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Melanie Klein was an Austrian-British author and psychoanalyst known for her work in child analysis. She was the primary figure in the development of object relations theory. Klein suggested that pre-verbal existential anxiety in infancy catalyzed the formation of the unconscious,which resulted in the unconscious splitting of the world into good and bad idealizations. In her theory,how the child resolves that split depends on the constitution of the child and the character of nurturing the child experiences. The quality of resolution can inform the presence,absence,and/or type of distresses a person experiences later in life.
The mirror stage is a concept in the psychoanalytic theory of Jacques Lacan. The mirror stage is based on the belief that infants recognize themselves in a mirror (literal) or other symbolic contraption which induces apperception from the age of about six months.
Attachment disorder is a broad term intended to describe disorders of mood,behavior,and social relationships arising from unavailability of normal socializing care and attention from primary care giving figures in early childhood. Such a failure would result from unusual early experiences of neglect,abuse,abrupt separation from caregivers between three months and three years of age,frequent change or excessive numbers of caregivers,or lack of caregiver responsiveness to child communicative efforts resulting in a lack of basic trust. A problematic history of social relationships occurring after about age three may be distressing to a child,but does not result in attachment disorder.
Attachment theory is a psychological,evolutionary and ethological theory concerning relationships between humans. The most important tenet is that young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for normal social and emotional development. The theory was formulated by psychiatrist and psychoanalyst John Bowlby.
Object relations theory is a school of thought in psychoanalytic theory and psychoanalysis centered around theories of stages of ego development. Its concerns include the relation of the psyche to others in childhood and the exploration of relationships between external people,as well as internal images and the relations found in them. Thinkers of the school maintain that the infant's relationship with the mother primarily determines the formation of its personality in adult life. Particularly,attachment is the bedrock of the development of the self or the psychic organization that creates the sense of identity.
Edward John Mostyn Bowlby,CBE,FBA,FRCP,FRCPsych was a British psychologist,psychiatrist,and psychoanalyst,notable for his interest in child development and for his pioneering work in attachment theory. A Review of General Psychology survey,published in 2002,ranked Bowlby as the 49th most cited psychologist of the 20th century.
Selma Fraiberg (1918–1981) was an American child psychoanalyst,author and social worker.
The Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research was founded in 1945. It is part of the Department of Psychiatry of the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.
Attachment in children is "a biological instinct in which proximity to an attachment figure is sought when the child senses or perceives threat or discomfort. Attachment behaviour anticipates a response by the attachment figure which will remove threat or discomfort". Attachment also describes the function of availability,which is the degree to which the authoritative figure is responsive to the child's needs and shares communication with them. Childhood attachment can define characteristics that will shape the child's sense of self,their forms of emotion-regulation,and how they carry out relationships with others. Attachment is found in all mammals to some degree,especially primates.
Co-regulation is a term used in psychology. It is defined most broadly as a "continuous unfolding of individual action that is susceptible to being continuously modified by the continuously changing actions of the partner". An important aspect of this idea is that co-regulation cannot be reduced down to the behaviors or experiences of the individuals involved in the interaction. The interaction is a result of each participant repeatedly regulating the behavior of the other. It is a continuous and dynamic process,rather than the exchange of discrete information.
Cupboard love is a popular learning theory of the 1950s and 1960s based on the research of Sigmund Freud,Anna Freud,Melanie Klein and Mary Ainsworth. Rooted in psychoanalysis,the theory speculates that attachment develops in the early stages of infancy. This process involves the mother satisfying her infant's instinctual needs,exclusively. Cupboard love theorists conclude that during infancy,our primary drive is food which leads to a secondary drive for attachment.
Daniel N. Stern was a prominent American developmental psychiatrist and psychoanalyst,specializing in infant development,on which he had written a number of books —most notably The Interpersonal World of the Infant (1985).
The term "intersubjectivity" was introduced to psychoanalysis by George Atwood and Robert Stolorow (1984),who consider it a "meta-theory" of psychoanalysis. Intersubjective psychoanalysis suggests that all interactions must be considered contextually;interactions between the patient/analyst or child/parent cannot be seen as separate from each other,but rather must be considered always as mutually influencing each other. This philosophical concept dates back to "German Idealism" and phenomenology.
