Bicycle messenger

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A bicycle courier in London riding a fixed-gear bicycle with spoke cards Bicycle courier on Oxford Street, London.jpg
A bicycle courier in London riding a fixed-gear bicycle with spoke cards
A bicycle courier transferring urgent mail onto a high-speed train in Geneva, Switzerland Courier transferring urgent mail onto a high-speed train.JPG
A bicycle courier transferring urgent mail onto a high-speed train in Geneva, Switzerland

Bicycle messengers (also known as bike or cycle couriers) are people who work for courier companies (also known as messenger companies) carrying and delivering items by bicycle. Bicycle messengers are most often found in the central business districts of metropolitan areas. Courier companies use bike messengers because bicycle travel is less subject to unexpected holdups in city traffic jams, and is not deterred by parking limitations, fees or fines in high-density development that can hinder or prevent delivery by motor vehicle, thereby offering a predictable delivery time.

Contents

Because bicycle thefts are prevalent in many cities, [1] a lock to secure the bike during deliveries is essential. U-locks are also popular. Messengers typically carry basic tools, weather-proof clothing and a street map. [2] It is also common for messengers to carry storage clipboards for manifests, receipts, and/or other logistic documents.

History

Bicycle messenger boys, Salt Lake City, 1912 BikeBoys.jpg
Bicycle messenger boys, Salt Lake City, 1912

Almost immediately after the development of the pedal-driven velocipede in the 1860s, people began to use the bicycle for delivery purposes. David V. Herlihy's 2004 book on the early history of the bicycle contains several references to bicycle messengers working during the late 19th century, including a description of couriers employed by the Paris stock exchange in the 1870s. [3] During the bicycle boom of the 1890s in the United States, Western Union employed a number of bicycle telegraph boys in New York City, San Francisco, and other large population centers.

One of the earliest recorded post-war American bicycle courier companies was founded by Carl Sparks, in San Francisco, in 1945. According to the San Francisco Bicycle Messenger Association, "Sparkie's went on to become Aero, which was bought out in 1998 [and] later absorbed into CitySprint." [4] By the late 1970s, there were well-established companies offering bicycle messenger services in many major cities in the U.S.

In Europe, the bicycle had fallen out of favour as a means of delivery in the third quarter of the 20th century. It was not until 1983 that bicycle messengers made their reappearance in Europe. London's "On Yer Bike" and "Pedal-Pushers" were pioneers of pedal over petrol, and the rest of the city's courier companies followed suit. By the late 1980s, cycle couriers were a common sight in central London and a British manufacturer named a range of mountain-bikes for them, the Muddy Fox 'Courier'. [5] Entrepreneurs in continental Europe, some inspired by seeing couriers in the U.S. or in London, began to offer bicycle courier services in the late 1980s, and by 1993 there were sufficiently large numbers of bicycle couriers in Northern Europe and North America that over 400 attended the inaugural Cycle Messenger Championships in Berlin, Germany. [6] Bicycle messengers have not become common in southern Europe, the heartland of world competitive cycling. There are very few bicycle couriers in Portugal, France, Spain, or Italy. Outside Europe and North America, there are now large bicycle messenger services in Japan, and also in New Zealand and Australia. More recently, several companies started offering bike messenger services in Central and South America, specifically in México City, México; San José, Costa Rica; Bogotá, Colombia; Buenos Aires, Argentina; Santiago, Chile; Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil.

Demand for courier services

Messengers carry a huge variety of items, from things that could not be sent by digital means (corporate gifts, original artwork, clothes for photoshoots, original signed documents) to mundane items that could easily be emailed, albeit without the air of importance attached to an express courier delivery. Messengers deliver digital content on optical media or hard disks because, despite high speed broadband connections, companies find it easier to send a disc than to work out how to transmit larger amounts of data than an email account can handle. [7] [8] Legal documents, various financial instruments and sensitive information are routinely sent by courier, reflecting a distrust of digital cryptography. [9]

Commentators have claimed that technological innovation will significantly reduce the demand for same-day parcel delivery, [10] [11] predicting that the fax machine, and then the internet, would render the messenger business obsolete. There is still a demand for fast courier services, [12] but there is certainly some truth in the predictions. Reliable data specifically relating to bicycle messenger occupational statistics is hard to find: the U.S. Department of Labor statistics does not track bicycle messengers specifically, and does not include "independent contractors" in statistics referenced for this industry occupation, [13] but reports indicate the business is shrinking.

