Aquilegia vulgaris

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Aquilegia vulgaris
Aquilegia vulgaris - Harilik kurekell.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Aquilegia
Species:
A. vulgaris
Binomial name
Aquilegia vulgaris
L.
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Aquilegia alba Huftelen
    • Aquilegia arbascensis Timb.-Lagr.
    • Aquilegia collina Jord.
    • Aquilegia corniculata Vill.
    • Aquilegia cornuta Gilib.
    • Aquilegia cyclophylla Jeanb. & Timb.-Lagr.
    • Aquilegia ebneri Zimmeter
    • Aquilegia ecalcarata Steud.
    • Aquilegia eynensis Brühl
    • Aquilegia glaucescens Baker
    • Aquilegia glaucophylla Steud.
    • Aquilegia inversa Mill.
    • Aquilegia mollis Jeanb. ex Timb.-Lagr.
    • Aquilegia nemoralis Jord.
    • Aquilegia platysepala Rchb.
    • Aquilegia plena Steud.
    • Aquilegia praecox Jord.
    • Aquilegia recticornu Brühl
    • Aquilegia ruscinonensis Timb.-Lagr. & Jeanb.
    • Aquilegia silvestris Neck.
    • Aquilegia speciosa Timb.-Lagr.
    • Aquilegia stellata Steud.
    • Aquilegia subalpina Boreau
    • Aquilegia sylvestris Schur
    • Aquilegia versicolor Salisb.
    • Aquilegia vulgaris subsp. subalpina (Boreau) B.Bock
    • Aquilegia winterbottomiana Brühl
    • Aquilina vulgaris (L.) Bubani
Aquilegia vulgaris - MHNT Aquilegia vulgaris MHNT.BOT.2009.13.42.jpg
Aquilegia vulgaris - MHNT

Aquilegia vulgaris is a species of columbine native to Europe with common names that include: European columbine, common columbine, granny's nightcap, and granny's bonnet. It is a flowering herbaceous perennial plant growing to 1.2 m tall, with branched, thinly hairy stems. The leaves are biternate; each leaf has three groups of three leaflets. The flowers, in various shades of purple, blue, pink and white, are pendent or horizontal with strongly hooked spurs, and appear in early summer. [2]

Contents

The Latin specific epithet vulgaris means "common". [3]

Distribution

The species is native to Albania, Austria, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Rus, Corse, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Northwest European Region, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sicilia, Spain, Switzerland, Yugoslavia. It has been introduced to many other areas including parts of North and South America, and other parts of Europe and north eastern Asia. [1]

Cultivation

This species and various hybrids derived from it are popular garden flowers, available in a variety of single colours and bi-colours, in single and double forms. Though perennial, cultivars may be short-lived and thus best treated as biennials. Spent flower-heads should be removed to prevent the plant going to seed. Cultivars include the Barlow series ('Nora Barlow', 'Black Barlow', 'Rose Barlow', 'Christa Barlow'), 'Pretty Bonnets'. Seeds may be sold as mixtures. The white flowering cultivar 'Nivea' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. [4]

A. vulgaris 'Nora Barlow' Aquilegia nora barlow.JPG
A. vulgaris 'Nora Barlow'

Pests and diseases

Aphids and sawfly larvae may attack the plant.

Folklore

In traditional herbalism columbine was considered sacred to Venus; carrying a posy of it was said to arouse the affections of a loved one. Nicholas Culpeper recommended the seeds taken in wine to speed the process of childbirth. In modern herbal medicine it is used as an astringent and diuretic. [5]

Toxicity

The plant is a member of the poisonous Ranunculus family and all parts of the plant, including the seeds, are poisonous if ingested. [6] It is possible that inhaling the crushed seeds dust or otherwise absorbing oils from them may cause poisoning or at minimum exhibit symptoms of poisoning.[ citation needed ]

The acute toxicity test in mice showed that ethanol extract and the main flavonoid compound isocytisoside from the leaves and stems of Aquilegia vulgaris can be classified as nontoxic since a dose of 3000 mg/kg did not cause mortality in mice. [7]

Related Research Articles

<i>Aquilegia</i> Genus of perennial plants (columbine)

Aquilegia is a genus of about 60–70 species of perennial plants that are found in meadows, woodlands, and at higher altitudes throughout the Northern Hemisphere, known for the spurred petals of their flowers.

<i>Colchicum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Colchicum is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coast, down the East African coast to South Africa and the Western Cape. In this genus, the ovary of the flower is underground. As a consequence, the styles are extremely long in proportion, often more than 10 cm (4 in). All species in the genus are toxic.

<i>Delphinium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Delphinium is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Carl Linnaeus.

<i>Calluna</i> Flowering plant in the heather family

Calluna vulgaris, common heather, ling, or simply heather, is the sole species in the genus Calluna in the flowering plant family Ericaceae. It is a low-growing evergreen shrub growing to 20 to 50 centimetres tall, or rarely to 1 metre (40 in) and taller, and is found widely in Europe and Asia Minor on acidic soils in open sunny situations and in moderate shade.

<i>Lathyrus latifolius</i> Species of flowering plant

Lathyrus latifolius, the perennial peavine, perennial pea, broad-leaved everlasting-pea, or just everlasting pea, is a robust, sprawling herbaceous perennial flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae. It is native to Europe but is present on other continents, such as North America and Australia, where it is most often seen along roadsides.

