Stirling Range dryandra | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Proteales |
Family: | Proteaceae |
Genus: | Banksia |
Subgenus: | Banksia subg. Banksia |
Series: | Banksia ser. Dryandra |
Species: | B. montana |
Binomial name | |
Banksia montana | |
Synonyms [1] | |
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Banksia montana, commonly known as the Stirling Range dryandra, [2] is a species of shrub that is endemic to the Stirling Range in Western Australia. It has hairy stems, linear pinnatisect leaves with twisted, triangular lobes, yellow flowers in heads of about sixty and reddish-brown follicles.
Banksia montana grows as a shrub to 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) high but does not form a lignotuber. Its stems are covered in short, rust-coloured hairs. The leaves linear, pinnatisect, 80–250 mm (3.1–9.8 in) long and 6–11 mm (0.24–0.43 in) wide with between thirty-five and sixty lobes on each side. The lobes are twisted and curved, so that the undersurface faces the apex of the leaf. The flowers are yellow and arranged in head of between fifty and sixty on a branchlet one or two years old with linear to lance-shaped involucral bracts about 15 mm (0.59 in) long at the base of the head. The perianth is 17–19 mm (0.67–0.75 in) long and hairy, the pistil 18–21 mm (0.71–0.83 in) long and curved. Flowering occurs from December or January to February and the follicles are dark reddish-brown, egg-shaped and 9–11 mm (0.35–0.43 in) long and sparsely hairy. The follicles remain on the plant for up to four years before disintegrating. [2] [3] [4] [5]
The type specimen was collected by Ken Newbey from Bluff Knoll in the Stirling Range on 14 January 1966. Western Australian State botanist Charles Austin Gardner coined the name Dryandra montana but did not publish it. The species was first formally described as D. montana in 1996 by Alex George in the journal Nuytsia . [5] [6] In 2007, Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred all the dryandras to the genus Banksia and this species became Banksia montana. [7] [8] The specific epithet (montana) is from the Latin word montanus meaning "pertaining to mountains" referring to the habitat of this banksia. [9]
Banksia montana is found only on the upper slopes of Bluff Knoll above 900 m (3000 ft) altitude, on sandstone, metamorphosed sandstone or siltstone. It is a component of the endangered Eastern Stirling Range Montane Heath and Thicket Threatened Ecological Community. Four populations containing a total of 45 adult and 16 juvenile plants were known in 2004. [2]
Stirling Range dryandra is killed by bushfire and regenerates from seed. Taking up to nine years to flower and fruit from seed, it is thought to require bushfires at intervals of 18 years for best recovery. However, two fires in quick succession in its native habitat killed many plants with little recruitment. The species is also highly sensitive to dieback ( Phytophthora cinnamomi ), which has infested three of four extant populations. [2]
A species of mealybug, Pseudococcus markharveyi, was discovered on its leaves, and is possibly only associated with this species, making it likely to be endangered as well. [10]
Banksia montana is classified as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 [11] and a recovery plan (for Dryandra montana) has been prepared. [2] It is also classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia). The main threats to the species are habitat loss due to Phytophthora cinnamomi infestation and inappropriate fire regimes. [3] [2]
Stirling Range dryandra has been grown successfully in containers at Kings Park in Perth and at the Banksia Farm at Mount Barker. [12]
Banksia aculeata, commonly known as prickly banksia, is a species of plant of the family Proteaceae native to the Stirling Range in the southwest of Western Australia. A shrub up to 2 m (7 ft) tall, it has dense foliage and leaves with very prickly serrated margins. Its unusual pinkish, pendent (hanging) flower spikes, known as inflorescences, are generally hidden in the foliage and appear during the early summer. Although it was collected by the naturalist James Drummond in the 1840s, Banksia aculeata was not formally described until 1981, by Alex George in his monograph of the genus.