The gradual acceptance of electronic filing by U.S. courts has had a negative effect on the market. In San Francisco, bike messengers report a smaller work force coupled with decreased earnings. [14] In New York City alone, the number of messengers dropped by approximately 1,000 between 1998 and 2008. [15]

Food delivery

Food delivery apps, such as DoorDash, Postmates, Grubhub and Uber Eats, have transformed food delivery in recent years. Food delivery with an app has led to new forms of exploitation for food deliverers. [16]

As of 2021, there were about 70,000 food delivery workers in New York City, [17] some of which utilize multiple apps in order to make a living.

The purpose of food delivery apps is to get customers their food as fast as possible; this can lead to exploitation of workers. Additionally, delivery staff face dangers such as injuries in traffic, dooring, bicycle theft, and muggings. [18]

Working conditions

Julia Obear at the headquarters of the National Woman's Party, 1922 Julia Obear, messenger girl at the National Women's (i.e. Woman's) Party headquarters LCCN92522519 (cropped).jpg
Julia Obear at the headquarters of the National Woman's Party, 1922

The conditions of employment of bicycle messengers vary from country to country, city to city, and even company to company. Contracts governing the relationship between individual courier and company are subject as much to customary practice, as a local ordinance. In some places messengers are independent contractors paid on commission and do not receive benefits such as health insurance. In other places, they will be regular employees of the courier company enjoying all the benefits thereof.

The employment status of the bicycle messengers of one of the UK's biggest same-day courier services, CitySprint, was challenged by the GMB trade union in December 2007. The challenge arose after the firm terminated the contract of one of its riders. The GMB sought to establish that more than 1,500 CitySprint operatives currently classified as self-employed sub-contractors should be re-classified as employees. [19]

The job is poorly paid relative to the risk and effort required. In 2002, a Harvard Medical School study of injury rates among Boston bicycle messengers determined that the rate of injury requiring time off work among the sample group was more than thirteen times the U.S. average, and more than three times higher than the next highest group, workers in the meat-packing industry. [20] Bike messengers have been killed while working in the United States. [21] [22] [23] Eight bicycle messengers are known to have been killed while working in London between 1989 and 2003. [24] Because payment is made at piece rates, it is hard to get reliable figures for messenger income. A study published in 2006 stated that the average daily wage of London bicycle messengers was £65 a day, and that of bicycle messenger in Cardiff was £45. [25] The UK legal minimum wage at that time was £5.52 an hour. [26]

Licensing

In most cities, there are no legal requirements beyond those applying to all cyclists. Some jurisdictions, though, require the licensing of courier bicycles. In Calgary, Alberta for example, metal license plates must be fixed to bicycles used for courier work. [27] Vancouver, British Columbia additionally requires bicycle messengers to complete a test in order to obtain a license, and to carry an identification card. [28] In the United States, the state of Massachusetts requires that bicycle messengers in Boston are licensed and display an assigned license number on a city-issued plate. [29]

Equipment

The most essential piece of equipment for a bicycle messenger is a bicycle. Some large cities that employ significant numbers of bike messengers (e.g., New York City) have relatively flat terrain, and are especially conducive to the performance properties of fixed-gear bicycles.

The majority of messengers use a bag to carry deliveries and personal effects. Bags with a single strap that wraps diagonally across the chest (popularly known as messenger bag) are popular because they can be swung around the messenger's body to allow access without removing the bag. Clasps which can be adjusted with one hand (ideal for riding), clips, pockets, and webbing loops on the strap for holding a cell phone or two-way radio and other equipment also feature on purpose-built messenger bags. Bags generally have large capacities (up to 50 liters or 3,000 cubic inches). Baskets and racks mounted on the bike are also used, and at least one messenger service (in New York City) equips its riders with specialized three-wheel cycles (sometimes known as cargo-trikes), with a large trunk in the rear. Besides cargo-trikes, many messengers choose to ride various forms of cargo bikes for delivering large objects or high volumes of deliveries. Some bicycle messengers also wear helmets and dismount lights and fenders (mudguards) from stock bicycles.

