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Bryan Douglas Spinks FRHistS (born 23 December 1948) is Bishop F. Percy Goddard Professor of Liturgical Studies and Pastoral Theology at Yale Divinity School, the Yale Institute of Sacred Music, and Berkeley Divinity School. [1] He is a British priest in the Church of England and officiates in the Episcopal Church in the United States. [2]
He was born in Braintree, Essex and lived in Black Notley, Essex, where he attended Black Notley Church of England Primary School; Endsleigh School, Colchester; and Braintree County High School. [3] Spinks attended St. Chad's College at the University of Durham where he earned an honours Theology degree in 1970 (Class 2, Div. 1) while studying under Canon Arthur Couratin. [4] He also earned a postgraduate diploma in Theology with distinction on a Lightfoot Scholarship. [5] Following this, Spinks earned an M.Th. in Liturgy under the supervision of Ronald Jasper and Geoffrey Coming. [6]
Spinks completed ordination training at St. Chad's College but was under the canonical age for ordination and so worked for a short time in employment with the Essex County Council. He was ordained a deacon in 1975 and a priest in 1976. [7]
In 1978, he was successfully examined for the Durham BD on English Reformed liturgy, which was subsequently published as two books. He also studied Syriac liturgy with Sebastian Brock and published papers on East Syrian liturgy. [7]
In 1981, he was appointed chaplain to the chapel at Churchill College, Cambridge. He was also an affiliated lecturer in Liturgy in the Faculty of Divinity, Cambridge (1981-1997). He served two curacies in the diocese of Chelmsford (1975-1979). He served on the Church of England Liturgical Commission (1986-1995) and as a consultant (1996-2000). [8]
In 1988, he was successfully examined for the Durham DD, the highest examined doctorate in Theology in English universities.[ citation needed ]
In 1998, he was appointed Bishop F. Percy Goddard Professor of Liturgical Studies and Pastoral Theology at Yale Divinity School, the Yale Institute of Sacred Music, and Berkeley Divinity School.[ citation needed ]
Spinks is a past chair of the Society for Liturgical Study, a past president of the Scottish Church Service Society (the only Anglican and non-Presbyterian thus far to hold this office), and a past president of the Society for Oriental Liturgy. He has published widely on early Christian, Syrian, Anglican, Reformed, and contemporary liturgy. In 2021, he was invited to give the Aidan Kavanagh Lecture in Liturgical Studies at the Yale Institute of Sacred Music. From 1998, he has served as a priest in the Middlesex Area Cluster Network of Parishes in Connecticut. [9]
Mass is the main Eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity. The term Mass is commonly used in the Catholic Church, Western Rite Orthodoxy, Old Catholicism, and Independent Catholicism. The term is used in some Lutheran churches, as well as in some Anglican churches. The term is also used, on rare occasion, by other Protestant churches.
Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. Liturgy can also be used to refer specifically to public worship by Christians. As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and participation in the sacred through activities reflecting praise, thanksgiving, remembrance, supplication, or repentance. It forms a basis for establishing a relationship with God.
Divine Liturgy or Holy Liturgy is the Eucharistic service of the Byzantine Rite, developed from the Antiochene Rite of Christian liturgy which is that of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. As such, it is used in the Eastern Orthodox, the Greek Catholic Churches, and the Ukrainian Lutheran Church. Although the same term is sometimes applied in English to the Eucharistic service of Armenian Christians, both of the Armenian Apostolic Church and of the Armenian Catholic Church, they use in their own language a term meaning "holy offering" or "holy sacrifice". Other churches also treat "Divine Liturgy" simply as one of many names that can be used, but it is not their normal term.
Eucharistic adoration is a Eucharistic devotional practice primarily in Western Catholicism, but also to a lesser extent in certain Lutheran and Anglican traditions, in which the Blessed Sacrament is adored by the faithful. This practice may occur either when the Eucharist is exposed, or when it is not publicly viewable because it is reserved in a place such as a church tabernacle.
In Christianity, worship is the act of attributing reverent honour and homage to God. In the New Testament, various words are used to refer to the term worship. One is proskuneo which means to bow down to God or kings.
The Words of Institution are words echoing those of Jesus himself at his Last Supper that, when consecrating bread and wine, Christian Eucharistic liturgies include in a narrative of that event. Eucharistic scholars sometimes refer to them simply as the verba.
George Eglinton Alston Dix, known as Gregory Dix, was a British monk and priest of Nashdom Abbey, an Anglican Benedictine community. He was a noted liturgical scholar whose work had particular influence on the reform of Anglican liturgy in the mid-20th century.
