Aster (genus)

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Aster
Asteraceae - Aster amellus.JPG
Aster amellus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Astereae
Subtribe: Asterinae
Genus: Aster
L., 1753
Type species
Aster amellus
L., 1753 [1]
Synonyms [2]
List
  • AsteromoeaBlume
  • BellidastrumScop.
  • BellidiasterDumort.
  • BorkonstiaIgnatov
  • BrachyasterAmbrosi
  • ChlamyditesJ.R.Drumm.
  • GymnasterKitam.
  • HersileaKlotzsch
  • HeterochaetaDC.
  • × HeterokalimerisKitam.
  • HeteropappusLess.
  • HisutsuaDC.
  • HomostyliumNees
  • KalimaresRaf.
  • Kalimeris(Cass.) Cass.
  • KitamuraeaRauschert
  • KitamurasterSoják
  • KitamuriaG.L.Nesom
  • KryloviaSchischk.
  • LeptocomaLess.
  • MargaritaGaudin
  • MartiniaVaniot
  • MetamyriactisG.L.Nesom
  • MiyamayomenaKitam.
  • RhinactinaLess.
  • RhinactinidiaNovopokr.
  • RhynchospermumReinw.
  • SinobouffordiaG.L.Nesom
  • WardasterJ.Small
  • YonglingiaG.L.Nesom
  • ZollingeriaSch.Bip.

Aster is a genus of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Its circumscription has been narrowed, and it now encompasses around 170 species, all but one of which are restricted to Eurasia; many species formerly in Aster are now in other genera of the tribe Astereae. Aster amellus is the type species of the genus and the family Asteraceae. [1]

Contents

The name Aster comes from the Ancient Greek word ἀστήρ (astḗr), meaning "star", referring to the shape of the flower head. Many species and a variety of hybrids and varieties are popular as garden plants because of their attractive and colourful flowers. 'Aster' species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species—see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Aster. Asters can grow in all hardiness zones.

Circumscription

Multi layer petals Aster flower Aster flower.jpg
Multi layer petals Aster flower

The genus Aster once contained nearly 600 species in Eurasia and North America, but after morphologic and molecular research on the genus during the 1990s, it was decided that the North American species are better treated in a series of other related genera. After this split there are roughly 180 species within the genus, all but one being confined to Eurasia. [3]

The New World species have now been reclassified in the genera Almutaster , Canadanthus , Doellingeria , Eucephalus , Eurybia , Ionactis , Oligoneuron , Oreostemma , Sericocarpus and Symphyotrichum , though all are treated within the same tribe, Astereae. The "China aster" is in the related genus Callistephus . Regardless of the taxonomic change, most are still widely referred to as "asters", or "Michaelmas daisies", because of their typical blooming period.

Species

Aster alpinus is the only species of Aster (sensu stricto) that is native to North America; it is found in mountains across the Northern Hemisphere. Aster-alpinus.JPG
Aster alpinus is the only species of Aster ( sensu stricto ) that is native to North America; it is found in mountains across the Northern Hemisphere.

Plants of the World Online accepts 185 species, as of November 2023. [2] The species formerly known as Aster tripolium (sea aster) is now Tripolium pannonicum . The species formerly known as Aster linosyris (goldilocks) is now Galatella linosyris . Many species and a variety of hybrids and varieties are popular as garden plants because of their beautiful, attractive and colourful flowers. Aster species are used as food plants by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species—see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Aster. Asters can grow in all hardiness zones.

Selected species:


Phytochemical Profile

  1. Flavonoids: These are commonly found in Asters and are known for their antioxidant properties. They may also impart color to the petals.
  2. Terpenoids: These could be responsible for the fragrance of some Aster flowers and are often studied for their potential medicinal properties. [6]
  3. Saponins: These phytochemicals create frothy solutions when agitated in water and have potential antimicrobial properties.
  4. Alkaloids: Though less common in Asters, if present, they could provide a range of bioactivities, including potential toxicity.
  5. Phenolic Compounds: These include tannins and other polyphenolic substances, which may contribute to the plant’s defense mechanisms. [7]

Hybrids and cultivars

Those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

In history

The Hungarian revolution of 31 October 1918, became known as the "Aster Revolution" due to protesters in Budapest wearing this flower. [14]

In culture

One of the few flowers left around Michaelmas in the British Isles is the Michaelmas daisy (another name for asters), hence the rhyme: "The Michaelmas daisies, among dead weeds, Bloom for St Michael's valorous deeds..." [15]

Related Research Articles

<i>Geranium</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Geraniaceae

Geranium is a genus of 422 species of annual, biennial, and perennial plants that are commonly known as geraniums or cranesbills. They are found throughout the temperate regions of the world and the mountains of the tropics, with the greatest diversity in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region.