Attachment theory,originating in the work of John Bowlby,is a psychological,evolutionary and ethological theory that provides a descriptive and explanatory framework for understanding interpersonal relationships between human beings.
Attachment-based therapy applies to interventions or approaches based on attachment theory,originated by John Bowlby. These range from individual therapeutic approaches to public health programs to interventions specifically designed for foster carers. Although attachment theory has become a major scientific theory of socioemotional development with one of the broadest,deepest research lines in modern psychology,attachment theory has,until recently,been less clinically applied than theories with far less empirical support. This may be partly due to lack of attention paid to clinical application by Bowlby himself and partly due to broader meanings of the word 'attachment' used amongst practitioners. It may also be partly due to the mistaken association of attachment theory with the pseudo-scientific interventions misleadingly known as attachment therapy. The approaches set out below are examples of recent clinical applications of attachment theory by mainstream attachment theorists and clinicians and are aimed at infants or children who have developed or are at risk of developing less desirable,insecure attachment styles or an attachment disorder.
Reflective Parenting is a theory of parenting developed from the work of psychoanalyst Peter Fonagy and his colleagues at the Tavistock Clinic in London. Fonagy introduced the concept of “reflective functioning”,which is defined as the ability to imagine mental states in self and others. Through this capacity for reflection,we develop the ability to understand our own behavioral responses and the responses of others as a meaningful attempt to communicate those inner mental states. As Fonagy describes it,“reflective function is the…uniquely human capacity to make sense of each other”.
Mary Main was an American psychologist notable for her work in the field of attachment. A Professor at the University of California Berkeley,Main is particularly known for her introduction of the 'disorganized' infant attachment classification and for development of the Adult Attachment Interview and coding system for assessing states of mind regarding attachment. This work has been described as 'revolutionary' and Main has been described as having 'unprecedented resonance and influence' in the field of psychology.
Maternal sensitivity is a mother's ability to perceive and infer the meaning behind her infant's behavioural signals,and to respond to them promptly and appropriately. Maternal sensitivity affects child development at all stages through life,from infancy,all the way to adulthood. In general,more sensitive mothers have healthier,more socially and cognitively developed children than those who are not as sensitive. Also,maternal sensitivity has been found to affect the person psychologically even as an adult. Adults who experienced high maternal sensitivity during their childhood were found to be more secure than those who experienced less sensitive mothers. Once the adult becomes a parent themselves,their own understanding of maternal sensitivity will affect their own children's development. Some research suggests that adult mothers display more maternal sensitivity than adolescent mothers who may in turn have children with a lower IQ and reading level than children of adult mothers.
Sidney J. Blatt was a professor emeritus of psychiatry and psychology at Yale University's Department of psychiatry. Blatt was a psychoanalyst and clinical psychologist,empirical researcher and personality theoretician,who made enormous contributions to the understanding of personality development and psychopathology. His wide-ranging areas of scholarship and expertise included clinical assessment,psychoanalysis,cognitive schemas,mental representation,psychopathology,depression,schizophrenia,and the therapeutic process,as well as the history of art. During a long and productive academic career,Blatt published 16 books and nearly 250 articles and developed several extensively used assessment procedures. Blatt died on May 11,2014,in Hamden,Conn. He was 85.
Psychodynamic Therapy with Infants and Parents aims to relieve emotional disturbances within the parent(s),the baby,and/or their interaction,for example,postnatal depression and anxiety,infant distress with breastfeeding and sleep,and attachment disorders. It rests on attachment theory and psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud suggested that a modification of his method could be applied to children,and child analysis was introduced in the 1920s by [Anna Freud]..,[Melanie Klein],and Hermine Hug von Hellmuth. Klein speculated on infantile experiences to understand her patients' disorders but she did not practice PTIP. Donald Winnicott,a pediatrician and analyst,focused on the mother-baby interplay in his theorizing and his brief parent-child consultations,but he did not work with PTIP.
