Angela J. Davis | |
---|---|
Academic background | |
Alma mater | Howard University (BA) Harvard Law School (JD) |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Legal scholar |
Institutions | American University Washington College of Law |
Main interests | criminal law,prosecutorial power,racism,criminal justice |
Angela J. Davis, [1] professor of law at the American University's Washington College of Law,is an expert in criminal law and procedure with a specific focus on prosecutorial power and racism in the criminal justice system. She is the author of Arbitrary Justice:The Power of the American Prosecutor,published in 2009. [2]
In common law jurisdictions,a preliminary hearing,preliminary examination,preliminary inquiry,evidentiary hearing or probable cause hearing is a proceeding,after a criminal complaint has been filed by the prosecutor,to determine whether there is enough evidence to require a trial. At such a hearing,the defendant may be assisted by a lawyer.
Angela Yvonne Davis is an American Marxist and feminist political activist,philosopher,academic,and author;she is a professor emerita at the University of California,Santa Cruz. Davis was a longtime member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and a founding member of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (CCDS). She was active in movements such as the Occupy movement and the Boycott,Divestment and Sanctions campaign.
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was an international court established in November 1994 by the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 955 in order to adjudicate people charged for the Rwandan genocide and other serious violations of international law in Rwanda,or by Rwandan citizens in nearby states,between 1 January and 31 December 1994. The court eventually convicted 61 individuals and acquitted 14.
Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders,preventing other crimes,and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police,prosecution and defense lawyers,the courts and the prisons system.
In jurisprudence,selective prosecution is a procedural defense in which defendants argue that they should not be held criminally liable for breaking the law,as the criminal justice system discriminated against them by choosing to prosecute. In claims of selective prosecution,defendants essentially argue that it is irrelevant whether they are guilty of violating a law,but that the fact of being prosecuted is based upon forbidden reasons. Such a claim might,for example,entail an argument that persons of different age,race,religion,sex,gender,or political alignment,were engaged in the same illegal acts for which the defendant is being tried yet were not prosecuted,and that the defendant is being prosecuted specifically because of a bias as to that class.
The law of Japan refers to the legal system in Japan,which is primarily based on legal codes and statutes,with precedents also playing an important role. Japan has a civil law legal system with six legal codes,which were greatly influenced by Germany,to a lesser extent by France,and also adapted to Japanese circumstances. The Japanese Constitution enacted after World War II is the supreme law in Japan. An independent judiciary has the power to review laws and government acts for constitutionality.
Richard Joseph Goldstone is a South African retired judge who served in the Constitutional Court of South Africa from July 1994 to October 2003. He joined the bench as a judge of the Supreme Court of South Africa,first in the Transvaal Provincial Division from 1980 to 1989 and then in the Appellate Division from 1990 to 1994. Before that,he was a commercial lawyer in Johannesburg,where he entered legal practice in 1963 and took silk in 1976.
The CSI effect describes the various ways in which the exaggerated portrayal of forensic science on crime television shows such as CSI:Crime Scene Investigation influences public perception. The term was first reported in a 2004 USA Today article describing the effect being made on trial jurors by television programs featuring forensic science.
Theodor Meron,is an American-Israeli lawyer and judge. He served as a judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY),International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR),and the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (Mechanism). He served as President of the ICTY four times and inaugural President of the Mechanism for three terms (2012–19).
Discretion has the meaning of acting on one's own authority and judgment. In law,discretion as to legal rulings,such as whether evidence is excluded at a trial,may be exercised by a judge.
Charles James Ogletree Jr. was an American legal scholar who served as the Jesse Climenko Professor at Harvard Law School,where he was the founder of the school's Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race and Justice. He was also the author of books on legal topics.
The International Association of Prosecutors (IAP) is a global non-governmental organisation of prosecutors,established by the United Nations in 1995,Vienna. It has 183 organizational members from 177 countries,and individual members.