<i>Hyacinthus orientalis</i> Species of flowering plant

Hyacinthus orientalis, the common hyacinth, garden hyacinth or Dutch hyacinth, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae, native to southwestern Asia, southern and central Turkey, northwestern Syria, Lebanon and northern Palestine. It was introduced to Europe in the 16th century. It is widely cultivated everywhere in the temperate world for its strongly fragrant flowers which appear exceptionally early in the season, and frequently forced to flower at Christmas time.

<i>Primula vulgaris</i> Species of flowering plant

Primula vulgaris, the common primrose, is a species of flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to Eurasia. The common name is primrose, or occasionally common primrose or English primrose to distinguish it from other Primula species referred to as primroses.

<i>Aquilegia canadensis</i> Common North American species of columbine

Aquilegia canadensis, the Canadian or Canada columbine, eastern red columbine, or wild columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is an herbaceous perennial native to woodland and rocky slopes in eastern North America, prized for its red and yellow flowers. It readily hybridizes with other species in the genus Aquilegia.

<i>Eranthis hyemalis</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae

Eranthis hyemalis, the winter aconite, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to calcareous woodland habitats in France, Italy and the Balkans, and widely naturalized elsewhere in Europe.

<i>Syringa vulgaris</i> Species of flowering plant

Syringa vulgaris, the lilac or common lilac, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae, native to the Balkan Peninsula, where it grows on rocky hills. Grown in spring for its scented flowers, this large shrub or small tree is widely cultivated and has been naturalized in parts of Europe, Asia and North America. It is not regarded as an aggressive species. It is found in the wild in widely scattered sites, usually in the vicinity of past or present human habitations.

<i>Helianthemum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Helianthemum, known as rock rose, sunrose, rushrose, or frostweed, is a genus of about 110 species of flowering plants in the family Cistaceae. They are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Mediterranean.

<i>Papaver nudicaule</i> Species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae

Papaver nudicaule, the Iceland poppy, is a boreal flowering plant. Native to subpolar regions of Asia and North America, and the mountains of Central Asia as well as temperate China, Iceland poppies are hardy but short-lived perennials, often grown as biennials. They yield large, papery, bowl-shaped, lightly fragrant flowers supported by hairy, 1 foot (30 cm) curved stems among feathery blue-green foliage 1–6 inches long. They were first described by botanists in 1759. The wild species blooms in white or yellow, and is hardy from USDA Zones 3a-10b.

<i>Thymus vulgaris</i> Species of flowering plant

Thymus vulgaris is a species of flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy. Growing to 15–30 cm (6–12 in) tall by 40 cm (16 in) wide, it is a bushy, woody-based evergreen subshrub with small, highly aromatic, grey-green leaves and clusters of purple or pink flowers in early summer.

<i>Helleborus foetidus</i> Species of plant

Helleborus foetidus, known variously as stinking hellebore, dungwort, setterwort and bear's foot, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae, native to the mountainous regions of Central and Southern Europe and Asia Minor. It is found wild in many parts of England, especially on limestone soil.

<i>Aquilegia chrysantha</i> North American species of columbine

Aquilegia chrysantha, the golden columbine, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to the southwestern United States from extreme southern Utah to Texas and northwestern Mexico.

<i>Lathyrus vernus</i> Species of legume

Lathyrus vernus, the spring vetchling, spring pea, or spring vetch, is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant in the genus Lathyrus, native to forests of Europe and Siberia. It forms a dense clump of pointed leaves with purple flowers in spring, shading to a greenish-blue with age.

<i>Anemonoides blanda</i> Species of flowering plant in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae

Anemonoides blanda, syn. Anemone blanda, the Balkan anemone, Grecian windflower, or winter windflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. The species is native to southeastern Europe and the Middle East. The specific epithet blanda means "mild" or "charming". The genus name is derived from the Greek word anemos, or wind.

<i>Aquilegia flabellata</i> East Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia flabellata, common name fan columbine or dwarf columbine, is a species of flowering perennial plant in the genus Aquilegia (columbine), of the family Ranunculaceae.

<i>Viscaria vulgaris</i> Species of flowering plant

Viscaria vulgaris, the sticky catchfly or clammy campion, is a flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae.

<i>Aquilegia viridiflora</i> West Asian species of columbine

Aquilegia viridiflora, commonly known as the green columbine or green-flowered columbine, is a species of flowering plant in the buttercup family. Its native range is southern Siberia to northern China, and Japan. It is an herbaceous perennial, and grows 15 cm to 50 cm tall, with a maximum spread of approximately 30 cm. Although it is grown as an ornamental, it may be considered a weed.

References

  1. 1 2 "Aquilegia vulgaris L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  2. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN   978-1405332965.
  3. Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN   978-1845337315.
  4. "RHS Plant Selector - Aquilegia vulgaris 'Nivea'". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
  5. Howard, Michael. Traditional Herbal Remedies (Century, 1987), p.124
  6. Ivo Pauwels; Gerty Christoffels, Ivo Pauwels (2006). Herbs. Struik. p. 97. ISBN   978-1-77007-447-7 . Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  7. Adamska T. Mlynarczyk W. Jodynis-Liebert J. Bylka W. Matlawska I "Hepatoprotective effect of the extract and isocytisoside from Aquilegia vulgaris" Phytotherapy Research 2003 Jun;17(6):691-6.