ArkUI

Last updated
ArkUI
Developer(s) Huawei
Initial releaseOctober 22, 2021
Operating system HarmonyOS, OpenHarmony, Oniro OS
Type Software framework
License open source, Apache License [1]
Website https://developer.harmonyos.com/en/develop/arkUI

ArkUI is a declarative based user interface framework for building user interfaces on native HarmonyOS, OpenHarmony alongside Oniro OS applications developed by Huawei for the ArkTS and Cangjie programming language. [2]

Contents

Overview

ArkUI 3.0 is declarative in eTS (extended TypeScript) in HarmonyOS 3.0, followed by main ArkTS programming language in HarmonyOS 3.1, contrasting with the imperative syntax used in Java development in earlier versions of HarmonyOS in HarmonyOS 1.0 and 2.0. ArkUI allows for 2D drawing as well as 3D drawing, animations, event handling, Service Card widgets, and data binding. ArkUI automatically synchronizes between UI views and data. [3]

ArkUI integrates with DevEco Studio IDE to provide for real-time previews during editing, alongside support for debugging and other development features. [4]

ArkJS primarily used for web development paradigm, based on JavaScript that targets smaller and basic applications on ArkUI for web developers on JS and CSS. [5]

History

During HDC 2021 on October 22, 2021, the HarmonyOS 3.0 developer preview introduced ArkUI 3.0 for eTS, JS programming languages with ArkCompiler. Compared to previous versions of ArkUI 1.0 and 2.0 under imperative development with Java in earlier versions of HarmonyOS. [6]

During HDC 2022 HarmonyOS 3.1 in November 2022, Huawei ArkUI evolved into full declarative development featuring declarative UI capabilities, improved layout ability, component capability improvement and others. [7] In April 2023, HarmonyOS 3.1 Beta 1 build included ArkUI declarative 2D and 3D drawing capabilities. The upgrade also improves layout, component, and app state management capabilities. [8]

During HDC 2023, August 2023, Huawei announced HarmonyOS 4.0 improvements of ArkUI with ArkTS alongside native HarmonyOS NEXT software development using Ark Engine with ArkGraphics 2D and ArkGraphics 3D. Also, the company announced a cross platform extension of ArkUI called ArkUI-X which would allow developers to run applications across Android, iOS and HarmonyOS under one project using DevEco Studio IDE and Visual Studio Code plugins. On January 18, 2024, during HarmonyOS Ecology Conference, Huawei revealed the HarmonyOS NEXT software stack, that included ArkUI/ArkUI-X programming framework with the Ark Compiler/BiSheng Compiler/Ark Runtime compiler & runtime, for both ArkTS and incoming Cangjie programming language. [9] Cangjie is a programming language designed to create Chinese characters. Its name comes from the Cangjie input method, which is a popular method of typing Chinese characters on the keyboard based on their shape. [2]

ArkUI-X

ArkUI-X
Developer(s) Huawei
Initial releaseDecember 8, 2023
Operating system Android, iOS, OpenHarmony, Oniro OS, HarmonyOS, Web platform (ArkJS)
Type Application framework
License Apache License
Website https://developer.harmonyos.com/en/develop/arkUI

ArkUI-X is an open-source UI software development kit which is the extension of ArkUI created by Huawei. It is used to develop cross platform applications as an application framework from a single codebase for any platform such as Android, iOS, OpenHarmony and native HarmonyOS with HarmonyOS NEXT system, including Web platform with ArkJS which was released on December 8, 2023, after Canary 1 build on August 4, 2023. [10]

ArkUI-X consists of both a UI language and a rendering engine. When a ArkUI-X application is compiled, the key modules used by ArkUI, such as the core engine, graphics engine, and ArkTS runtime, are all cross-platform. The goal is to allow developers to build advanced, high-performance applications on open source OpenHarmony as foundation that can run on different OS platforms while using a single set of master code in reduced development times. [11]

Examples

The following is an example of a simple Hello World program. It is standard practice in ArkUI to separate the application struct and views into different structs, with the main view named Index. [12] 

importArkTS// Index.etsimportrouterfrom'@ohos.router';@Entry@ComponentstructIndex{@Statemessage:string='Hello World'build(){Row(){Column(){Text(this.message).fontSize(50).fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)// Add a button to respond to user clicks.Button(){Text('Next').fontSize(30).fontWeight(FontWeight.Bold)}.type(ButtonType.Capsule).margin({top:20}).backgroundColor('#0D9FFB').width('40%').height('5%')// Bind the onClick event to the Next button so that clicking the button redirects the user to the second page..onClick(()=>{router.pushUrl({url:'pages/Second'})})}.width('100%')}.height('100%')}}

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">EMUI</span> Mobile operating system by Huawei

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OpenAtom OpenHarmony, or abbreviated as OpenHarmony (OHOS), is a family of open-source distributed operating systems based on HarmonyOS derived from LiteOS, donated the L0-L2 branch source code by Huawei to the OpenAtom Foundation. Similar to HarmonyOS, the open-source distributed operating system is designed with a layered architecture, which consists of four layers from the bottom to the top, i.e., the kernel layer, system service layer, framework layer, and application layer. It is also an extensive collection of free software, which can be used as an operating system or can be used in parts with other operating systems via Kernel Abstraction Layer subsystems.

