Blockchain Chicken Farm

Last updated

Blockchain Chicken Farm
Blockchain Chicken Farm.png
AuthorXiaowei Wang
PublisherFSG Originals x Logic
Publication date
13 October 2020
Pages256
ISBN 978-0-374-53866-8
609.51 [1]

Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside is a 2020 non-fiction book by Xiaowei Wang, a Chinese-American artist, writer, and software engineer. The book explores the impact of technology on rural China, especially in relation to agriculture and food safety. It consists of several vignettes that illustrate how technology is used and adapted in rural China, both by individuals and by urban corporations, and how this impacts global society.

Contents

Over the course of the book, Wang travels across China to visit places such as a "blockchain chicken farm" where chickens are tracked by QR codes to certify their free range status, a pearl farming village that exports pearls to US-based multi-level marketing companies, and a Halloween costume factory run by the e-commerce giant Taobao based in a small town. Wang conducted their research over the late 2010s, motivated by the desire to address their own biases in favour of urban areas.

Blockchain Chicken Farm was published by FSG Originals x Logic, a collaboration between Farrar, Straus and Giroux and the technology magazine Logic . The book received widespread attention from critics following its release, being featured on several recommendations lists and awarded the National Book Foundation's 2023 Science + Literature prize. It was also commended for its nuance, detail, and unique perspective on technology and society. Though reception trended positive, some reviewers criticized the book for its lack of a clear thesis, its superficiality, or its misrepresentation of some concepts.

Background

China has rapidly industrialized since the mid to late twentieth century. [2] One consequence is the emergence of substantial income inequality between China's urban and rural regions; inequality peaked in 2009, with a per capita income in urban areas thrice that of rural areas, and has since stabilized. [3] [4] A distinctive feature of Chinese internal migration is the hukou system, a form of household registration where people are assigned a "rural" or "urban" status based on the circumstances of their birth; the location of one's hukou determines eligibility for services such as schools, hospitals, pensions, housing, and employment in an area. Due to the difficulties in changing one's hukou, many migrants from rural to urban China lack access to such services in their place of residence. Though the hukou system has been reformed multiple times, it remains strict. [5] [6]

Food safety is a widespread concern in China, spurred by numerous high-profile controversies regarding contaminated or misrepresented food. To serve China's rapidly growing urban middle class, who increase the country's demand both for meat and for higher-quality food, farmers and companies have attempted technological solutions to guarantee their products' freshness and safety. This includes the eponymous "blockchain chicken farms", where chickens are tracked by QR code to certify their free range status and sold at a premium. [7]

Xiaowei Wang is a Chinese-American artist, writer, and software engineer with a Ph.D. in geography from the University of California, Berkeley. Blockchain Chicken Farm is their first book. [8] Wang was inspired to investigate technology in rural China as a critique of "metronormativity", a term defined by Jack Halberstam as a disproportionate focus on urban environments motivated by a stigma against rural cultures and societies. [9] [10]

Synopsis

A chicken farm in Hainan Capons in Hainan - 02.jpg
A chicken farm in Hainan

Blockchain Chicken Farm focuses on the impact of technology in rural China, particularly as it relates to agriculture. The first major focus of the book is the "blockchain chicken farms" run by Bubuji (Chinese :步步鸡), also known as GoGoChicken, a subsidiary of the technology arm of ZhongAn, China's largest insurance company. Wang visits a farm in Guizhou owned by Jiang, a farmer who turned to GoGoChicken after sales for his free range chickens declined due to distrust of their provenance. In Wang's discussions with Jiang and Ren, a local government employee, they discover the people involved with the project have little understanding of what technology underpins it. Though the blockchain chickens are profitable, selling for up to RMB  300 (US$43) to a market of upper-middle-class consumers, Jiang's enterprise sales dry up shortly after the first order, raising concerns about their long-term viability.

