ports to Sevastopol, which was under siege by the German 11th Army.

The 393rd Rifle Division was raised in 1941 as an infantry division of the Red Army, and fought against the German invasion Operation Barbarossa. In its first formation the division followed a very similar combat path to that of the 411th Rifle Division. It was first formed on 1 October in the Kharkov Military District, probably on the basis of militia units that had been raised there. It fought in the Barvenkovo–Lozovaya Offensive that created the Izium - Barvenkovo salient in January 1942 and was intended to play a leading role in a spring offensive aimed at the liberation of Kharkov. In the event a German counteroffensive cut off the salient; the division was deeply encircled and destroyed. In the buildup to the Soviet invasion of Manchuria a new 393rd was formed in the Far Eastern Front in late 1944. The new division fought into the northern part of the Korean peninsula, taking many ports and cities with enough distinction that it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and continued to serve briefly into the postwar period.

The 394th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army 1941-45. It was formed in August in the Transcaucasus Military District as a Georgian National division. It saw its first action in August 1942 with 46th Army in the Battle of the Caucasus, blocking some of the passes of the High Caucasus against the advance of the German Army Group A. Following the German retreat in the winter of 1943, the division was assigned to Southwestern Front in 46th Army until August 1944, winning a battle honor and the Order of the Red Banner on the way. At the end of that year it was assigned to the 37th Army, which was detached from the Front to serve as a garrison unit in the Balkans after the German forces were driven north into Hungary. It remained in this relatively inactive role for the duration of the war, being disbanded shortly thereafter.

The 406th Rifle Division was raised in 1941 as an infantry division of the Red Army, and served throughout the Second World War in that role, but saw relatively little combat. It was raised as a Georgian National division in the Transcaucasus Military District, where it remained until the forces of German Army Group A began its drive on the oil fields there as part of Operation Blue. In August 1942 it joined the Northern Group in the Transcaucasus Front, in the 46th Army, defending the high passes through the High Caucasus Mountains west of Mount Elbrus. Once the German threat receded, the 406th returned to guard duties along the borders with Turkey and Iran for the duration of the war.

The 409th Rifle Division was as an infantry division of the Red Army from 1941 to 1945. It fought against the German invasion, Operation Barbarossa. It was officially considered an Armenian National division, and initially almost all its personnel were of that nationality. After forming it remained in service along the border with Turkey until nearly the end of 1942, when it was redeployed to the 44th Army in Transcaucasus Front, assisting in driving the German 17th Army into the Kuban peninsula. Following this the division was moved to the 46th Army in Southwestern Front and took part in the summer offensive through the Donbas and eastern Ukraine. In October it was moved again, now to the 57th Army in 2nd Ukrainian Front; it would remain in that Front for the duration of the war, moving to the 7th Guards Army in December. After crossing the Dniepr the 409th won a battle honor in January, 1944, then spent the spring and summer in the battles around Jassy and Kishenev in Moldova. After the defeat of Romania the division advanced into Hungary as part of the 27th Guards Rifle Corps. In October it rejoined the 7th Guards Army, where it remained for the duration, mostly in the 25th Guards Rifle Corps. After the fall of Budapest the division joined the final advances on Vienna and Prague in the spring of 1945, and was disbanded shortly thereafter.

The 414th Rifle Division was twice formed as an infantry division of the Red Army; very briefly in the winter of 1941/42, then from the spring of 1942 until after May 1945. It was officially considered a Georgian National division, having nearly all its personnel of that nationality in its second formation. After its second formation it remained in service in the Caucasus near the borders of Turkey and Iran in the 44th Army until the summer of 1942, when it was redeployed to help counter the German drive toward Grozny. As German Army Group A retreated from the Caucasus in January 1943 the division was reassigned to the 37th Army in North Caucasus Front, and during the fighting in the Taman Peninsula during the summer it served in both the 58th and 18th Armies, earning a battle honor in the process. It entered the Crimea during the Kerch–Eltigen Operation in November, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner following the offensive that liberated that region in April and May 1944, fighting in the 11th Guards Rifle Corps of the Separate Coastal Army. After the Crimea was cleared the Coastal Army remained as a garrison and the 414th stayed there for the duration of the war. Postwar, it was relocated to Tbilisi, being renumbered as the 74th Rifle Division in 1955 and disbanded the following year.

