British thermal unit

Last updated

The British thermal unit (Btu) is a measure of heat, which is a form of energy. It was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is also part of the United States customary units. [1] The SI unit for energy is the joule (J); one Btu equals about 1,055 J (varying within the range of 1,054–1,060 J depending on the specific definition of BTU; see below).

Contents

While units of heat are often supplanted by energy units in scientific work, they are still used in some fields. For example, in the United States the price of natural gas is quoted in dollars per the amount of natural gas that would give 1 million Btu (1 "MMBtu") of heat energy if burned. [2] [3]

Definitions

A Btu was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 avoirdupois pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit at a constant pressure of one atmospheric unit. [4] There are several different definitions of the Btu that differ slightly. This reflects the fact that the temperature change of a mass of water due to the addition of a specific amount of heat (calculated in energy units, usually joules) depends slightly upon the water's initial temperature. As seen in the table below, definitions of the Btu based on different water temperatures vary by up to 0.5%.

VariantEnergy (J)Notes
Thermochemical≈1,054.35 [lower-alpha 1] Originally, the thermochemical Btu was defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water from its freezing point to its boiling point, divided by 180 (the temperature change being 180 °F). The basis for its modern definition in terms of SI units is the conceptually similar thermochemical calorie , originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from freezing to boiling divided by 100 (the temperature change being 100 °C). The thermochemical calorie is exactly 4.184 J by definition of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). [4] The thermochemical Btu is calculated by converting from grams to pounds and from Celsius to Fahrenheit. [5]
59 °F (15.0 °C)≈1,054.80 [6] Used for American natural gas pricing. [3]
60 °F (15.6 °C)≈1,054.68 [7] Mainly Canadian.[ citation needed ]
39 °F (3.9 °C)≈1,059.67 [7] Uses the calorie value of water at its maximum density (4 °C, 39.2 °F).[ citation needed ]
IT≈1,055.06 [lower-alpha 2] An early effort to define heat units directly in terms of energy units, and hence to remove the direct association with the properties of water, was taken by the International Steam Table Conferences. These conferences originally adopted the simplified definition that 860 "IT" calories corresponded to exactly 1 international watt-hour (not the same as a modern watt-hour). This definition ultimately became the statement that 1 IT calorie is exactly 4.1868 J. [4] [8] The Btu is then calculated from the calorie as is done for the thermochemical definitions of the BTU and the calorie, as in International standard ISO 31-4 Quantities and units—Part 4: Heat and British Standard BS 350:Part 1:1974 Conversion factors and tables. [5] [9] [10]

Prefixes

Units of kBtu are used in building energy use tracking and heating system sizing. Energy Use Index (EUI) represents kBtu per square foot of conditioned floor area. "k" stands for 1,000. [11]

The unit Mbtu is used in natural gas and other industries to indicate 1,000 Btu. [12] [13] However, there is an ambiguity in that the metric system (SI) uses the prefix "M" to indicate 'Mega-', one million (1,000,000). Even so, "MMbtu" is often used to indicate one million Btu particularly in the oil and gas industry. [14]

Energy analysts accustomed to the metric "k" ('kilo-') for 1,000 are more likely to use MBtu to represent one million, especially in documents where M represents one million in other energy or cost units, such as MW, MWh and $. [15]

The unit 'therm' is used to represent 100,000 Btu. [12] A decatherm is 10 therms or one MMBtu (million Btu). The unit quad is commonly used to represent one quadrillion (1015) Btu. [14]

Conversions

One Btu is approximately:

A Btu can be approximated as the heat produced by burning a single wooden kitchen match or as the amount of energy it takes to lift a one-pound (0.45 kg) weight 778 feet (237 m). [16]

For natural gas

BTU/h

The SI unit of power for heating and cooling systems is the watt. Btu per hour (Btu/h) is sometimes used in North America and the United Kingdom - the latter for air conditioning mainly, though "Btu/h" is sometimes abbreviated to just "Btu". [18] MBH—thousands of Btu per hour—is also common. [19]

Associated units

The Btu should not be confused with the Board of Trade Unit (BTU), an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt hour (1 kW⋅h or 3,412 Btu).