The book then addresses the African swine fever outbreak of the late 2010s, which killed a substantial share of pigs in China, the world's largest pork producer. African swine fever had never been reported in China prior to 2018, and is a difficult disease to eradicate; pigs that survive infection remain carriers for the rest of their life, and exported pork products are able to spread the disease internationally. Wang ascribes the ASF outbreak to industrialized pig farming. The most nutritionally optimal pig swill is cannibalistic, feeding pork products to pigs themselves, which creates vectors for ASF to spread from infected to uninfected pigs. Wang states that the practice of "optimizing" farming allows for such externalities to occur and worsen.

Wang then addresses the role of artificial intelligence in the workforce. Inspired by a discussion with a stranger on a train to Shanghai, Wang argues that religion in China is seeing a resurgence as a reaction to increasing social alienation driven by technology. They posit that the ideal purpose of AI in the workforce is not to "take" jobs from humans, but to collaborate with humans in their existing jobs, giving the example of an AI aiding doctors in diagnosis versus one replacing a social worker who supports patients.

Blockchain Chicken Farm's next section discusses China's urban–rural education gap. The book relates the Chinese government's attempts to improve educational standards in rural areas, where very few students complete high school or attend university. Wang meets Sun Wei, a young man who works in a gig economy-like role as a drone operator, and contrasts his career expectations both with gig economy employees in the West and with his peers with higher educational achievements. They argue that Sun Wei is less marginalized or alienated as an employee than true gig economy employees, given his passion for his work, but that his role is relatively peripheral compared to that of a more traditionally credentialed employee.

The last chapters address subjects such as Chinese manufacturing, mass surveillance, and discrimination against ethnic minorities in China. At the close of the book, Wang travels to rural Zhejiang, the centre of the country's massive pearl farming industry. They analyse the international nature of Zhejiang's pearl industry, which exports a substantial number of pearls to US-based multi-level marketing companies. In the United States, these pearls are distributed to influencers who host livestreamed "pearl parties", shucking oysters to see the pearls that come out. Wang discusses the economic position of people involved in multi-level marketing, noting that the states with the highest proportion of direct sellers, North Dakota, Iowa, and Wyoming, all have above-average unemployment rates.

The chapters of Blockchain Chicken Farm are interspersed with recipes. These recipes use an intentionally science-fiction styling. The first, a porridge with goji berries, is described as food for a hypothetical artificial intelligence that needed to eat to survive; the second is inspired by DNA digital data storage, using tofu fritters as an analogy to the process of storing DNA on soybeans; and the third, a recipe for mooncakes, is styled as a meal prepared from moon-grown ingredients, with the cornmeal custard filling presented as made from corn grown on the Moon.

Research

Landscape near Xiaoxi, Fujian, in Pinghe County Jinxi Valley - DSCF4161.JPG
Landscape near Xiaoxi, Fujian, in Pinghe County

The research for Blockchain Chicken Farm mostly occurred from 2016 to 2018, [10] though it continued through to the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. [11] Wang travelled to various districts of rural China, such as Dinglou in Pinghe County, where the e-commerce retailer Taobao had created economic incentives to centralize Halloween costume production, and rural Zhejiang, a centre of pearl farming, where pearls were shipped to international multi-level marketing companies. [12] A particular focus of the book is the eponymous "blockchain chicken farm", a farm in Guizhou in southwestern China where the smallholder farmer had been unable to convince purchasers that his chickens were genuinely free-range. GoGoChicken, a Shanghai-based company, recruited him to a blockchain-based surveillance scheme where the chickens were monitored to guarantee their status. [11]

The primary driver behind most technological applications Wang discusses is the desire to improve food safety standards or confirm their enforcement; due to several high-profile Chinese controversies around food safety, the subject is of substantial concern to the nation's emerging urban middle class. Simultaneously, being able to technologically prove that a given farm has high standards provides an incentive to source products from that farm, potentially improving the financial state of the farmer. [9] > Similarly, the book discusses how technological responses to food safety problems can backfire. Wang refers to the example of the ET Agricultural Brain, an Alibaba Group initiative to optimize pig farming. The AI model allowed for rapid large-scale industrialization of pig farms across the country, increasing output but contributing to the African swine fever outbreak that killed millions of pigs in the late 2010s. ET Agricultural Brain was repurposed to monitor at-risk herds in an attempt to combat the outbreak, which was focused on by media reports significantly more than the role it played in its genesis. [9] [11]

