Ben Youssef Mosque

Ben Youssef Mosque
مسجد ابن يوسف
Location
Location	Marrakesh, Morocco
Shown within Morocco
Geographic coordinates	31°37′54.93″N7°59′13.78″W / 31.6319250°N 7.9871611°W / 31.6319250; -7.9871611 Coordinates: 31°37′54.93″N7°59′13.78″W / 31.6319250°N 7.9871611°W / 31.6319250; -7.9871611
Architecture
Type	Mosque

The Ben Youssef Mosque (also known by its English spelling as the "Ibn Yusuf Mosque"), is a mosque in the Medina quarter of Marrakesh, Morocco, named after the Almoravid emir Ali ibn Yusuf. It is arguably the oldest and most important mosque in Marrakesh.

History

Aerial view of the Ben Youssef Mosque and its surroundings in 1930-1931

The first mosque in Marrakesh was erected by the Almoravid emir Yusuf ibn Tashfin soon after he arrived to take command of the city in 1071. to serve as the central congregational mosque of the fledgling city. ^[1] Nothing has survived of this first mosque and its exact locations is not certain. It was built in rammed earth. ^[2] Historical chronicles claim that Ibn Tashfin personally engaged himself in its construction, mixing the mortar with his own hands. ^{[3] [4]}

Ibn Tashfin's son and successor, Ali ibn Yusuf (or "Ben Youssef" from the French transliteration), built a grand new central mosque, named the Masjid al-Siqaya ("mosque of the fountain") on account of the large fountain with a marble basin in its courtyard. It cost nearly 60,000 gold dinars, and was completed sometime between 1120 and 1132. The minaret, which was probably one of the last elements constructed, was begun in 1129 and finished in 1132. ^{[5] [6]} It was the largest mosque built in the Almoravid empire, with a rectangular base of 120 by 80 meters, and a minaret on its western side estimated to be 30 or 40 meters high. ^{[7] [5] [8]} The rising city's layout was organized around it, and together with the neighboring souqs , it formed the center of early Marrakesh's city life. The nearby Qubba Ba'adiyyin was one of the monumental ablution fountains connected to it.

When the Almohads defeated the Almoravids and captured Marrakesh in April 1147, the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min claimed that the Almoravid mosque had an orientation error and it was either demolished or abandoned. ^{[9] [10] [5]} The Almohads instead built a new grand mosque, the Kutubiyya Mosque, in the southwestern parts of the city, far from the Ben Youssef Mosque, as well as another grand mosque, the Kasbah Mosque, to serve their new palaces in the south. ^{[11] [12]} The new Kutubiyya Mosque, however, was not entirely successful in displacing the center of urban activity away from the original city center. ^[13]

During the Saadian dynasty period (16th century) the city underwent significant urban changes, with new neighbourhoods and new mosques being created in the western areas of the city (on the site of an older Jewish neighbourhood), such as the Mouassine Mosque. ^{[11] [12] [14]} The Saadians appear to have also given their patronage to the neighbourhood around the Ben Youssef Mosque. The Ben Youssef Mosque was reportedly rebuilt or refurbished by sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib, who ruled between 1557 and 1574 (though no remains of this Saadian mosque have been found). ^{[15] [10] [16]} Next to it, Abdallah al-Ghalib also erected in 1563–64 a new madrasa (theological college), the Ben Youssef Madrasa, just east of the mosque, thereby giving it a new life as the mosque of scholars. ^{[17] [10]} The ornate street fountain known as Shrob ou Shouf was also built nearby during the reign of Ahmad al-Mansur (ruled 1578–1603). ^[16]

Having fallen into ruin in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was completely rebuilt in the early 19th century by the 'Alawi sultan Suleiman (ruled 1792–1822), with a different alignment and hardly any trace left of its original Amoravid or Almohad design. ^{[18] [10]} Construction finished in 1819–20 when the minaret was completed. ^[19] Despite this later patronage, the present mosque has retained the original name "Ben Youssef". ^[20]

It continues to serve today as one of the most important mosques in Marrakesh. Traditionally, the qadi (religious judge) of the Ben Youssef Mosque has jurisdiction over all of Marrakesh, and even over outlying areas. ^[21] It is not accessible to non-Muslim visitors.