The Btu is often used to express the conversion-efficiency of heat into electrical energy in power plants. Figures are quoted in terms of the quantity of heat in Btu required to generate 1 kW⋅h of electrical energy. A typical coal-fired power plant works at 10,500 Btu/kWh (3.1 kWh/kWh), an efficiency of 32–33%. [24]

The centigrade heat unit (CHU) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one Celsius degree. It is equal to 1.8 Btu or 1,899 joules. [25] In 1974, this unit was "still sometimes used" in the United Kingdom as an alternative to Btu. [26]

Another legacy unit for energy in the metric system is the calorie, which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. [27]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 4.184 × 453.59237 × 5/9
  2. ↑ 4.1868 × 453.59237 × 5⁄9

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy</span> Physical quantity

In physics, energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

The joule is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). It is equal to the amount of work done when a force of one newton displaces a mass through a distance of one metre in the direction of that force. It is also the energy dissipated as heat when an electric current of one ampere passes through a resistance of one ohm for one second. It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818–1889).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Specific heat capacity</span> Heat required to increase temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance

In thermodynamics, the specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat that must be added to one unit of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat capacity or as the specific heat. More formally it is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the mass of the sample. The SI unit of specific heat capacity is joule per kelvin per kilogram, J⋅kg−1⋅K−1. For example, the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 K is 4184 joules, so the specific heat capacity of water is 4184 J⋅kg−1⋅K−1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States customary units</span> System of units of measurement commonly used in the United States

United States customary units form a system of measurement units commonly used in the United States and most U.S. territories, since being standardized and adopted in 1832. The United States customary system developed from English units that were in use in the British Empire before the U.S. became an independent country. The United Kingdom's system of measures was overhauled in 1824 to create the imperial system, which was officially adopted in 1826, changing the definitions of some of its units. Consequently, while many U.S. units are essentially similar to their imperial counterparts, there are noticeable differences between the systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermodynamic temperature</span> Measure of absolute temperature

Thermodynamic temperature is a quantity defined in thermodynamics as distinct from kinetic theory or statistical mechanics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Prescott Joule</span> English physicist and brewer (1819–1889)

James Prescott Joule was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work. This led to the law of conservation of energy, which in turn led to the development of the first law of thermodynamics. The SI derived unit of energy, the joule, is named after him.

In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment. This procedure is called a throttling process or Joule–Thomson process. At room temperature, all gases except hydrogen, helium, and neon cool upon expansion by the Joule–Thomson process when being throttled through an orifice; these three gases experience the same effect but only at lower temperatures. Most liquids such as hydraulic oils will be warmed by the Joule–Thomson throttling process.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Latent heat</span> Thermodynamic phase transition energy

Latent heat is energy released or absorbed, by a body or a thermodynamic system, during a constant-temperature process—usually a first-order phase transition, like melting or condensation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heat capacity</span> Physical property describing the energy required to change a materials temperature

Heat capacity or thermal capacity is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to an object to produce a unit change in its temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Water heating</span> Thermodynamic process that uses energy sources to heat water

Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water include cooking, cleaning, bathing, and space heating. In industry, hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.

The therm is a non-SI unit of heat energy equal to 100,000 British thermal units (BTU), and approximately 105 megajoules, 29.3 kilowatt-hours, 25,200 kilocalories and 25.2 thermies. One therm is the energy content of approximately 100 cubic feet of natural gas at standard temperature and pressure. However, the BTU is not standardised worldwide, with slightly different values in the EU, UK, and United States, meaning that the energy content of the therm also varies by territory.

The heating value of a substance, usually a fuel or food, is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a specified amount of it.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to energy:

Specific energy or massic energy is energy per unit mass. It is also sometimes called gravimetric energy density, which is not to be confused with energy density, which is defined as energy per unit volume. It is used to quantify, for example, stored heat and other thermodynamic properties of substances such as specific internal energy, specific enthalpy, specific Gibbs free energy, and specific Helmholtz free energy. It may also be used for the kinetic energy or potential energy of a body. Specific energy is an intensive property, whereas energy and mass are extensive properties.

Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) or gasoline-equivalent gallon (GEG) is the amount of an alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline. GGE allows consumers to compare the energy content of competing fuels against a commonly known fuel, namely gasoline.

Energy is defined via work, so the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units

The furlong–firkin–fortnight (FFF) system is a humorous system of units based on unusual or impractical measurements. The length unit of the system is the furlong, the mass unit is the mass of a firkin of water, and the time unit is the fortnight. Like the SI or metre–kilogram–second systems, there are derived units for velocity, volume, mass and weight, etc. It is sometimes referred as the FFFF system where the fourth 'F' is degrees Fahrenheit for temperature.

The efficiency of a plant is the percentage of the total energy content of a power plant's fuel that is converted into electricity. The remaining energy is usually lost to the environment as heat unless it is used for district heating.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Temperature</span> Physical quantity of hot and cold

Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness. Temperature is measured with a thermometer. It reflects the average kinetic energy of the vibrating and colliding atoms making up a substance.

HVAC is a major sub discipline of mechanical engineering. The goal of HVAC design is to balance indoor environmental comfort with other factors such as installation cost, ease of maintenance, and energy efficiency. The discipline of HVAC includes a large number of specialized terms and acronyms, many of which are summarized in this glossary.