Anglican eucharistic theology is diverse in practice, reflecting the comprehensiveness of Anglicanism. Its sources include prayer book rubrics, writings on sacramental theology by Anglican divines, and the regulations and orientations of ecclesiastical provinces. The principal source material is the Book of Common Prayer, specifically its eucharistic prayers and Article XXVIII of the Thirty-Nine Articles. Article XXVIII comprises the foundational Anglican doctrinal statement about the Eucharist, although its interpretation varies among churches of the Anglican Communion and in different traditions of churchmanship such as Anglo-Catholicism and Evangelical Anglicanism.
Lex orandi, lex credendi, sometimes expanded as Lex orandi, lex credendi, lex vivendi, is a motto in Christian tradition, which means that prayer and belief are integral to each other and that liturgy is not distinct from theology. It refers to the relationship between worship and belief. As an ancient Christian principle it provided a measure for developing the ancient Christian creeds, the canon of scripture, and other doctrinal matters. It is based on the prayer texts of the Church, that is, the Church's liturgy. In the Early Church, there was liturgical tradition before there was a common creed, and before there was an officially sanctioned biblical canon. These liturgical traditions provided the theological framework for establishing the creeds and canon.
In the Catholic Church, liturgy is divine worship, the proclamation of the Gospel, and active charity. Catholic liturgies are broadly categorized as the Latin liturgical rites of the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic liturgies of the Eastern Catholic Churches.
Berkeley Divinity School, founded in 1854, is a seminary of The Episcopal Church in New Haven, Connecticut. Along with Andover Newton Theological School and the Yale Institute of Sacred Music, Berkeley is one of the three "Partners on the Quad," which compose a part of the Yale Divinity School at Yale University. Thus, Berkeley operates as a denominational seminary within an ecumenical divinity school. Berkeley has historically represented a Broad church orientation among Anglican seminaries in the country, and was the fourth independent seminary to be founded, after General Theological Seminary (1817), Virginia Theological Seminary (1823), and Nashotah House (1842). Berkeley's institutional antecedents began at Trinity College, Hartford in 1849. The institution was formally chartered in Middletown, Connecticut in 1854, moved to New Haven in 1928, and amalgamated with Yale in 1971.
The Yale Institute of Sacred Music (ISM) is a joint venture between the Yale School of Music and Yale Divinity School focused on the study of music, visual arts, literature, liturgy, and other forms of the arts.
The liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII took place mostly between 1947 and 1958.
The Liturgy of Addai and Mari is the Eucharistic liturgy belonging to the East Syriac Rite and was historically used in the Church of the East of the Sasanian (Persian) Empire. This liturgy is traditionally attributed to Saint Addai and Saint Mari. It is currently in regular use in the Assyrian Church of the East of Iraq, the Ancient Church of the East of Iraq, the Syro-Malabar Church of India, and the Chaldean Catholic Church of Iraq. The latter two are Eastern Catholic churches in full communion with the Holy See of Rome.
The Liturgy of Saint Gregory the Theologian is one of the three Anaphoras retained by the Coptic Church. The text is named after Saint Gregory of Nazianzus, one of the Cappadocian Fathers.
Martha L. Moore-Keish is an American theologian ordained in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). Her work is primarily focused on Reformed theology, liturgical theology and ecumenical theology, including engagement with interfaith issues around the world. She currently engages this work as the J.B. Green Associate Professor of Theology at Columbia Theological Seminary.
Holy Leaven, also known as Malka, is a powder added to the sacramental bread used in the Eucharist of both the Ancient Church of the East and the Assyrian Church of the East and historically in the Church of the East. Both churches hold the Holy Leaven to be one of their seven sacraments. The Syro-Malabar Church in India, which was historically a part of the Church of the East, also uses Holy Leaven to prepare sacramental bread in several churches whereas unleavened bread is also in use. There are two rituals associated with the Holy Leaven: its addition to sacramental bread before it is baked, and the annual renewal of the Holy Leaven itself.
Baby Varghese, born in India, is a Malankara Orthodox priest and a Church historian and scholar in Syriac Liturgical Theology.
Teresa Berger is a German scholar of liturgical studies and Catholic theology. She is the Thomas E. Golden Jr. Professor in Catholic Theology as well as a professor of liturgical studies at Yale Divinity School and the Yale Institute of Sacred Music.
Louis Weil was an American Episcopal priest, liturgical scholar, and seminary professor. He was a member of the committee that drafted and proposed the 1979 Book of Common Prayer of the American Episcopal Church. A graduate of Southern Methodist University (1956) and Harvard, he was ordained to the priesthood on January 1, 1962, for the Episcopal Diocese of California by the Right Reverend Joseph Harte of the Episcopal Diocese of Arizona following studies at the General Theological Seminary in New York. He completed doctoral studies on the history of the Episcopal Diocese of Connecticut at the Institut Catholique de Paris.