Michael Edward Tigar is an American criminal defense attorney known for representing controversial clients,a human rights activist and a scholar and law teacher. Tigar is an emeritus (retired) member of the Duke Law School and American University,Washington College of Law faculties. He was on the faculty of the University of Texas School of Law from 1983 to 1998,serving as the Joseph D. Jamail Centennial Chair in Law for much of that time.
Edward Terry Sanford was an American jurist who served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1923 until his death in 1930. Prior to his nomination to the high court,Sanford served as a United States Assistant Attorney General under President Theodore Roosevelt from 1905 to 1907,and as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee and the United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee from 1908 to 1923. As of 2023,he is the last sitting district court judge to be elevated directly to the Supreme Court.
James Joseph "Jim" Tomkovicz is an American educator and legal scholar. He was a professor of law at the University of Iowa College of Law from 1982 until 2021,when he retired from Iowa. While at Iowa he was awarded a chaired professorship,being named the Edward F. Howrey Professor of Law. After his four decades at Iowa,he was appointed Dean’s Professor at the Emory University School of Law for two years,an appointment which ended in 2023. Tomkovicz regularly taught Criminal Procedure,Criminal Law,and Evidence. He authored a number of scholarly works,almost all devoted to constitutional criminal procedure topics. During his career he also authored six amicus curiae briefs in the Supreme Court of the United States in cases raising criminal procedure issues. The cases included Knowles v. Iowa,Florida v. J.L.,Maryland v. Blake,Kyllo v. United States,United States v. Patane and Arizona v. Gant. Tomkovicz was on the winning side in 4 of the 5 cases decided by the Justices. One case (Blake) was dismissed by the Court after oral argument.
Overcharging,in law,refers to a prosecutorial practice that involves "tacking on" additional charges that the prosecutor knows he cannot prove. It is used to put the prosecutor in a better plea bargaining position. The term has been defined in different ways. Alschuler writes that "to prosecutors,overcharging is accusing the defendant of a crime of which he is clearly innocent to induce a plea to the 'proper' crime. Defense counsel identify two types of overcharging. 'Horizontal' overcharging is the unreasonable multiplying of accusations against a single defendant. He may be either charged with a separate offense for every technical criminal transaction in which he participated,or the prosecutor may fragment a single criminal transaction into numerous component offenses. 'Vertical' overcharging is charging a single offense at a higher level than the circumstances of the case seem to warrant." Vertical overcharging is deemed to be the more abusive of the two practices. In defense of overcharging,it has been argued that in order to obtain a plea bargain that results in a lower sentence than the prosecutor's original position,while still obtaining a penalty that promotes public safety,the prosecutor must select an initial charge higher than is penologically appropriate.
The American Criminal Law Review is a student-edited scholarly journal published at Georgetown University Law Center. The ACLR is a journal of American criminal law and white-collar crime.
Amal Clooney is a British international human rights lawyer. Notable clients of hers include former Maldivian president Mohamed Nasheed,Australian WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange,former Ukrainian prime minister Yulia Tymoshenko,Iraqi human rights activist Nadia Murad,Filipino-American journalist Maria Ressa,Azerbaijani journalist Khadija Ismayilova,and Egyptian-Canadian journalist Mohamed Fahmy. She has held various appointments with the Government of the United Kingdom and the United Nations,and is also an adjunct law professor at Columbia Law School. In 2016,she and her husband,the American actor George Clooney,co-founded the Clooney Foundation for Justice.
Malign Neglect:Race,Crime,and Punishment in America is a book about race in the United States criminal justice system by Michael Tonry,a criminologist at the University of Minnesota. It was published in 1995 by Oxford University Press. In it,Tonry criticizes "tough-on-crime" policies in the United States,arguing that they have had disproportionately negative effects on the education and employment prospects of African-American men.
Diane Orentlicher is a professor of international law at American University's Washington College of Law in Washington,D.C.,and serves as Co-Faculty Director of its Center on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. In the mid-1990s,she founded the law school's War Crimes Research Office,which provides legal analysis in support of international and transitional justice initiatives.
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