Bumblefoot (infection)

Last updated March 03, 2024

Bumblefoot (ulcerative pododermatitis) is a common bacterial infection and inflammatory reaction that occurs on the feet of birds, rodents, and rabbits.^[1] It is caused by bacteria, namely species of Staphylococcus , Pseudomonas , and Escherichia , with S. aureus being the most common cause of the infection.^[1] The aforementioned opportunistic bacteria occur naturally in the animal's environment, and infection occurs when one or a combination of these enters the body through a scrape or cut in the skin.^[2]

Bumblefoot can take various forms, but it usually looks like an abscess-like swelling with a central, dark-colored scab that may or may not ooze.^[3] Sometimes, this swollen bump contains pus or cottage cheese-like material.^[3] Alternately, the swelling could contain a hard lump^[3] when these materials harden, or if the abscess becomes impacted with substrate (e.g. soil, straw, etc.)^[3] Bumblefoot may also present as redness, swelling, small red sores, and depending upon severity and length of time with the condition, lesions, cracks, or discoloration.^[2]

Lameness puts more weight-bearing duty on an animal's strong leg(s); this leads to excessive pressure being placed on the good foot (or feet), which increases the chance of an abrasion occurring that could develop a bumblefoot infection.^[2] Consequently, in cases of lameness, the good leg(s) should be examined for potential cuts and infections.^[2] Overweight animals are more at risk of developing bumblefoot for the same reason; their extra weight causes excessive pressure on their feet.^[2] However, the infection can usually be attributed to poor husbandry practices,^[1]^[4] so is much more likely to occur in captive animals than in those in the wild. Ulcerative pododermatitis is referred to as "sore hocks" when it affects a rabbit and "bumblefoot" when it affects a bird.^[1] The terms "sore hocks" and "bumblefoot" are used interchangeably when describing ulcerative pododermatitis in rodents.^[1]

Bumblefoot on birds of prey

Bumblefoot is, perhaps, the largest cause of referral of birds of prey to a veterinary surgeon.^{[ citation needed ]} Bumblefoot on birds of prey can be put into three broad types of the infection. In the first type, a small, reddened area, or sometimes a small, shiny patch, can be seen on the foot. This is mostly caused by inappropriate perching (or perching for too long), or less likely, by badly fitted furniture, such as jesses, that are too small. The second type is more serious, where an infection has penetrated the skin. The third type involves the bird having a severe distortion of the contours of the foot and/or the toes, resulting in considerable damage to the foot. A bird suspected of suffering from any degree of bumblefoot should be assessed by an avian veterinarian and prescribed antibiotics if deemed necessary.

Bumblefoot in poultry and waterfowl

Bumblefoot is a common infection for domesticated poultry and waterfowl, such as chickens, ducks, and quail. Due to constant walking on hard, rough, or sharp surfaces, birds can develop small wounds on the bottom of their feet.^[4] These wounds are very susceptible to infection by opportunistic bacterial pathogens, chiefly Staphylococcus aureus.^[4] Treatment often requires opening the wound to drain the pus, soaking it in epsom salts, and antibiotic treatment and local application of the antiseptic povidone-iodine as local dressing.

Bumblefoot in penguins

In 2016, thermography was used to identify and evaluate bumblefoot lesions in 67 captive penguins from three species.^[5]

Etymology

Bumblefoot is so named because of the characteristic "bumbles"^{[ citation needed ]} or lesions, as well as swelling of the foot pad, symptomatic of an infection. Topical antiseptics in addition to oral or injected antibiotics may be used to combat the infection, which if left untreated may be fatal.^[6]

Related Research Articles

An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body. Signs and symptoms of abscesses include redness, pain, warmth, and swelling. The swelling may feel fluid-filled when pressed. The area of redness often extends beyond the swelling. Carbuncles and boils are types of abscess that often involve hair follicles, with carbuncles being larger. A cyst is related to an abscess, but it contains a material other than pus, and a cyst has a clearly defined wall.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impetigo</span> Human disease (bacterial infection)

Impetigo is a bacterial infection that involves the superficial skin. The most common presentation is yellowish crusts on the face, arms, or legs. Less commonly there may be large blisters which affect the groin or armpits. The lesions may be painful or itchy. Fever is uncommon.