Communications

Messengers communicate and are dispatched to assignments via hand-held communication devices including two-way radios, cell phones, and personal digital assistants. Many of the larger messenger services equip their riders with GPS tracking devices, [30] for ease of location. Usage of digital platforms is now common practice.

Messenger culture and influence

Media

1902 US postal stamp depicting a bicycle messenger US bike messenger stamp 1902.jpg
1902 US postal stamp depicting a bicycle messenger

Messengers have been used in fiction media as symbols of urban living, and have been the subject of novels, [31] memoirs, [32] feature films, [33] television series, [34] comic-books, [35] and sociological studies. [36] Mexican artist José Guadalupe Posada created a popular icon of a marijuana-smoking bicycle courier everyman in his 19th-century engravings.[ citation needed ]

The 1986 film Quicksilver featuring a bicycle messenger, is an early expression of the mythology of the messenger as a daredevil stunt rider. [37] Star Kevin Bacon rides a racing bike, a fixed gear bike and a trick bike with 1:1 gear ratio and zero-rake forks, to perform the stunts in the film. The 2000–2002 television series Dark Angel had the main character Max Guevara, played by Jessica Alba, as a bicycle messenger at a courier service named Jam Pony. The show took place in a post-apocalyptic Seattle where motorized transportation was costly and therefore couriers were more prevalent and bicycle messengers were seen as a prominent position. The 2012 film Premium Rush , starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt, is also set in the world of bike messengers. In the TV show Suits , Patrick J. Adams often has flashback scenes to the previous job as a bike messenger. The main character of the game inFAMOUS is also a bike messenger who possesses amazing skills in parkour and urban exploration.

News media have made portrayals of messengers ranging from innocuous urban libertines to reckless, cliquish nihilists. The latter portrayal is often sparked by local incidents involving bike messengers in collisions with other road-users or run-ins with authority figures. [38] These incidents also occasionally lead to proposals for, and dispute over, new ordinances and regulations on messengers and messengering. [39] [40]

Fashion

The influence of bicycle messengers can be seen in urban fashion, most notably the popularity of single-strap messenger bags, which are a common accessory among people who do not ride a bicycle regularly. The rise in popularity of fixed-gear bicycles in the mid-2000s, complete with affectations such as spoke cards (gathered from "alleycats" typically), is attributed to bicycle messengers. [41] Casquettes, or cycling caps, are available in many designs and patterns, and are worn when not cycling or by non-cyclists as fashion items.

Events

Since 1993, Cycle Messenger World Championships, CMWCs, have taken place at national, continental and world levels. [42] These events are held as much for fun and messenger networking as for competition. Bicycle messengers also take part in formal cycle competitions at all levels, and in all disciplines. Nelson Vails, silver medalist on the velodrome in the 1984 Olympics, worked as a bicycle messenger in New York City in the early 1980s. Ivonne Kraft, who competed in the 2004 Olympic cross country mountain bike race, is a multiple former Cycle Messenger World Champion, and worked as a bicycle messenger in Germany for a number of years.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle</span> Pedal-driven two-wheel vehicle

A bicycle, also called a pedal cycle, bike, push-bike or cycle, is a human-powered or motor-assisted, pedal-driven, single-track vehicle, with two wheels attached to a frame, one behind the other. A bicycle rider is called a cyclist, or bicyclist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penny-farthing</span> Bicycle with a large front wheel and a much smaller rear wheel

The penny-farthing, also known as a high wheel, high wheeler or ordinary, is an early type of bicycle. It was popular in the 1870s and 1880s, with its large front wheel providing high speeds, owing to it travelling a large distance for every rotation of the legs, and comfort, because the large wheel provided greater shock absorption.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Single-speed bicycle</span> Type of bicycle with a single gear ratio

A single-speed bicycle is a type of bicycle with a single gear ratio. These bicycles are without derailleur gears, hub gearing or other methods for varying the gear ratio of the bicycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fixed-gear bicycle</span> Bicycle that has a drivetrain with no freewheel mechanism