Publication and reception

Blockchain Chicken Farm was published 13 October 2020 [13] by FSG Originals x Logic, a collaboration between Farrar, Straus and Giroux (an imprint of Macmillan Publishers) and the technology magazine Logic, for which Wang was formerly an editor. FSG Originals x Logic was a short-term collaboration to publish four books on the role of technology in contemporary society; alongside Blockchain Chicken Farm, it published Voices from the Valley by Ben Tarnoff and Moira Weigel  [ Wikidata ], What Tech Calls Thinking by Adrian Daub, and Subprime Attention Crisis by Tim Hwang. [14]

Upon release, the book received widespread attention. Kirkus gave it a starred review, a privilege afforded to the top 10% of traditionally published books it reviews each year, [15] and praised the "flair" with which it approached its subject matter. [13] Peter Gordon, editor of the Asian Review of Books, joked that "[i]f there were an award for the best book title, Blockchain Chicken Farm would surely be in [the] running for 2020". He went on to deem the book "eminently readable" and remarked on how, unlike conventional "China books" that focused on travelogues or attempt to explain China to a Western audience, Blockchain Chicken Farm was primarily focused on the future of technology and simply felt its "most important signposts" were Chinese rather than Western. [16] Ling Ma similarly wrote in Wired that she "can't think of any other recent work that comes close to capturing the alternate reality that is China today", stating Blockchain Chicken Farm exemplified the nature and pace of Chinese technological advancement to the point of being reminiscent of science fiction. [17] Allison Arieff, print editorial director for the MIT Technology Review , reviewed Blockchain Chicken Farm for the San Francisco Chronicle . She praised the book for its avoidance of polemicism, comparing it flatteringly to what she considered a general trend towards polarization in books by authors with backgrounds in the technology industry. [18] Similar acclaim for the work's nuance came from The Nation and the New York Times . [19] [12]

More mixed reviews included one by Publishers Weekly , whose staff writer described Blockchain Chicken Farm as "thought-provoking if inconclusive", praising its detail and unique subject matter but criticising its absence of a clear thesis. [20] The digital anthropologist Gabriele de Seta wrote an overall positive review of Blockchain Chicken Farm in Asiascape: Digital Asia, but felt its breadth of coverage "necessarily leaves some topics undeveloped and others undertheorized"; he proffered the examples of Wang's "detour" into Chinese livestreaming culture and their superficial handling of the concept of shanzhai (counterfeit or copycat products). [21] Jaime Chu, editor of Spike Art Magazine , denounced the book in The Baffler as "essentially an Eat, Pray, AI memoir". She criticised the "superficiality" of Wang's research on several levels, including their dismissal of Xinjiang, their lack of engagement with the hukou system that limits social and geographical mobility, and their sparse engagement with the historical context surrounding Chinese modernization policy. Chu particularly focused on the same loose interpretation of shanzhai as de Seta, arguing that Wang misrepresented the concept to make it more amenable to free and open-source software culture. She ultimately deemed Blockchain Chicken Farm "built on analogies as intellectual labor-saving shortcuts" and insufficient as any of memoir, technology reporting, or "speculative manifesto". [10]

Amongst academics, Sunil Mani, director and Reserve Bank of India Chair of the Centre for Development Studies in Kerala, addressed the book from a food science-focused perspective in the Review of Agrarian Studies . While he noted its "non-use of quantitative data and methods of analysis", he nonetheless commended its "nuanced understanding" of the application of emerging technologies to an agricultural society. [9] Melody Jue, associate professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara, covered it alongside AI in the Wild by Peter Dauvergne and A City Is Not a Computer by Shannon Mattern for American Literature . She held up Blockchain Chicken Farm as one of extremely few books addressing artificial intelligence from the perspective of the Global South, juxtaposing its "more complex story of technology and agency" with that of works that treat developing countries and regions as "passive subject[s] of ecological damage". [22]