Mastitis is inflammation of the breast or udder, usually associated with breastfeeding. Symptoms typically include local pain and redness. There is often an associated fever and general soreness. Onset is typically fairly rapid and usually occurs within the first few months of delivery. Complications can include abscess formation.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cellulitis</span> Bacterial infection of the inner layers of the skin called the dermis

Cellulitis is usually a bacterial infection involving the inner layers of the skin. It specifically affects the dermis and subcutaneous fat. Signs and symptoms include an area of redness which increases in size over a few days. The borders of the area of redness are generally not sharp and the skin may be swollen. While the redness often turns white when pressure is applied, this is not always the case. The area of infection is usually painful. Lymphatic vessels may occasionally be involved, and the person may have a fever and feel tired.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boil</span> Medical condition (infection)

A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, which is an infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue. Boils are therefore basically pus-filled nodules. Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles. Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paronychia</span> Medical condition

Paronychia is an inflammation of the skin around the nail, which can occur suddenly, when it is usually due to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, or gradually when it is commonly caused by the fungus Candida albicans. The term is from Greek: παρωνυχία from para 'around', onyx 'nail', and the abstract noun suffix -ia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mastoiditis</span> Middle ear disease

Mastoiditis is the result of an infection that extends to the air cells of the skull behind the ear. Specifically, it is an inflammation of the mucosal lining of the mastoid antrum and mastoid air cell system inside the mastoid process. The mastoid process is the portion of the temporal bone of the skull that is behind the ear. The mastoid process contains open, air-containing spaces. Mastoiditis is usually caused by untreated acute otitis media and used to be a leading cause of child mortality. With the development of antibiotics, however, mastoiditis has become quite rare in developed countries where surgical treatment is now much less frequent and more conservative, unlike former times.

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A periodontal abscess, is a localized collection of pus within the tissues of the periodontium. It is a type of dental abscess. A periodontal abscess occurs alongside a tooth, and is different from the more common periapical abscess, which represents the spread of infection from a dead tooth. To reflect this, sometimes the term "lateral (periodontal) abscess" is used. In contrast to a periapical abscess, periodontal abscesses are usually associated with a vital (living) tooth. Abscesses of the periodontium are acute bacterial infections classified primarily by location.

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References

1 2 3 4 5 Blair, Jennifer (2013). "Bumblefoot: A Comparison of Clinical Presentation and Treatment of Pododermatitis in Rabbits, Rodents and Birds". In Fisher, Peter G. (ed.). Select Topics in Dermatology. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. Vol. 16. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 715–736. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2013.05.002. ISBN 978-0-323-18876-0. ISSN 1094-9194. PMID 24018034.
1 2 3 4 5 Pitesky, Maurice (Spring 2014). "The Dirt on Bumblefoot" (PDF). Chicken Whisperer magazine. AcreAgeLife.com. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
1 2 3 4 Pesaturo, Janet (9 November 2013). "Bumblefoot treatment". www.OurOneAcreFarm.com. Janet Pesaturo. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
1 2 3 Pitesky, Maurice (2 August 2016). "The Dirt on Bumblefoot". Acreage Life. Heartland Communications Group. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
↑ Duncan, Ann E.; Torgerson-White, Lauri L.; Allard, Stephanie M.; Schneider, Tom (1 June 2016). "An Evaluation of Infrared Thermography for Detection of Bumblefoot (Pododermatitis) in Penguins". Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine. 47 (2): 474–485. doi:10.1638/2015-0199.1. PMID 27468019. S2CID 41847620.
↑ McArthur, Jan (July–August 1998). "Ulcerative Pododermatitis... AKA Bumblefoot & Squeaky". Rat & Mouse Gazette. Rat & Mouse Club of America. Retrieved 29 July 2006.