A fixed-gear bicycle is a bicycle that has a drivetrain with no freewheel mechanism such that the pedals always will spin together with the rear wheel. The freewheel was developed early in the history of bicycle design but the fixed-gear bicycle remained the standard track racing design. More recently the "fixie" has become a popular alternative among mainly urban cyclists, offering the advantage of simplicity compared with the standard multi-geared bicycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the bicycle</span>

Vehicles that have two wheels and require balancing by the rider date back to the early 19th century. The first means of transport making use of two wheels arranged consecutively, and thus the archetype of the bicycle, was the German draisine dating back to 1817. The term bicycle was coined in France in the 1860s, and the descriptive title "penny farthing", used to describe an "ordinary bicycle", is a 19th-century term.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Track stand</span>

The track stand or standstill is a technique that bicycle riders can use to maintain balance while their bicycle remains stationary or moves only minimal distances. The technique originated in track cycling and is now used by other types of cyclists wishing to stop for a short time without putting a foot on the ground, such as bike commuters at stop signs. To perform a track stand, a cyclist holds the cranks in an approximately horizontal position with the front wheel steered to the left or right, and pedals forward, and back in the case of a fixed-gear bicycle, which the steered front wheel converts into a side-to-side motion.

Dawes Cycles is a bicycle manufacturer based in Castle Bromwich, England. Dawes produces a range of bikes including road, mountain bikes and tandems, but is best known for touring bikes, specifically the Galaxy and the Super Galaxy model lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossary of cycling</span> Bicycling terminology guide

This is a glossary of terms and jargon used in cycling, mountain biking, and cycle sport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Motorized bicycle</span> Bicycle with an attached motor or engine and transmission

A motorized bicycle is a bicycle with an attached motor or engine and transmission used either to power the vehicle unassisted, or to assist with pedalling. Since it sometimes retains both pedals and a discrete connected drive for rider-powered propulsion, the motorized bicycle is in technical terms a true bicycle, albeit a power-assisted one. Typically they are incapable of speeds above 52 km/h (32 mph), however in recent years larger motors have been built, allowing bikes to reach speeds of upwards of 72 km/h.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric bicycle</span> Bicycle with an integrated electric motor

An electric bicycle is a motorized bicycle with an integrated electric motor used to assist propulsion. Many kinds of e-bikes are available worldwide, but they generally fall into two broad categories: bikes that assist the rider's pedal-power and bikes that add a throttle, integrating moped-style functionality. Both retain the ability to be pedaled by the rider and are therefore not electric motorcycles. E-bikes use rechargeable batteries and typically are motor-powered up to 25 to 32 km/h. High-powered varieties can often travel more than 45 km/h (28 mph).

Many countries have enacted electric vehicle laws to regulate the use of electric bicycles, also termed e-bikes. Some jurisdictions have regulations governing safety requirements and standards of manufacture. The members of the European Union and other regions have wider-ranging legislation covering use and safety.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Belt-driven bicycle</span>

A belt-driven bicycle is a chainless bicycle that uses a flexible belt, typically a synchronous toothed design, in order to transmit power from the pedals to the wheel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alleycat race</span> Unsanctioned biking competition

An alley cat race is an unsanctioned bicycle race. Alley cats almost always take place in cities, and are often organized by bicycle messengers. The informality of the organization is matched by the emphasis on taking part, rather than simple competition. For instance, many alleycats present prizes for the last competitor to finish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of bicycles</span> Overview of and topical guide to bicycles

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to bicycles:

Supermarket Street Sweep is an annual charity bicycle race held in San Francisco, California. The race benefits the San Francisco Food Bank by tasking racers to collect both food and financial donations. The race is an Alleycat-style race that features specific tasks and checkpoints along the route for racers to complete.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycle Messenger World Championships</span>