Blockchain Chicken Farm was included on several recommendations lists. The New York Times featured it alongside Barack Obama's memoir A Promised Land and Dark Archives , an exploration of books bound in human skin by Megan Rosenbloom. [23] Literary Hub incorporated it in its "science, technology, and nature" recommendations for October 2020 amongst Kindred: Neanderthal Life, Love, Death and Art by Rebecca Wragg Sykes and A Good Time to Be Born by Perri Klass. [24] The Verge 's 2023 reader-inspired list of "the best tech books of all time" featured Blockchain Chicken Farm, as well as Masters of Doom by David Kushner, The Inevitable by Kevin Kelly, and Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution by Steven Levy. [25] Blockchain Chicken Farm was awarded the National Book Foundation's 2023 Science + Literature prize, a $10,000 award, alongside Real Life by Brandon Taylor. [26]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Animal husbandry</span> Management, selective breeding, and care of farm animals by humans

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products. It includes day-to-day care, management, production, nutrition, selective breeding, and the raising of livestock. Husbandry has a long history, starting with the Neolithic Revolution when animals were first domesticated, from around 13,000 BC onwards, predating farming of the first crops. By the time of early civilisations such as ancient Egypt, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs were being raised on farms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Faber & Faber</span> British publishing house

Faber and Faber Limited, commonly known as Faber & Faber or simply Faber, is an independent publishing house in London. Published authors and poets include T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, Margaret Storey, William Golding, Samuel Beckett, Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes, Seamus Heaney, Paul Muldoon, Milan Kundera and Kazuo Ishiguro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</span> American book publishing company

Farrar, Straus and Giroux (FSG) is an American book publishing company, founded in 1946 by Roger Williams Straus Jr. and John C. Farrar. FSG is known for publishing literary books, and its authors have won numerous awards, including Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards, and Nobel Prizes. As of 2016 the publisher is a division of Macmillan, whose parent company is the German publishing conglomerate Holtzbrinck Publishing Group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hsinchu County</span> County in Taiwan Province, Republic of China

Hsinchu County is a county administered as part of the nominal Taiwan Province of the Republic of China (ROC). Located in north-western Taiwan, the population of the county is mainly Hakka; with a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county. Zhubei is the county seat, where the government office and county office is located. A portion of the Hsinchu Science Park is located in Hsinchu County.

Hukou is a system of household registration used in mainland China. The system itself is more properly called "huji", and has origins in ancient China; hukou is the registration of an individual in the system. A household registration record officially identifies a person as a permanent resident of an area and includes identifying information such as name, parents, spouse and date of birth. A hukou can also refer to a family register in many contexts since the household register is issued per family, and usually includes the births, deaths, marriages, divorces, and moves, of all members in the family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tengzhou</span> County-level city in Shandong, Peoples Republic of China

Tengzhou is a county-level city of Zaozhuang, Shandong province of the People's Republic of China, and is the site of the feudal vassal State of Teng during the Spring and Autumn period.

Social issues in China are wide-ranging, and are a combined result of Chinese economic reforms set in place in the late 1970s, the nation's political and cultural history, and an immense population. Due to the significant number of social problems that have existed throughout the country, China's government has faced difficulty in trying to remedy the issues. Many of these issues are exposed by the Chinese media, while subjects that may contain politically sensitive issues may be censored. Some academics hold that China's fragile social balance, combined with a bubble economy makes China a very unstable country, while others argue China's societal trends have created a balance to sustain itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in South Korea</span>

Agriculture in South Korea is a sector of the economy of South Korea. Korean agriculture is the basic industry of the Korean economy, consisting of farming, animal husbandry, forestry and fishing. At the time of its founding, Korea was a typical agricultural country, with more than 80% of the population engaged in agricultural production. After land reform under the Lee Seung-man administration, economic revitalization under the Park Chung-hee military government and the wave of world trade liberalization that began in the 1980s, Korean agriculture has undergone dramatic changes. Through the Green Revolution, Korea became self-sufficient in rice, the staple food, in 1978, and in 1996, Korea became the first Asian country after Japan to mechanize its agriculture with fine-grained cultivation. The development of Korean agriculture has also led to the development of agriculture-related industries such as fertilizer, agricultural machinery and seed.