<i>Solidago</i> Genus of plants in the family Asteraceae

Solidago, commonly called goldenrods, is a genus of about 100 to 120 species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Most are herbaceous perennial species found in open areas such as meadows, prairies, and savannas. They are mostly native to North America, including Mexico; a few species are native to South America and Eurasia. Some American species have also been introduced into Europe and other parts of the world.

<i>Delphinium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Delphinium is a genus of about 300 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native throughout the Northern Hemisphere and also on the high mountains of tropical Africa. The genus was erected by Carl Linnaeus.

<i>Alstroemeria</i> Genus of South American flowering plants

Alstroemeria, commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America, although some have become naturalized in the United States, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, Madeira and the Canary Islands. Almost all of the species are restricted to one of two distinct centers of diversity; one in central Chile, the other in eastern Brazil. Species of Alstroemeria from Chile are winter-growing plants, while those of Brazil are summer growing. All are long-lived perennials except A. graminea, a diminutive annual from the Atacama Desert of Chile.

<i>Erigeron</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Erigeron is a large genus of plants in the composite family (Asteraceae). It is placed in the tribe Astereae and is closely related to the Old World asters (Aster) and the true daisies (Bellis). The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, but the highest diversity occurs in North America.

<i>Osteospermum</i> Genus of plants

Osteospermum, is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the Calenduleae, one of the smaller tribes of the sunflower/daisy family Asteraceae. They are known as the daisybushes or African daisies. Its species have been given several common names, including African daisy, South African daisy, Cape daisy and blue-eyed daisy.

<i>Cistus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the rock rose family Cistaceae

Cistus is a genus of flowering plants in the rockrose family Cistaceae, containing about 20 species. They are perennial shrubs found on dry or rocky soils throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Portugal through to the Middle East, and also on the Canary Islands.

<i>Berberis</i> Genus of flowering plants representing the barberry family

Berberis, commonly known as barberry, is a large genus of deciduous and evergreen shrubs from 1–5 m (3.3–16.4 ft) tall, found throughout temperate and subtropical regions of the world. Species diversity is greatest in South America and Asia; Europe, Africa and North America have native species as well. The best-known Berberis species is the European barberry, Berberis vulgaris, which is common in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and central Asia, and has been widely introduced in North America. Many of the species have spines on the shoots and all along the margins of the leaves.

<i>Symphyotrichum novae-angliae</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to central and eastern North America

Symphyotrichum novae-angliae is a species of flowering plant in the aster family (Asteraceae) native to central and eastern North America. Commonly known as New England aster, hairy Michaelmas-daisy, or Michaelmas daisy, it is a perennial, herbaceous plant usually between 30 and 120 centimeters tall and 60 to 90 cm wide.

<i>Ionactis</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae

Ionactis, common name stiff-leaved asters or ankle-asters, is a small genus of plants belonging to the family Asteraceae. These aster-like plants are endemic to North America. One species is widespread across much of the eastern half of the continent, while two others are rare endemics with very restricted ranges.

<i>Monarda</i> Genus of flowering plants

Monarda is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. The genus is endemic to North America. Common names include bergamot, bee balm, horsemint, and oswego tea, the first being inspired by the fragrance of the leaves, which is reminiscent of bergamot orange. The genus was named for the Spanish botanist Nicolás Monardes, who wrote a book in 1574 describing plants of the New World.

<i>Helenium</i> Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae

Helenium is a genus of annuals and herbaceous perennial plants in the family Asteraceae, native to the Americas.

<i>Symphyotrichum</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae

Symphyotrichum is a genus of over 100 species and naturally occurring hybrids of herbaceous annual and perennial plants in the composite family, Asteraceae, most which were formerly treated within the genus Aster. The majority are endemic to North America, but several also occur in the West Indies, Central and South America, as well as one species in eastern Eurasia. Several species have been introduced to Europe as garden specimens, most notably New England aster and New York aster.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astereae</span> Tribe of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae

Astereae is a tribe of plants in the family Asteraceae that includes annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, shrubs, and trees. They are found primarily in temperate regions of the world. Plants within the tribe are present nearly worldwide divided into over 250 genera and more than 3,100 species, making it the second-largest tribe in the family behind Senecioneae.