The Cycle Messenger World Championships, or CMWCs, are an annual urban cycling competition whereby cycle messengers and cycling enthusiasts showcase their skills in an array of events, many of which simulate everyday tasks for a cycle messenger. Each year, the CMWCs are held in a different city around the world, with each host city designing its own unique course. The highlight of the CMWCs is the main race in which cyclists are given manifests and must pickup and deliver items to various locations around the host city as quickly and efficiently as possible. The total number of pickups and deliveries, or "drop offs" is unknown to the messengers before the race, but has been known to reach up to 100 stops and usually takes between 3–4 hours to complete. The cyclist who completes all of the assigned deliveries in the least amount of time wins the race. In addition to the main race there are also several side events which have become increasingly popular over the past few years. These events change yearly depending on the discretion of the host city but usually include backward circles, bike polo, bunnyhop, cargo race, longest skid, sprints, and trackstand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycling in San Francisco</span>

Cycling in San Francisco has grown in popularity in recent years, aided by improving cycling infrastructure and community support. San Francisco's compact urban form and mild climate enable cyclists to reach work, shopping, and recreational destinations quickly and comfortably. Though San Francisco's famed steep hills can make cycling difficult, many parts of the city are relatively flat, including some of the most densely populated. However, heavy automobile traffic, the lack of bike lanes on many streets, and difficulty in crossing major streets deter most residents from cycling frequently in San Francisco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Michael Chacon</span>

Michael Chacon is a professional fixed-gear bicycle rider. He is ranked among the top fixed freestyle riders in the world. Chacon started riding fixed gear bikes in his hometown of Culver City, CA in 2009. Before turning professional, Chacon gained a local following performing freestyle tricks along the boardwalk of Venice Beach, CA. Since his pro debut in February 2010, he has won and placed in fixed gear competitions internationally.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cycling in Atlanta</span>

Cycling in Atlanta has grown in popularity in recent years, from 0.33% of commutes in 2000 to 1.1% in 2009, aided by improving cycling infrastructure and community support. Although Atlanta has historically been a city defined by the automobile, its increasingly compact urban form and mild climate are encouraging residents to cycle to work, shopping, and recreational destinations. Though Atlanta's famed hilly topography can make cycling challenging, though fun, many parts of the city are relatively flat, including some of the more densely populated areas. However, heavy automobile traffic, the lack of bike lanes on many streets, and difficulty in crossing major streets deter most residents from cycling frequently in Atlanta.