The sent-down, rusticated, or "educated" youth, also known as the zhiqing, were the young people who—beginning in the 1950s until the end of the Cultural Revolution, willingly or under coercion—left the urban districts of the People's Republic of China to live and work in rural areas as part of the "Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in China</span> Sector of the Chinese economy

China primarily produces rice, wheat, potatoes, tomato, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, cotton, oilseed, corn and soybeans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urbanization in China</span> Overview of urbanization in China

Urbanization in China increased in speed following the initiation of the reform and opening policy. By the end of 2023, China had an urbanization rate of 66.2% and is expected to reach 75-80% by 2035.

Internal migration in the People's Republic of China is one of the most extensive in the world according to the International Labour Organization. This is because migrants in China are commonly members of a floating population, which refers primarily to migrants in China without local household registration status through the Chinese Hukou system. In general, rural-urban migrant most excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status. Migrant workers are not necessarily rural workers; they can simply be people living in urban areas with rural household registration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fogo de Chão</span> Full-service Brazilian steakhouse or churrascaria, serving rodízio-style

Fogo de Chão is a Brazilian chain of rodízio-style steakhouses (churrascarias) founded in 1979 by brothers Arri and Jair Coser. The restaurant chain specializes in Southern Brazilian cuisine, primarily serving churrasco barbecued meats and traditional side dishes. First established in the Brazilian city of Porto Alegre, the chain has over 70 locations throughout Brazil, the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Mexico as of 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poverty in China</span> Economic issues in China

In China today, poverty refers mainly to the rural poor. Decades of economic development has reduced urban extreme poverty. According to the World Bank, more than 850 million Chinese people have been lifted out of extreme poverty; China's poverty rate fell from 88 percent in 1981 to 0.7 percent in 2015, as measured by the percentage of people living on the equivalent of US$1.90 or less per day in 2011 purchasing price parity terms, which still stands in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Agriculture in Taiwan</span>

Agriculture is one of the main industries in Taiwan. It contributes to the food security, rural development and conservation of Taiwan. Around 24% of Taiwan's land is used for farming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labor relations in China</span>

As the economy of China has rapidly developed, issues of labor relations have evolved. Prior to this reform, Chinese citizens were only allowed to work where they originated from. Since 1978, when China began labor force reforms, the overwhelming majority of the labor force were either working at State owned enterprises or as farm workers in the rural countryside. However, over time China began to reform and by the late 90's many had moved from the countryside into the cities in hopes of higher paying jobs and more opportunities. The only connection between the countryside and the city soon became that there was a huge floating population connecting them. Independent unions are illegal in China with only the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACTFU) permitted to operate. China has been the largest exporter of goods in the world since 2009. Not only that, in 2013 China became the largest trading nation in the world. As China moved away from their planned economy and more towards a market economy the government has brought on many reforms. The aim of this shift in economies was to match the international standards set by the World Trade Organization and other economic entities. The ACTFU that was established to protect the interests of national and local trade unions failed to represent the workers, but instead failed to do so leading to the 2010 crackdowns. However, these strikes were centered around foreign companies.

<i>Farmageddon</i> (book) 2014 book by Philip Lymbery and Isabel Oakeshott

Farmageddon: The True Cost of Cheap Meat is a 2014 non-fiction book by Philip Lymbery and Isabel Oakeshott. It surveys the effects of industrial livestock production and industrial fish farming around the world. The book is the result of Lymbery's investigations for which he travelled the world over three years. Isabel Oakeshott is the political editor of The Sunday Times, Lymbery is CEO of Compassion in World Farming. The book was published by Bloomsbury.