Description of the mosque today

The mosque, seen from the southeast

The mosque has a square floor plan measuring 64 meters per side. It features a large internal courtyard ( sahn ), measuring 40 meters by 30 meters, with a central fountain and surrounded by galleries to the north, south, and west. On the east side is the main hypostyle prayer hall, which is divided into three transverse aisles by two rows of arches running north-south, parallel with the far eastern qibla wall (the wall in the direction of prayer). The mosque's mihrab (niche in the eastern wall symbolizing the qibla) consists of the usual horseshoe arch opening into a small alcove, while the surfaces of the wall around the arch are covered in stucco carved with geometric, arabesque, and epigraphic decoration. The only other notable decoration in the mosque are the wooden ceilings, which have a typical sloped form with rafters but are enhanced with colorful painted geometric and arabesque motifs. ^[20]

The minaret, located at the southwestern corner of the mosque, has a traditional form with a square base measuring 8 meters per side. It is around 40 meters high, with a main shaft topped by a much smaller second shaft, and features very little decoration apart from the two vertical bands of green tiling along the edges of each façade of the main shaft. Both tiers of the minaret are crowned with sawtooth-shape merlons. ^[20]

Because the mosque is smaller than the urban bloc it occupies (which corresponds to the outline of the original Almoravid mosque), it is entered via either of two passages that cross the distance between it and the street. ^[20] The rest of the bloc around the mosque is occupied by a cemetery on its northwestern sides, and by various houses, annexes, and facilities around the rest of the perimeter. One of these annexes, at its the southeastern corner, is the library (known as the Ben Youssef or Ibn Yusuf Library). ^[20] Another structure, at the mosque's northeastern corner, is an aristocratic mansion, Dar Raghay, finished in 1943 on the site of earlier structures. It has recently been restored and converted into a cultural center known as Dar Bellarj. ^{[22] [23] [24]}

Legacy of the Almoravid mosque

The original outline and alignment of this grand mosque is still discernible in the layout of the streets today, as the streets immediately around the present-day mosque form a rectangle which are out of alignment with both the mosque and the later Ben Youssef Madrasa. This mismatch in alignment is due to the fact that the qibla (direction of prayer, with which mosques needed to be aligned) was estimated using different methods in different periods: while the present-day mosque (built in the 19th century) is oriented eastwards, the original mosque (12th century) was aligned slightly more to the south and the nearby Ben Youssef Madrasa (16th century) is oriented southeast. ^{[25] [26]} Archeological studies have identified remains of the Almoravid mosque's original minaret just northwest of the present-day mosque, giving some insight into its structure. ^[5]

The Almoravid Koubba

Main article: Almoravid Qubba

The so-called Almoravid Koubba, also known as the Qubba Ba'adiyyin or Qubba Barudiyyin, is the only surviving example of Almoravid architecture in Marrakesh. It was built in either 1117 or, more likely, in 1125, by the Almoravid amir Ali ibn Yusuf. ^{[27] [28] : 43} Located just south of the Ben youssef Mosque today, most scholars believe that it belonged to the Almoravid mosque built by Ali Ibn Yusuf and that it was a pavilion used for ritual ablutions before prayer. ^{[27] [11] [29]} This type of structure for providing water near a mosque was also known as a mida'a (Arabic : ميضأة; "ablutions facility") and is found in later mosques in Marrakech. ^[28]

The Almoravid Minbar

Main article: Minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque

The Almoravid minbar, on display at the El Badi Palace

Detail of the geometric motif on the flanks of the minbar, centered around a recurring eight-pointed star. The spaces are filled with inlay and wood-carved arabesque pieces.

Ali ibn Yusuf famously commissioned an elaborate minbar (pulpit) for his mosque from a workshop in Cordoba, Spain (al-Andalus). ^{[30] [31]} Its production started in 1137 and is estimated to have taken seven years. ^{[32] : 302} It is regarded as “one of the unsurpassed creations of Islamic art”. ^{[33] [34]} Its artistic style and quality was hugely influential and set a standard which was repeatedly imitated, but never surpassed, in subsequent minbars across Morocco and parts of Algeria. ^[30] It is believed that the minbar was originally placed in the Ben Youssef Mosque at the time. ^[30] However, it was later transferred by the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min to the first Kutubiyya Mosque and was later moved to the second incarnation of that mosque. For this reason, it is often referred to as the Kutubiyya Minbar or the Minbar of the Kutubiyya Mosque. It remained there until 1962, when it was moved to the El Badi Palace where it is now on display for visitors. ^[33]