The 417th Rifle Division was formed as an infantry division of the Red Army in the spring of 1942 and served in that role until after the end of the Great Patriotic War. Although it was formed in the Transcaucasus, unlike the 414th and 416th Rifle Divisions formed in about the same place at the same time it was never designated as a National division. After its formation it remained in service in the Caucasus under direct command of the Transcaucasus Front until the summer of 1942, when it was redeployed first to the Northern Group of Forces in that Front and then to the 9th Army. As German Army Group A retreated from the Caucasus in January, 1943 the division was reassigned to the 58th Army and a few months later to 37th Army in North Caucasus Front. In July it redeployed northward to join Southern Front, where it was assigned to the 63rd Rifle Corps in 44th Army in mid-September as the Front fought through south Ukraine, eventually reaching the land routes to the Crimea. It took part in the offensive that liberated that region in April and May, 1944, fighting in the 51st Army and winning both a battle honor and the Order of the Red Banner in the process. After the Crimea was cleared the 51st Army was moved far to the north, joining 1st Baltic Front. During operations in the Baltic states the 417th was further distinguished with the award of the Order of Suvorov. In March, 1945 it joined the Courland Group of Forces on the Baltic coast containing the German forces encircled in northwest Latvia. It ended the war there and was soon moved to the Ural Military District before being downsized to a rifle brigade. This brigade was briefly brought back to divisional strength during the Cold War.

The 421st Rifle Division was raised in 1941 as an infantry division of the Red Army, and served briefly after the German invasion, Operation Barbarossa, in that role. The division was formed from assets of the Odessa Military District after its namesake city came under siege by a mainly-Romanian force, and it immediately became part of the Separate Coastal Army. It was one of several improvised Soviet formations that saw service in this fighting, and its order of battle changed considerably over the course of its short existence. Prior to the fall of Odessa on October 16 what remained of the division was evacuated to the Crimea. On November 13 it was disbanded to provide replacement troops and equipment for other units defending the fortress of Sevastopol. The 421st was never reformed.

The 88th Rifle Division was twice formed as an infantry division of the Red Army, first as part of the prewar buildup of forces. In its first formation in the far north it had an unusual shtat probably to facilitate its movement in the roadless tundra and forests of that region. During the Winter War against Finland it saw action in the fighting around Salla. Its organization again proved beneficial in the spring of 1942 during the first stages of the Great Patriotic War. It played a large role in holding and then pushing back the Finnish III Army Corps during Operation Silver Fox and for this success was redesignated as the 23rd Guards Rifle Division.

The 63rd Mountain Rifle Division was formed as a specialized infantry division of the Red Army in July 1936, based on the 2nd Georgian Mountain Division. When the German invasion of the Soviet Union began it was in the Transcaucasus Military District and was soon assigned to the 47th Army for the invasion of Iran. Following this it was moved to the western Caucasus region where it joined the 44th Army of Crimean Front for amphibious operations against the Axis forces in the Crimea. In late December 1941 it landed at Feodosia as part of 9th Rifle Corps. Along with the remainder of the Corps the 63rd Mountain hindered but failed to block the retreat of Axis forces from Kerch, where the 51st Army had also made landings. After a German counteroffensive retook Feodosia in mid-January 1942 the division fell back to the Parpach Isthmus where it took part in trench warfare near the Black Sea coast into the spring, gradually losing strength. On May 8 it was caught up in the opening stage of Operation "Bustard Hunt" (Trappenjagd) and in a few hours was overwhelmed and largely destroyed by German air and artillery bombardment in support of infantry and armor attacks. Less than a week later it was stricken from the Red Army's order of battle and was never rebuilt.