<i>Symphyotrichum ericoides</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to central and eastern North America

Symphyotrichum ericoides, known as white heath aster, frost aster, or heath aster, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to much of central and eastern North America. It has been introduced to parts of Europe and western Asia.

<i>Symphyotrichum novi-belgii</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to northeastern North America

Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, commonly called New York aster, is a species of flowering plant. It is the type species for Symphyotrichum, a genus in the family Asteraceae, whose species were once considered to be part of the genus Aster. Plants in both these genera are popularly known as Michaelmas daisy because they bloom around September 29, St. Michael’s Day.

<i>Aster amellus</i> Species of plant

Aster amellus, the European Michaelmas daisy, is a perennial herbaceous plant and the type species of the genus Aster and the family Asteraceae.

<i>Tripolium</i> Genus of flowering plants

Tripolium is a genus of Eurasian and North African plants in the tribe Astereae within the family Asteraceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garden marguerite</span>

Garden marguerites, also known as marguerite daisies, are cultivars of plants in the subtribe Glebionidinae of the family Asteraceae, the great majority being hybrids created in cultivation. One of the genera belonging to the subtribe, Argyranthemum, was introduced into cultivation from the Canary Islands in the 18th century, and modern cultivars are mostly sold and grown under the genus name Argyranthemum or the species name Argyranthemum frutescens, although many are actually intergeneric hybrids. The first such hybrids involved species now placed in the genus Glebionis, but other crosses within the subtribe are known. Breeding has aimed at introducing flower heads in varied colours and shapes while retaining the shrubby habit of Argyranthemum. Garden marguerites are used as summer bedding or grown in containers. Most are only half-hardy. They can be trained into shapes such as pyramids or grown as standards.

<i>Aster <span style="font-style:normal;">×</span> frikartii</i> Nothospecies of plant in the genus Aster

Aster × frikartii, called Frikart's aster, is a hybrid of European Michaelmas daisy, Aster amellus, and Thomson's aster, Aster thomsonii. It was created by Swiss plant breeder Carl Ludwig Frikart. Its cultivars 'Mönch' and 'Wunder von Stäfa' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit, and are also considered by them to be good plants to attract pollinators.

References

  1. 1 2 Elizabeth Pennissi (2001). "Linnaeus's last stand?". Science . 291 (5512): 2304–2307. doi:10.1126/science.291.5512.2304. PMID   11269295. S2CID   83724152.
  2. 1 2 "Aster L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  3. Luc Brouillet, Theodore M. Barkley & John L. Strother. "Asteraceae Martinov tribe Astereae Cassini, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts. 88: 195. 1819". Flora of North America. p. 3. in Flora of North America.
  4. "Aster hispidus". Wikispecies.
  5. "Convergent Origin of the narrowly lanceolate leaf in the Genus Aster—with Special Reference to An Unexpected Discovery of A New Aster Species from East China". Novataxa. 2019-01-27. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
  6. Sawant, Bhakti; Gupta, Vibha (2022-08-02). "Phytochemical Analysis and Extraction of Lutein using Column Chromatography from Tagetes and Aster plants". The Journal of Plant Science Research. 38 (1): 327–331. doi:10.32381/jpsr.2022.38.01.35. ISSN   0970-2539.
  7. Sharma, Dr Anubhav (2023-10-02). "Aster Plant: Description, Phytochemical, Classification & Benefits". Witfire. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  8. Floridata: Aster × frikartii
  9. "RHS Plant Selector - Aster × frikartii 'Mönch'" . Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  10. "RHS Plant Selector - A. × frikartii 'Wunder von Stäfa'" . Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  11. Klein, Carol (2004-10-22). "Blazin' squad". Telegraph. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  12. "RHS Plant Selector - Aster 'Ochtendgloren'" . Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  13. "RHS Plant Selector - Aster 'Photograph'" . Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  14. Hajdu, Tibor (1990). "Revolution, Counterrevolution, Consolidation" . In Peter F. Sugar (ed.). A History of Hungary ([New printing]. ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p.  297. ISBN   0253355788.
  15. Rob Taylor (7 October 2010). "Michaelmas Traditions". Black Country Bugle. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.