The minbar is an essentially triangular structure with the hypotenuse side occupied by a staircase with nine steps. ^[35] It is 3.46 metres (11.4 ft) long, 0.87 metres (2 ft 10 in) wide, and 3.86 metres (12.7 ft) tall. ^{[36] [30]} The main structure is made in North African cedar wood, although the steps were made of walnut tree wood and the minbar's base was made with fir tree wood. ^[30] The surfaces are decorated through a mix of marquetry and inlaid sculpted pieces. The large triangular faces of the minbar on either side are covered in an elaborate and creative motif centered around eight-pointed stars, from which decorative bands with ivory inlay then interweave and repeat the same pattern across the rest of the surface. The spaces between these bands form other geometric shapes which are filled with panels of deeply-carved arabesques, made from different coloured woods (boxwood, jujube, and blackwood). ^[30] There is a 6 centimetres (2.4 in) wide band of Quranic inscriptions in Kufic script on blackwood and bone running along the top edge of the balustrades. ^[30] The other surfaces of the minbar feature a variety of other motifs. Notably, the steps of the minbar are decorated with images of an arcade of Moorish (horseshoe) arches inside which are curving plant motifs, all made entirely in marquetry with different colored woods. ^[30]

See also

• Lists of mosques
• List of mosques in Africa
• List of mosques in Morocco

Notes

1. Deverdun 1959, pp. 56, 72.
2. Deverdun 1959, pp. 72–73.
3. Messier 2010, pp. 55–56.
4. Deverdun 1959, p. 73.
5. Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. pp. 111–115. ISBN   9780300218701.
6. Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc. Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 223–224. ISBN   2747523888.
7. Messier 2010, pp. 123, 214–215.
8. Tabbaa, Yasser (2008). "Andalusian roots and Abbasid homage in the Qubbat al-Barudiyyin in Marrakesh". Muqarnas. 25: 133–146. doi:10.1163/22118993_02501006.
9. Messier 2010, p. 168.
10. Cenival 2007, p. 331.
11. Deverdun 1959.
12. Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN   2747523888.
13. Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc. Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 241. ISBN   2747523888.
14. Salmon, Xavier (2016). Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650. Paris: LienArt. ISBN   9782359061826.
15. Deverdun 1959, p. 378.
16. Salmon, Xavier (2016). Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650. Paris: LienArt. p. 128. ISBN   9782359061826.
17. Lamzah (2008: p.60); Bloom and Blair (2009: p.466)
18. Van Hulle (1994: p.43)
19. Deverdun 1959, p. 516.
20. "Jami' 'Ali Ben Yusef | Plan". Archnet. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
21. Cenival 2007, p. 321.
22. "Le quartier ibn Yūsuf". Bulletin du patrimoine de Marrakech et de sa région. Musée de Mouassine. March 2019.
23. "Dar Bellarj | Marrakesh, Morocco Attractions". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
24. "Dar Bellarj Foundation | Presentation panel with floor plan and courtyard views before and after renovation". Archnet. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
25. Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN   2747523888.
26. Bonine, Michael E. (1990). "The Sacred Direction and City Structure: A Preliminary Analysis of the Islamic Cities of Morocco". Muqarnas. 7: 50–72. doi:10.2307/1523121. JSTOR   1523121.
27. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 309–10, 322–25.
28. Salmon, Xavier (2018). Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269. Paris: LienArt.
29. Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. p. 200.
30. Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998). The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc.
31. Kimmelman, Michael (1998-08-25). "From Mosque To Museum; Restoring an Object's Surface May Petrify Its Heart". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-10-16.
32. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press.
33. "Jami' al-Kutubiyya". ArchNet. Retrieved 31 December 2019.
34. Lehmann, Ingeborg; Henss, Rita; Szerelmy, Beate; Nosbers, Hedwig; Zakrzewski, Reinhard (2012). Baedeker Morocco. Baedeker. pp. 292–293. ISBN   9783829766234 . Retrieved 5 October 2012.
35. Dodds, Jerrilynn D., ed. (1992). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 362–367. ISBN   0870996371.
36. El Khatib-Boujibar, Naima. "Minbar". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved May 5, 2020.

References

• Bloom, J.M. and S.S. Blair editors, 2009, The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.465-66
• Cenival, Pierre de (2007) [new edition of a 1913-36 article]. "Marrakesh". In Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (ed.). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Brill. p. 331. ISBN   978-90-04-15388-2.
• Deverdun, Gaston (1959). Marrakech: Des origines à 1912 (in French). Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
• Julien, Charles-André. (1931) Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, vol. 2 - De la conquête arabe à 1830, 1961 edition, Paris: Payot
• Lamzah, Assia (2008) "The Impact of the French Protectorate on Cultural Heritage Management in Morocco: The Case of Marrakesh", Ph.D dissertation, Urbana: University of Illinois. online
• Messier, Ronald A. (2010). The Almoravids and the Meanings of Jihad. Praeger. ISBN   978-0-313-38589-6.
• Van Hulle, Jean-Claude (1994) Bienvenue à Marrakech. Paris: ACR.
• Pâques, Viviana, Les fêtes du Mwulud dans la région de Marrakech, 1971