References

  1. ↑ In a short note, Woledge notes that the actual technical term "British thermal unit" apparently originated in the United States, and was subsequently adopted in Great Britain. See Woledge, G. (30 May 1942). "History of the British Thermal chicken (bhuUnit". Nature. 149 (149): 613. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..613W. doi: 10.1038/149613c0 . S2CID   4104904.
  2. ↑ "Henry Hub Natural Gas Spot Price". U.S. Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on 1 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 The Btu used in American natural gas pricing is "the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 avoirdupois pound of pure water from 58.5 to 59.5 °F (14.7 to 15.3 °C) at a constant pressure of 14.73 pounds per square inch." See "Chapter 220: Henry Hub Natural Gas Futures" (PDF). NYMex Rulebook. New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMex). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  4. 1 2 3 Smith, J. M.; Van Ness, H. C.; Abbott, M. M. (2003). Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. B. I. Bhatt (adaptation) (6 ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 15. ISBN   0-07-049486-X.
  5. 1 2 The pound is 453.59237 grams by definition; see "Appendix C of NIST Handbook 44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices, General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). United States National Bureau of Standards. p. C-12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2006. One degree Fahrenheit is exactly 5/9 of a degree Celsius by definition.
  6. ↑ Thompson, Ambler; Taylor, Barry N. "Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) 2008 Edition" (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). p. 58. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2016. NIST Special Publication 811.
  7. 1 2 Sørensen, Bent (2008). Renewable Energy Focus e-Mega Handbook. Academic Press. p. 5. ISBN   9780123747068.
  8. ↑ Koch, Werner (2013). VDI Steam Tables (4 ed.). Springer. p. 8. ISBN   9783642529412. Published under the auspices of the Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (VDI).
  9. ↑ Cardarelli, Francois (2012). Scientific Unit Conversion: A Practical Guide to Metrication. M.J. Shields (translation) (2 ed.). Springer. p. 19. ISBN   9781447108054.
  10. ↑ BS 350:Part 1:1974 Conversion factors and tables, Part 1. Basis of tables. Conversion factors. British Standards Institution. 1974. p. 59.
  11. ↑ https://secure.sos.state.or.us/oard/displayDivisionRules.action?selectedDivision=1091 [ bare URL ]
  12. 1 2 "What are Mcf, Btu, and therms? How do I convert prices in Mcf to Btus and therms?". U.S. Energy Information Administration. 6 April 2016. Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  13. ↑ Price, Gary D. (2014). Power Systems and Renewable Energy: Design, Operation, and Systems Analysis. Momentum Press. p. 98. ISBN   9781606505717.
  14. 1 2 "Energy Units". American Physical Society. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
  15. ↑ Cook, Warren C (2018): https://betterbuildingssolutioncenter.energy.gov/sites/default/files/attachments/Home%20Energy%20Score%20Report%20Example.pdf https://www.oregon.gov/energy/Data-and-Reports/Documents/BER-Chapter-1-Energy-Numbers.pdf
  16. ↑ Ristinen, Robert A.; Kraushaar, Jack J. (2006). Energy and the Environment . John Wiley & Sons. pp.  13–14. ISBN   978-0-471-73989-0.
  17. ↑ "Energy Measurements". Government of Alberta Province. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  18. ↑ Ken Matesz (2010). Masonry Heaters: Designing, Building, and Living with a Piece of the Sun. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 148.
  19. ↑ Arimes, Tom (1994). HVAC and chemical resistance handbook for the engineer and architect : a compilation. Lexington, Ky.: BCT. p. 11-12. ISBN   0-9640967-0-6. OCLC   32314774.
  20. ↑ "2009 ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals (I-P Edition)". American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  21. ↑ "The Units of Measurement Regulations 1995" . Retrieved 7 November 2019.
  22. ↑ "The GB gas wholesale market". Office of Gas and Electricity Markets. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013. The wholesale gas market in Britain has one price for gas irrespective of where the gas comes from. This is called the National Balancing Point (NBP) price of gas and is usually quoted in price per therm of gas.
  23. ↑ Husher, John Durbin (2009). Crises of the 21st Century: Start Drilling-The Year 2020 Is Coming Fast. iUniverse. p. 376. ISBN   9781440140549. OCLC   610004375..
  24. ↑ Bellman, David K., ed. (18 July 2007). "Electric Generation Efficiency" (PDF). National Petroleum Council (NPC). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2012. Working Document of the NPC Global Oil & Gas Study.
  25. ↑ "Centigrade Heat Unit". Archived from the original on 25 December 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  26. ↑ BS 350: Part 1:1974 - Conversion factors and tables; Part 1. Basis of tables, Conversion factors. British Standards Institution. 1974. p. 59.
  27. ↑ Hargrove, James L. (2007). "Does the history of food energy units suggest a solution to 'Calorie confusion'?". Nutrition Journal. 6: 44. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-44 . PMC   2238749 . PMID   18086303.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.