Banksia violacea, commonly known as violet banksia, is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus Banksia. It generally grows as a small shrub to 1.5 m (5 ft) high with fine narrow leaves, and is best known for its unusually coloured dark purple-violet inflorescences. The colour of the inflorescences, short leaves, and flattened follicles which are sticky when young, help identify this species from others in the field. It is found in low shrubland in southern regions of Western Australia from Esperance in the east to Narrogin in the west, growing exclusively in sandy soils.
Banksia anatona, commonly known as the cactus dryandra, is a flowering plant in the family, Proteaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a tall, spindly shrub with unusually large fruiting follicles. It is only known from a single location and has been classified as Critically Endangered nationally under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The only known population is in danger of extinction from dieback disease.
Banksia catoglypta is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has pinnatisect leaves with sharply-pointed, triangular lobes and heads of golden brown and cream-coloured flowers.
Banksia cirsioides is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has pinnatisect leaves with between six and ten lobes on each side and hairy heads of yellow and pink flowers.
Banksia drummondii, commonly known as Drummond's dryandra, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has pinnatifid to pinnatisect leaves, heads of up to one hundred cream-coloured, red and yellow flowers and glabrous fruit.
Banksia hirta is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, deeply serrated leaves, pale yellow flowers in heads of about one hundred and shining follicles. It is restricted to the Stirling Range National Park.
Banksia kippistiana is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has linear, pinnatifid leaves with ten to twenty lobes on each side, heads of up to eighty yellow and cream-coloured flowers, and elliptical follicles.
Banksia lepidorhiza is a species of prostrate shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has underground stems, linear pinnatipartite leaves with sharply pointed lobes, pink, cream-coloured and yellow flowers in head of about thirty and egg-shaped follicles. It is only known from near Woodanilling.
Banksia dallanneyi, commonly known as couch honeypot, is a species of prostrate shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It only has a short above-ground stem, pinnatipartite or pinnatisect leaves, between thirty and seventy variously coloured flowers and glabrous, egg-shaped fruit.
Banksia meganotia is a species of prickly shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has linear, pinnatiparite leaves with sharply-pointed lobes, yellow flowers in heads of about forty and relatively small follicles.
Banksia mimica, commonly known as summer honeypot, is a species of prostrate shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has wedge-shaped leaves with sharply-pointed teeth on the sides, yellow flowers in heads of up to fifty and oblong, hairy follicles.
Banksia plumosa is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, broadly linear pinnatifid to pinnatipartite leaves with triangular lobes, creamy-yellow flowers in heads of up to eighty, and egg-shaped follicles.
Banksia pseudoplumosa, commonly known as false plumed-banksia, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, broadly linear, pinnatipartite leaves with sharply-pointed triangular lobes on the sides, yellow flowers in heads of about one hundred, and densely woolly-hairy follicles.
Banksia pteridifolia, commonly known as tangled honeypot, is a species of shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has short, underground stems, deeply pinnatipartite leaves with sharply-pointed, linear lobes on the sides, creamy white or yellow flowers in heads of about one hundred and later up to five follicles in each head.
Banksia bella, commonly known as the Wongan dryandra, is a species of dense shrub that is endemic to a restricted area of Western Australia. It has narrow, deeply serrated leaves covered with white hairs on the lower surface, heads of yellow flowers and few follicles in the fruiting head.
Banksia serratuloides is a species of small shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has linear, pinnatipartite leaves, yellow and pink flowers in heads of about forty and hairy, wrinkled follicles.
Banksia shanklandiorum is a species of dense shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, pinnatipartite to pinnatisect leaves with sharply-pointed lobes, pink to gold-coloured flowers in heads of about 100, and egg-shaped follicles.
Banksia stuposa is a species of shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has hairy stems, broadly linear pinnatifid leaves, golden yellow and white flowers in heads of one hundred or more, and hairy, egg-shaped follicles.
Banksia trifontinalis is a species of openly-branched shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has broadly linear, coarsely serrated, sharply pointed leaves, pale yellow flowers in heads of about sixty, and oblong to egg-shaped follicles.