831st Bombardment Squadron

831st Bombardment Squadron
B-24 Liberator as flown by the 831st Squadron
Active	1942-1945
Country	United States
Branch	United States Air Force
Role	Heavy bomber
Engagements	Mediterranean Theater of Operations
Decorations	Distinguished Unit Citation
Insignia
831st Bombardment Squadron emblem [1] [lower-alpha 1] [2]
11th Antisubmarine Squadron emblem [lower-alpha 2] [3]

The 831st Bombardment Squadron was a squadron of the United States Army Air Forces. It was activated in 1942 as the 516th Bombardment Squadron and flew antisubmarine missions off the Atlantic coast as the 11th Antisubmarine Squadron. Later, it saw combat in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations as a Consolidated B-24 Liberator unit, where it earned a Distinguished Unit Citation during the strategic bombing campaign against Germany. Following V-E Day, the squadron returned to the United States and was inactivated at Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa on 20 August 1945.

History

Antisubmarine campaign

The squadron was first activated as the 516th Bombardment Squadron on 18 October 1942, when the 377th Bombardment Group replaced the 59th Observation Group at Fort Dix Army Air Field and assumed its mission, personnel and equipment. The 516th was initially equipped with the North American O-47s and Curtiss O-52 Owls of the 9th Observation Squadron, but converted to North American B-25 Mitchells the following year. ^{[3] [4] [5]} Although the 516th was located with group headquarters, the other squadrons of the group were at various bases along the coast between Delaware and New Hampshire. ^[6]

In October 1942, the Army Air Forces organized its antisubmarine forces into the single Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command, which established the 25th Antisubmarine Wing the following month to control its forces operating over the Atlantic. ^{[7] [8]} Its bombardment group headquarters, including the 377th, were inactivated and the squadron, now designated the 11th Antisubmarine Squadron, was assigned directly to the 25th Wing. ^{[3] [4]} In July 1943, the AAF and Navy reached an agreement to transfer the coastal antisubmarine mission to the Navy. This mission transfer also included an exchange of AAF long-range bombers equipped for antisubmarine warfare for Navy Consolidated B-24 Liberators without such equipment. ^[9]

Combat in the Mediterranean Theater

The squadron was redesignated the 831st Bombardment Squadron on 1 October and moved to Fairmont Army Air Field, where it acted as the cadre for the newly-activated 485th Bombardment Group. It trained with Consolidated B-24 Liberators until March 1944, when it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations. En route to the theater, on 20 April 1944, 154 members of the Squadron were lost when the Liberty ship SS Paul Hamilton was sunk by an aerial torpedo. ^[10] The squadron's ground echelon arrived at its base at Venosa Airfield, Italy in April, but when the air echelon arrived in theater, it remained in Tunisia for additional training. ^{[3] [11]}

The squadron entered combat in May 1944, and primarily flew long range strategic bombing missions against targets in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia, bombing marshalling yards, oil refineries, airfields, heavy industry, and other strategic objectives, such as the Ploesti air raids on the Romanian oilfields. The squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for continuing an attack on an oil refinery near Vienna, Austria on 26 June 1944 despite heavy fighter opposition. ^[11]

The 831st was occasionally diverted from the strategic campaign to carry out some support and interdiction operations. It struck bridges, harbors, and troop concentrations in August 1944 to aid with Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France. It also hit communications lines and other targets during March and April 1945 to support the advance of the British Eighth Army in northern Italy in Operation Grapeshot. ^[11]

The unit departed Italy in May 1945. In late July, it reassembled at Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa. The following month, the 485th Group was redesignated as a very heavy group. Because, such groups had only three, rather than four, operational squadrons, ^[12] the 831st was inactivated on 20 August 1945. ^{[3] [11]}

Lineage

• Constituted as the 516th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 13 October 1942

Activated on 18 October 1942

Redesignated 11th Antisubmarine Squadron (Heavy) on 29 November 1942

Redesignated 11th Antisubmarine Squadron (Medium) on 3 March 1943

Redesignated 11th Antisubmarine Squadron (Heavy) on 20 April 1943

Redesignated 831st Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 1 October 1943

