Banksia quercifolia

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Oak-leaved banksia
Banksia quercifolia 01 gnangarra.jpg
Banksia quercifolia in Kings Park
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Banksia
Subgenus: Banksia subg. Banksia
Species:
B. quercifolia
Binomial name
Banksia quercifolia
Synonyms [1]
  • Dryandra quercifolia R.Br. var. quercifolia
  • Sirmuellera quercifolia(R.Br.) Kuntze

Banksia quercifolia, commonly known as the oak-leaved banksia, [2] is a species of shrub that is endemic to the southwestern coast of Western Australia. It has smooth, greenish bark, wavy, wedge-shaped, serrated leaves, yellow, orange or brown flowers in cylindrical spikes, followed by broadly linear follicles surrounded by the remains of the flowers.

Contents

Description

Banksia quercifolia is a shrub that typically that grows to a height of 0.5 to 3 m (1 ft 8 in to 9 ft 10 in) and does not form a lignotuber. It has smooth, greenish brown bark that becomes lightly tessellated and grey as it ages. It has wavy, serrated, narrow wedge-shaped leaves 30–150 mm (1.2–5.9 in) long and 10–40 mm (0.39–1.57 in) wide on a petiole 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. The flowers are arranged in a cylindrical spike 20–100 mm (0.79–3.94 in) long and 35–45 mm (1.4–1.8 in) wide when the flowers open. The flowers are yellow, orange or brown with the perianth 23–27 mm (0.91–1.06 in) long and a stiff, gently curved pistil 17–21 mm (0.67–0.83 in) long. Flowering occurs from March to November and up to thirty-five follicles develop in each head surrounded by the remains of the flowers. The follicles are broadly linear and wavy, 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) long, 11–15 mm (0.43–0.59 in) high and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Taxonomy

The type specimen of B. quercifolia was collected by Robert Brown from around King George Sound in December 1801 [3] when Brown was the botanist aboard HMS Investigator captained by Matthew Flinders. The species was formally described by Brown in 1810 in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London . [6] [7]

In 1869, Ferdinand von Mueller described two varieties of B. quercifolia in Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae but the names, var. integrifolia and var. quercifolia are not accepted by the Australian Plant Census. [8] [9] [10]

Distribution and habitat

Oak-leaved banksia occurs on the south coast of Western Australia from D'Entrecasteaux National Park in the west to Mount Manypeaks in the east where it is commonly grows in depressions, seasonally wet flats and along the margins of swamps, in white or grey peaty sandy soils. [2]

Ecology

An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on this species found that its range is likely to contract by between 50% and 80% by 2080, depending on the severity of the change. [11]

Use in horticulture

Banksia quercifolia is a fast-growing, bushy shrub that flowers within five years from seed. The flowers are sometimes hidden but are numerous and persist for many years. Because of its natural habitat, it may tolerate more moisture than other banksias. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 25 to 40 days to germinate. [4] [12]

Related Research Articles

<i>Banksia conferta</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to eastern Australia

Banksia conferta, commonly known as the glasshouse banksia, is a species of shrub that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has rough, bark on the trunk, elliptic to egg-shaped leaves arranged in whorls, crowded yellow flowers in a cylindrical spike later forming a relatively large number of follicles.

<i>Banksia gardneri</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia gardneri, commonly known as prostrate banksia, is a species of prostrate shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has pinnatipartite or serrated leaves, usually rusty brown flowers, and up to twenty-five elliptical follicles in each fruiting head. It occurs along the west part of the south coast of the state.

<i>Banksia oreophila</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to the south-west of Western Australia

Banksia oreophila, commonly known as the western mountain banksia or mountain banksia, is a species of shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has glabrous stems, wedge-shaped or narrow egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, cylindrical spikes of pale pink to mauve flowers and later, up to twenty follicles in each spike, surrounded by the remains of the flowers. It occurs on slopes and hilltops in the Stirling and Barren Ranges.

<i>Banksia pilostylis</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae native to Western Australia

Banksia pilostylis is a species of shrub that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has hard, fissured bark, narrow wedge-shaped, serrated leaves, pale yellow flowers in cylindrical spikes and elliptical follicles that open when heated in a bushfire.

<i>Banksia audax</i> Species of shrub in the family Proreaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia audax is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has fissured, grey bark, woolly stems, hairy, serrated leaves and golden orange flower spikes.