References
- 1 2 Marino, Gordon (2015-06-02). "The Long Conversation". Opinionator. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- ↑ Imber, Ruth R. (2002-04-01). "Book Reviews: INFANT RESEARCH AND ADULT TREATMENT: CO-CONSTRUCTING INTERACTIONS. By Beatrice Beebe and Frank M. Lachmann. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 2002, 280 pp., $47.50". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association. 50 (2): 666–670. doi:10.1177/00030651020500022103. ISSN 0003-0651. S2CID 145711581.
- 1 2 "Rhythms of Dialogue in Infancy (Book Review)". www.apadivisions.org. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- ↑ "Beatrice Beebe, PhD". Columbia University Department of Psychiatry. 2017-02-09. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- 1 2 3 "About CSL | Columbia University | Child Psychiatry". childadolescentpsych.cumc.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- ↑ "Psychologist-Psychoanalyst, Spring 2008" (PDF). Psychologist-Psychoanalyst. XXVIII: 61. Spring 2008.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Infant Research". Beatricebeebe. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- 1 2 Beebe, Beatrice, 1946- (2002). Infant research and adult treatment : co-constructing interactions. Lachmann, Frank M. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press. ISBN 0881632457. OCLC 59420334.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - 1 2 "ONTOGENY OF POSITIVE-AFFECT IN THE THIRD-MONTH AND FOURTH-MONTH OF THE LIFE OF ONE INFANT". onesearch.cuny.edu. Retrieved 2019-09-30.[ permanent dead link ]
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Beebe, Beatrice (2014-01-01). "My journey in infant research and psychoanalysis: Microanalysis, a social microscope". Psychoanalytic Psychology. 31: 4–25. doi:10.1037/a0035575.
- ↑ cmm_admin (2013-05-07). "Faculty". Columbia Medicine Magazine. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
- ↑ "Project Information - NIH RePORTER - NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools Expenditures and Results". projectreporter.nih.gov. Retrieved 2019-10-01.
- ↑ "IPSS – The Institute for the Psychoanalytic Study of Subjectivity" . Retrieved 2019-10-02.
- ↑ "The Relevance of Infant Research for Adult Treatment". myemail.constantcontact.com. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
- ↑ Jaffe, J; Beebe, Beatrice; Feldstein, Stanley; Crown, C; Jasnow, M (2001-02-01). "Rhythms of dialogue in infancy: Coordinated timing in development". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 66 (2): i–viii, 1. doi:10.1111/1540-5834.00137. PMID 11428150.
- ↑ Beebe, Beatrice; Jaffe, Joseph; Lachmann, Frank; Feldstein, Stanley; Crown, Cynthia; Jasnow, Michael (2000-01-01). "Systems models in development and psychoanalysis: The case of vocal rhythm coordination and attachment". Infant Mental Health Journal. 21 (1–2): 99–122. doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0355(200001/04)21:1/2<99::aid-imhj11>3.0.co;2-#.
- ↑ "PsycNET". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
- ↑ Beebe, Beatrice; Jaffe, Joseph; Markese, Sara; Buck, Karen; Chen, Henian; Cohen, Patricia; Bahrick, Lorraine; Andrews, Howard; Feldstein, Stanley (2010). "The Origins of 12-Month Attachment: A Microanalysis of 4-Month Mother-Infant Interaction". Attachment & Human Development. 12 (1–2): 3–141. doi:10.1080/14616730903338985. ISSN 1461-6734. PMC 3763737 . PMID 20390524.
- ↑ Beebe, Beatrice, 1946- (2016). The mother-infant interaction picture book : origins of attachment. Cohen, Phyllis (Psychotherapy trainer),, Lachmann, Frank M. (First ed.). New York. ISBN 9780393707922. OCLC 936430263.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "The Importance of Helping Kids In The First Months of Life | Intergroup Institute". www.intergroupinstitute.org. Archived from the original on 2019-09-30. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
- ↑ "Infant Research and Adult Treatment (Book Review)". www.apadivisions.org. Retrieved 2019-09-30.