A blockchain is a distributed ledger with growing lists of records (blocks) that are securely linked together via cryptographic hashes. Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp, and transaction data. Since each block contains information about the previous block, they effectively form a chain, with each additional block linking to the ones before it. Consequently, blockchain transactions are irreversible in that, once they are recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without altering all subsequent blocks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mingong</span> Migrant workers in China

Mingong are migrant workers in the People's Republic of China, who, starting in the last decades of the 20th century, have been travelling from the countryside to the cities to work. It is a recent phase of migration in China.

Rae Yang is a Chinese-American professor emerita and writer. Her book, Spider Eaters, chronicles her experience during the Cultural Revolution.

References

  1. ↑ "Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside". LibraryThing. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
  2. ↑ Wen, Yi (11 April 2016). "China's Rapid Rise: From Backward Agrarian Society to Industrial Powerhouse in Just 35 Years". Regional Economist. St. Louis, Michigan: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  3. ↑ Staff writer (26 January 2022). "The income gap in China". American Economic Association. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  4. ↑ Zhang, Junsen (December 2021). "A Survey on Income Inequality in China". Journal of Economic Literature. 59 (4): 1191–1239. doi:10.1257/jel.20201495. S2CID   245099537.
  5. ↑ Chan, Kam Wing; Zhang, Li (December 1999). "The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China: Processes and Changes". The China Quarterly. 160 (1): 818–855. doi:10.1017/s0305741000001351. PMID   20101805. S2CID   38684915.
  6. ↑ Staff writer (22 September 2022). "Reforms to China's hukou system will not help migrants much". The Economist. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  7. ↑ Lim, Nicole (23 August 2018). "The Blockchain Chickens Bringing the Future to Free-Range". Sixth Tone. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  8. ↑ Wang, Xiaowei (2023). "About". xiaowei r. wang. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Mani, Sunil (2020). "Blockchain Chicken Farm". Review of Agrarian Studies. 10 (2): 111–113. doi:10.22004/ag.econ.311109.
  10. 1 2 3 Chu, Jaime (30 April 2021). "Social Justice Tourism". The Baffler. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  11. 1 2 3 Culp, Samantha; Wang, Xiaowei (18 December 2020). ""He put QR-coded wristbands on each of the chickens"". MIT Technology Review. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  12. 1 2 Thompson, Clive (15 October 2020). "The Untold Technological Revolution Sweeping Through Rural China". New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  13. 1 2 Staff writer (15 July 2020). "Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside". Kirkus Reviews. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  14. ↑ "FSG Originals x Logic". Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2023. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  15. ↑ Charles, Ron (28 May 2014). "Kirkus unveils three $50,000 book prizes". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  16. ↑ Gordon, Peter (14 October 2020). ""Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside" by Xiaowei Wang". Asian Review of Books. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  17. ↑ Ma, Ling; Wang, Xiaowei (17 November 2020). "'One Person's Apocalypse Is Another Person's Day-to-Day'". Wired. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  18. ↑ Arieff, Allison (12 October 2020). "Review: Writer finds the humanity in high tech of the future". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  19. ↑ Li, AY (9 December 2020). "How Rural China Became an Engine for Global Consumer Capitalism". The Nation. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  20. ↑ Staff writer (October 2020). "Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside". Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 5 September 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
  21. ↑ de Seta, Gabriele (14 December 2021). "Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside, written by Xiaowei Wang". Asiascape: Digital Asia. 8 (3): 265–269. doi:10.1163/22142312-bja10022. S2CID   245694543.
  22. ↑ Jue, Melody (June 2023). "The Many Ecologies of AI". American Literature. 95 (2): 327–349. doi:10.1215/00029831-10575119. S2CID   257613317.
  23. ↑ Staff writer (26 November 2020). "11 New Books We Recommend This Week". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  24. ↑ Staff writer (29 October 2020). "The Best Reviewed Science, Technology, and Nature Books, October Edition". Literary Hub. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  25. ↑ Staff writer (19 July 2023). "Readers pick the best tech books of all time". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  26. ↑ Staff writer (January 2023). "National Book Foundation and Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Announce the 2023 Science + Literature Selected Titles". National Book Foundation. Archived from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.