References

  1. ↑ "Bicycles stolen every 71 seconds". BBC News. 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2007-09-24. The hotspots for [bicycle] thefts are central London
  2. ↑ Chidley, 'Buffalo' Bill; et al. "How to be a messenger and not get stitched up, nicked or run over". London Bicycle Messenger Association. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2010-12-29.
  3. ↑ Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle: the History. Yale University Press. p.  177. ISBN   0-300-10418-9.
  4. ↑ "A History of Bike Messengering in San Francisco". San Francisco Bicycle Messenger Association. September 1996. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  5. ↑ "Value Judgement". The Washing Machine Post. 1998-04-11. Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2014. When I entered the grand world of cycling in a proper way instead of playing on a terrible ten speed racer, i bought a Muddy Fox Courier for £300 [ sic ]
  6. ↑ "A Short history of the Cycle Messenger World Championships". International Federation of Bicycle Messengers and Associations. October 1998. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2007-10-01. 500 messengers showed up, raced, drank beer, smoked and hung out. The Cycle Messenger World Championships had been born.
  7. ↑ "Piracy And Securing The Digital Media Supply Chain". Video Insider. 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2008-01-05.[ permanent dead link ]
  8. ↑ "Sneakernet Redux: Walk Your Data". Wired Magazine. 2002-08-26. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  9. ↑ Lynch, Clifford (May 2000). "Authenticity and Integrity in the Digital Environment". Council on Library and Information Resources. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  10. ↑ Seaton, Matt (2007-07-05). "Two Wheels column". London: Guardian Media. Archived from the original on 31 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  11. ↑ Tomasson, Robert (1990-03-19). "Fax Displacing Manhattan Bike Couriers". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  12. ↑ "Soft Pedal". The Economist. 7 July 2006. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  13. ↑ "US Department of Labor". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  14. ↑ Pender, Kathleen (2007-07-18). "Bicycle messengers are pedaling uphill against the Internet". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
  15. ↑ "Internet Endangers Big-City Tradition: The Bike Messenger". Wired Magazine. 2008-07-25. Archived from the original on 26 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-25.
  16. ↑ Newman, Andy (2019). "My Frantic Life as a Cab-Dodging, Tip-Chasing Food App Deliveryman". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2021-12-03.
  17. ↑ Van Doorn, Viels (2019). "Reflections on a courier consultation forum in New York City". Archived from the original on 2021-10-27.
  18. ↑ Goodman, Andy (2012). "For Deliverymen, Speed, Tips and Fear on Wheels". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2012-03-03.
  19. ↑ Nick Mathiason (2007-12-23). "Christmas sacking starts fight for rights of dispatched courier". London, UK: Guardian Media. Archived from the original on 6 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
  20. ↑ Dennerlein, Meeker (2002-02-06). "Occupational Injuries Among Boston Bicycle Messengers". Harvard School of Public Health. Retrieved 2007-09-17.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ↑ Greg Ehrendreich (2007-08-15). "Tragedy strikes the CCU". www.iww.org. Retrieved 2009-01-27. a bicycle messenger in the Chicago Couriers Union (IU 540), was killed on the job yesterday.
  22. ↑ Emily Vasquez (2006-08-11). "Manhattan: Bike Messenger Killed". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-09-23.
  23. ↑ "Thomas McBride". Messenger Memorial. 1999. Retrieved 2007-09-23. d. 26.April.1999 murdered by Carnell Fitzpatrick, driver of a Chevy Tahoe.
  24. ↑ 'Buffalo' Bill Chidley (2005-10-13). "Dedication". Moving Target. Archived from the original on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-23. London Bicycle Messengers killed while working: Joe Cooper, Calvin Simpson, Paul Ellis, Edward Newstead, Mark Francis, Reidar "Danny" Farr, Sebastian Lukomski
  25. ↑ Fincham, Ben (2007). "'Generally speaking people are in it for the cycling and the beer': Bicycle couriers, subculture and enjoyment". The Sociological Review. 55 (2): 192. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00701.x . S2CID   142741824.
  26. ↑ "National Minimum Wage". UK Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform. 2005-10-13. Archived from the original on 1 January 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-30.
  27. ↑ "Calgary City Business License information FAQ". City of Calgary. Archived from the original on 2009-02-16. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
  28. ↑ "City of Vancouver Community Services/Licenses and Inspections" (PDF). City of Vancouver. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
  29. ↑ "Session Law - Acts of 1998 Chapter 302".
  30. ↑ Chidley, 'Buffalo' Bill. "The End of Bicycle Messengering As We Know It?". Moving Target. Archived from the original on 14 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
  31. ↑ Gibson, William (1994-10-06). Virtual Light . London: Viking Press. ISBN   978-0-14-015772-7.
  32. ↑ Reilly, Rebecca (August 2000). Nerves of Steel: Bike Messengers in the United States. New York: Spoke and Word. ISBN   978-0-9703426-0-7.
  33. ↑ Quicksilver, 1986 film about a stock broker who becomes a NYC messenger
  34. ↑ "Streetwise, a UK children's TV series about a cycle courier company". IMDb . Retrieved 2007-09-18.
  35. ↑ Jones, Jay ( w ),Jones, Jay ( p ). Messenger 29,vol. 1,no. 1(September 1989).September Press.
  36. ↑ Fincham, Ben (2007). "'Generally speaking people are in it for the cycling and the beer': Bicycle couriers, subculture and enjoyment". The Sociological Review. 55 (2): 189–202. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00701.x . S2CID   142741824.
  37. ↑ Guerrero, Jeff (2007-09-09). "The Next Page: The Limberness of the Fixed Gear Mind". Post-gazette.com. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
  38. ↑ Mahtesian, Charles. "Messenger mayhem". Governing . Retrieved 2009-01-13.[ dead link ]
  39. ↑ McNulty, Timothy (1999-09-08). "Messengers don't like Council's signals". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  40. ↑ "An Ordinance Concerning The Registration Of Commercial Bicycle Services And The Licensing Of Commercial Messengers". Government of Massachusetts. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
  41. ↑ Ryan, Singel (2005-04-07). "Fixed-Gear Bikes an Urban Fixture". Wired . Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-18.
  42. ↑ IFBMA. "CYCLE MESSENGER WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS Event Listings". IFBMA. Archived from the original on 2008-12-23. Retrieved 2009-01-27.
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