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Huawei Ark Engine is a conglomerate of proprietary application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to system and multimedia, especially game programming and video, on HarmonyOS and OpenHarmony platform such as software graphics engine stack, ArkGraphics 2D for 2D computer graphics, 2D Drawing high-performance and ArkGraphics 3D graphics engine stack that support standard OpenGL and Vulkan backend, interactive graphics with ArkUI binding support, multimedia engine for audio and video, memory engine, scheduling engine, storage engine and low power consumption engine.

ArkGraphics 3D is an open source, 3D graphic stack developed by Huawei as a subset of Ark Engine for HarmonyOS and OpenAtom OpenHarmony. The engine layer includes two modules, such as 2D graphics library and 3D graphics engine with both OpenGL with OpenGL Shading Language and WebGL as render service backend. The 2D graphics library provides the underlying API for 2D graphics rendering, and supports the underlying capabilities of graphics rendering and text rendering for ArkUI. AGP Engine as a component of ArkUI, it provides the 3D drawing capability of the system.

Ark Compiler, also known as ArkCompiler, is a unified compilation and runtime platform that supports joint compilation and running across programming languages and chip platforms, also operating systems of open-source OpenHarmony, Oniro OS, alongside proprietary HarmonyOS with single core system HarmonyOS NEXT included on native APP in Event-driven programming in a unified development environment and formerly built for Android-based EMUI for Huawei smartphones and tablets with HMS-enabled apk apps on AppGallery that improves app performance. It supports a variety of dynamic and static programming languages such as JS, TS, and ArkTS. It is the compilation and runtime base that enables OpenHarmony, Oniro OS alongside HarmonyOS NEXT to run on multiple device forms such as smart devices, mobile phones, PCs, tablets, TVs, automobiles, and wearables. ArkCompiler consists of two parts, compiler toolchain and runtime.

BiSheng Compiler is an open-source compiler toolchain developed by Huawei for general-purpose processor architectures, such as Kunpeng within HiSilicon domain. It is based on LLVM, and introduces and enhances multiple compilation optimization technologies and supports different programming languages, such as ArkTS, Cangjie, C, C++ and Fortran.

ArkTS is a high-level general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language developed by Huawei which is a superset of open-source TypeScript, in turn a superset of JavaScript formerly used in July 2022 HarmonyOS 3.0 version, alongside its evolved percussor, extended TypeScript (eTS) built for HarmonyOS development as a shift towards Declarative programming. ArkTS compiles to machine code via it's Ahead-of-time compilation Ark Compiler. ArkTS was first released in September 30, 2021 on OpenHarmony, and the ArkTS toolchain has shipped in DevEco Studio since version 3.1, released in 2022. Since, OpenHarmony 4.0 release on October 26, 2023, ArkTS APIs has been added to the open source community to contribute.

ArkGraphics 2D is an open source 2D graphics stack for OpenHarmony-Oniro based and HarmonyOS operating systems. The engine layer includes two modules, such as 2D graphics library and 3D graphics engine with both OpenGL with OpenGL Shading Language and WebGL as render service backend. The 2D graphics library provides the underlying API for 2D graphics rendering, and supports the underlying capabilities of graphics rendering and text rendering for ArkUI.

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References

  1. ↑ "ArkUI API参考". Gitee. OpenAtom OpenHarmony. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  2. 1 2 Mateusz, Macocha. "What is Huawei cangjie programming language?". NEATsoft. Retrieved Mar 19, 2024.
  3. ↑ "2:2 Introduction to the ArkUI framework". arkui.club. © arkui.club. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  4. ↑ Sarkar, Amy. "HarmonyOS 3.0 ArkUI 3.0: Declarative User Interface framework". HC Newsroom. HC Newsroom. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  5. ↑ Kapuściak, Kacper; Wajgelt, Juliusz; Schmidt, Stefan. "Bringing Graphical Applications to Oniro on the Example of React Native". YouTube. Eclipse Foundation. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  6. ↑ "New release of HarmonyOS 3.0.0 developer preview". SegmentFault. SegmentFault. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  7. ↑ Balogun, Yusuf. "Huawei Enters Declarative Development with HarmonyOS 3.1 Version Announcement". techgenyz. techgenyz. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  8. ↑ Sarkar, Amy. "HarmonyOS 3.1 Beta 2 rolling out". HC Newsroom. HC Newsroom. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  9. ↑ Bhati, Kamlesh. "Huawei HarmonyOS NEXT Official Now: Bring Spatial Design and Vivid Color Concepts". Sparrownews.com. Sparrownews.com. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  10. ↑ "ArkUI-X Release Notes". ArkUI-X GitHub. ArkUI-X GitHub. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  11. ↑ "ArkUI-X 预览版正式开源". 知乎专栏 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-05-21.
  12. ↑ "Getting Started with ArkTS in Stage Model - Implementing Page Redirection". HarmonyOS. HarmonyOS. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
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