The 218th Rifle Division was formed as an infantry division of the Red Army after a motorized division of that same number was redesignated about 10 weeks after the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union.

The 227th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed in the months just before the start of the German invasion, based on the shtat of September 13, 1939. It arrived at the front in July and was assigned to 26th Army along the Dniepr, but was fortunate to escape that Army's encirclement in September. During the next several months, the division fought as part of 40th Army in the Kursk region, operating toward Prokhorovka and Oboyan during the winter counteroffensive. It made noteworthy gains during the May 1942 offensive north of Kharkiv but these went for naught when the southern wing of the offensive collapsed. When the main German summer offensive began in late June, the division's 21st Army was directly in the path of the German 6th Army and the depleted 227th was soon destroyed on the open steppes.

The 231st Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army, originally formed out-of-sequence in the Ural Military District in February 1942. It continued training and forming until late May when it was assigned to 8th Reserve Army and began moving toward the Stalingrad area. By the end of August it had reached the fighting front as part of 66th Army in Stalingrad Front and was almost immediately committed to the first of the Kotluban offensives, attempting to cut off the XIV Panzer Corps that had penetrated to the Volga River north of Stalingrad about a week earlier. The division suffered heavy casualties from the outset of these efforts, attacking across flat and open terrain against well dug-in opposition. Devastated in these attacks the 231st was soon relegated to second-echelon duties until, with only about 600 infantry and sappers still on strength, it was officially disbanded on November 2.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Walter S. Dunn, Jr., Stalin's Keys to Victory, Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 2006, p. 78
  2. ↑ Charles C. Sharp, "Red Tide", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From June to December 1941, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. IX, Nafziger, 1996, p. 106. Sharp mis-numbers the artillery regiment as the 925th.
  3. ↑ Perechen No. 5 gives the same designation to this battalion in the 388th Division.
  4. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1941, p. 76
  5. ↑ Sharp, "Red Tide", p. 106
  6. ↑ Clayton Donnell, The Defence of Sevastopol 1941-1942, Pen & Sword Books Ltd., Barnsley, UK, 2016, pp. 86, 96, 98-99, 101, 106, 109, 131
  7. ↑ Donnell mistakenly names these as Marine brigades; see Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942, p. 106.
  8. ↑ Robert Forczyk, Where the Iron Crosses Grow, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2014, p. 195
  9. ↑ Donnell, Defence of Sevastopol, pp. 116-18
  10. ↑ Donnell, Defence of Sevastopol, pp. 136, 140-41, 147
  11. ↑ "Указ Президиума Верховного Совета СССР «О присвоении звания Героя Советского Союза начальствующему составу Красной Армии» от 20 июня 1942 года" (PDF) (газета). 24 (183) (Ведомости Верховного Совета Союза Советских Социалистических Республик ed.). 30 June 1942: 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-08. 30{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ↑ Forczyk, Where the Iron Crosses Grow, pp. 200-01
  13. ↑ Donnell, Defence of Sevastopol, p. 120
  14. ↑ Donnell, Defence of Sevastopol, pp. 206, 211-12, 216
  15. ↑ Sharp, "Red Tide", p. 106
  16. ↑ Sharp, "Red Swarm", Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II, Vol. X, Nafziger, 1996, p. 129
  17. ↑ Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1945, p. 201
  18. ↑ David M. Glantz, August Storm, The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2003, Kindle ed., ch. 8
  19. ↑ Glantz, August Storm, Kindle ed., ch. 8
  20. ↑ Glantz, August Storm, Kindle ed., ch. 8
  21. ↑ Affairs Directorate of the Ministry of Defense of the Soviet Union 1967b, p. 421.
  22. ↑ Feskov et al. 2013, pp. 577, 579.

Bibliography

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