Redesignated 831st Bombardment Squadron, Heavy c. 1944

Inactivated on 20 August 1945 ^[3]

Assignments

• 377th Bombardment Group, 18 October 1942
• 25th Antisubmarine Wing, 9 December 1942
• 485th Bombardment Group, 1 October 1943 – 20 August 1945 ^[3]

Stations

• Fort Dix Army Air Base, New Jersey, 18 October 1942
• Gowen Field, Idaho, 1 October 1943
• Fairmont Army Air Field, Nebraska, 20 September 1943 – 11 March 1944
• Venosa Airfield, Italy, c. 30 April 1944 – c. 9 May 1945
• Sioux City Army Air Base, Iowa, 24 July 1945
• Smoky Hill Army Air Field, Kansas, 8 September 1945 – 20 August 1945 ^[3]

Aircraft

• North American O-47, 1942–1943
• Curtiss O-52 Owl, 1942–1943
• North American B-25 Mitchell, 1943
• Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1943-1945 ^[3]

Awards and campaigns

Award streamer	Award	Dates	Notes
	Distinguished Unit Citation	26 June 1944	Vienna Austria 831st Bombardment Squadron [3]

Campaign Streamer	Campaign	Dates	Notes
	Antisubmarine	18 October 1942 – 1 August 1943	516th Bombardment Squadron (later 11th Antisubmarine Squadron) [3]
	Air Offensive, Europe	c. 9 May 1944 – 5 June 1944	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	Air Combat, EAME Theater	c. 9 May 1944 – 11 May 1945	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	Central Europe	c. 9 May 1944 – 21 May 1945	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	Rome-Arno	c. 9 May 1944 – 9 September 1944	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	Normandy	6 June 1944 – 24 July 1944	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	Northern France	25 July 1944 – 14 September 1944	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	Southern France	15 August 1944 – 14 September 1944	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	North Apennines	10 September 1944 – 4 April 1945	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	Rhineland	15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]
	Po Valley	3 April 1945 – 8 May 1945	831st Bombardment Squadron [3]

See also

• B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces

References

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. This emblem apparently never received official approval. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 773-774 lists the 11th Antisubmarine Squadron emblem as the official emblem for the 831st. The emblem is included on the 485th Bomb Group Association web page
2. Approved 9 February 1943. Description: On a blue disc, three dwarfs atired red, green, and red respectively, carrying a large yellow aerial bomb, nose orange fesswise, across a white cloud formation.

Citations

1. Watkins, pp. 120-121
2. "485th Bomb Group Association Fifteenth Air Force Venosa Italy". 485th Bomb Group Association. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
3. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 773-774
4. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 265-266
5. Maurer, Combat Units, p. 123
6. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp.75, 785-786
7. Maurer, Combat Units, p. 437
8. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 388-389
9. Ferguson, pp. 82-83
10. Morison, p. 268
11. Maurer, Combat Units, pp. 356-357
12. Cate, p. 123

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Cate, James L (1953). "The Twentieth Air Force and Matterhorn". In Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L (eds.). The Army Air Forces in World War II (PDF). Vol. V, The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. LCCN   48003657. OCLC   704158 . Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Ferguson, Arthur B. (April 1945). "The Antisubmarine Command, USAF Historical Study No. 107" (PDF). Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence Historical Division. Retrieved 12 September 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-912799-02-1. LCCN   61060979.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-405-12194-6. LCCN   70605402. OCLC   72556.
• Morison, Samuel Eliot (1956). History of United States naval operations in World War II. Vol. 10: The Atlantic Battle Won, May 1943–May 1945. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC   7289366.

Further reading

• Schneider, Sam, ed. (1995). This is How it Was: The History of the 485th Bomb Group (Heavy). St. Petersburg, FL: Southern Heritage Press. ISBN   978-0941072151.