<i>Banksia penicillata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to New South Wales, Australia

Banksia penicillata is a species of shrub that is endemic to a restricted area of New South Wales. It has smooth bark, serrated, elliptic to egg-shaped leaves, green to bluish flower buds, later yellow flowers in a cylindrical spike, and later still, up to one hundred narrow elliptical follicles in each spike, surrounded by the remains of the flowers.

<i>Banksia armata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia armata, commonly known as prickly dryandra, is a species of often sprawling shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has deeply serrated leaves with sharply pointed lobes and spikes of about 45 to 70 yellow flowers.

<i>Banksia corvijuga</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia corvijuga is a species of densely-foliaged shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has broadly linear, serrated leaves, heads of about sixty yellow flowers and glabrous follicles.

<i>Banksia erythrocephala</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia erythrocephala is a species of prickly shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has erect stems, sharply pointed pinnatifid leaves, cream-coloured and reddish black or all cream-coloured and yellow flowers, and egg-shaped fruit.

<i>Banksia falcata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia falcata, commonly known as prickly dryandra, is a species of prickly, column-shaped shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has serrated or pinnatipartite leaves, heads of up to 150 yellow flowers and soft-hairy fruit.

Banksia glaucifolia is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has deeply serrated, wedge-shaped leaves with sharply pointed lobes, pale yellow flowers and follicles with hairy edges.

<i>Banksia undata</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia.

Banksia undata, commonly known as urchin dryandra, is a species of shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has sessile, wedge-shaped, wavy, serrated leaves, pale yellow flowers in heads of between 80 and 160, and later up to eight follicles in each head.

<i>Banksia purdieana</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia purdieana is a species of bushy shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has broadly linear, pinnatipartite leaves with sharply-pointed lobes on the sides, yellow flowers in heads of about eighty and egg-shaped follicles.

<i>Banksia heliantha</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia heliantha, commonly known as oak-leaved dryandra, is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, serrated, egg-shaped to wedge-shaped leaves, golden yellow flowers and partly woolly follicles.

<i>Banksia subpinnatifida</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia subpinnatifida is a species of bushy shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has more or less linear, pinnatipartite leaves with sharply-pointed teeth on the sides, golden yellow flowers in heads of about sixty, and glabrous, elliptical follicles.

<i>Banksia tenuis</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to Western Australia

Banksia tenuis is a species of shrub that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has pinnatifid, serrated or smooth-edges leaves, golden brown and cream-coloured flowers in heads of about fifty-five and glabrous, egg-shaped follicles.

Stenocarpus acacioides is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to north-western Australia. It is a shrub or tree with elliptic leaves and groups of white flowers and woody, linear follicles.

Grevillea eremophila is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with leathery, linear to narrowly egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and creamy-white flowers.

Grevillea incurva is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to inland south-western Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with linear adult leaves and clusters of creamy-yellow flowers.

<i>Isopogon tridens</i> Species of shrub in the family Proteaceae endemic to southwestern Western Australia

Isopogon tridens, commonly known as the three-toothed coneflower, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It is a shrub with wedge-shaped leaves with two or three sharply-pointed teeth, and flattened-spherical heads of glabrous creamy white, sometimes purple flowers.

References

  1. 1 2 "Banksia quercifolia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 "Banksia quercifolia". FloraBase . Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  3. 1 2 George, Alex S. (1999). Flora of Australia (PDF). Vol. 17B. Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. p. 226. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  4. 1 2 George, Alex S. (1996). The Banksia Book (3rd ed.). Kenthurst, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN   0-86417-818-2.
  5. ↑ George, Alex S. (1981). "The Genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 3 (3): 313–315. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  6. ↑ "Banksia quercifolia". APNI. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  7. ↑ Brown, Robert (1810). "On the Proteaceae of Jussieu". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 10 (1): 210. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  8. ↑ "Banksia quercifolia var. integrifolia". APNI. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  9. ↑ "Banksia quercifolia var. quercifolia". APNI. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  10. ↑ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1869). Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae (Volume 7). Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. p. 57. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
  11. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Matthew C.; Gove, Aaron D.; Sanders, Nathan J.; Dunn, Robert R. (2008). "Climate change, plant migration, and range collapse in a global biodiversity hotspot: the Banksia (Proteaceae) of Western Australia". Global Change Biology. 14 (6): 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01559.x.
  12. ↑ Sweedman, Luke; Merritt, David, eds. (2006). Australian seeds: a guide to their collection, identification and biology . CSIRO Publishing. p.  203. ISBN   0-643-09298-6.
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