Related Research Articles
Rehabilitation of sensory and cognitive function typically involves methods for retraining neural pathways or training new neural pathways to regain or improve neurocognitive functioning that have been diminished by disease or trauma. The main objective outcome for rehabilitation is to assist in regaining physical abilities and improving performance. Three common neuropsychological problems treatable with rehabilitation are attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), concussion, and spinal cord injury. Rehabilitation research and practices are a fertile area for clinical neuropsychologists, rehabilitation psychologists, and others.
Brodmann area 9, or BA9, refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal cortex in the brain of humans and other primates. It contributes to the dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex.
In neurology, retrograde amnesia (RA) is the inability to access memories or information from before an injury or disease occurred. RA differs from a similar condition called anterograde amnesia (AA), which is the inability to form new memories following injury or disease onset. Although an individual can have both RA and AA at the same time, RA can also occur on its own; this 'pure' form of RA can be further divided into three types: focal, isolated, and pure RA. RA negatively affects an individual's episodic, autobiographical, and declarative memory, but they can still form new memories because RA leaves procedural memory intact. Depending on its severity, RA can result in either temporally graded or more permanent memory loss. However, memory loss usually follows Ribot's law, which states that individuals are more likely to lose recent memories than older memories. Diagnosing RA generally requires using an Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) and observing brain structure through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a computed tomography scan (CT), or electroencephalography (EEG).
Amusia is a musical disorder that appears mainly as a defect in processing pitch but also encompasses musical memory and recognition. Two main classifications of amusia exist: acquired amusia, which occurs as a result of brain damage, and congenital amusia, which results from a music-processing anomaly present since birth.
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a neuropsychological test of set-shifting, which is the capability to show flexibility when exposed to changes in reinforcement. The WCST was written by David A. Grant and Esta A. Berg. The Professional Manual for the WCST was written by Robert K. Heaton, Gordon J. Chelune, Jack L. Talley, Gary G. Kay, and Glenn Curtiss.
Alan David Baddeley CBE FRS is a British psychologist. He is known for his research on memory and for developing the three-component model of working memory. He is a professor of psychology at the University of York.
In neuroanatomy, the parieto-occipital sulcus is a deep sulcus in the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the cuneus and precuneus, and also between the parietal and occipital lobes. Only a small part can be seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface.
Giacomo Rizzolatti is an Italian neurophysiologist who works at the University of Parma. Born in Kyiv, UkSSR, he is the Senior Scientist of the research team that discovered mirror neurons in the frontal and parietal cortex of the macaque monkey, and has written many scientific articles on the topic. He also proposed the premotor theory of attention. He is a past president of the European Brain and Behaviour Society. Rizzolatti was the 2007 co-recipient, with Leonardo Fogassi and Vittorio Gallese, for the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Psychology. He is an elected member of the Academia Europaea, National Academy of Sciences, and Royal Society In 2020 he adheres to Empathism.
The frontal lobe of the human brain is both relatively large in mass and less restricted in movement than the posterior portion of the brain. It is a component of the cerebral system, which supports goal directed behavior. This lobe is often cited as the part of the brain responsible for the ability to decide between good and bad choices, as well as recognize the consequences of different actions. Because of its location in the anterior part of the head, the frontal lobe is arguably more susceptible to injuries. Following a frontal lobe injury, an individual's abilities to make good choices and recognize consequences are often impaired. Memory impairment is another common effect associated with frontal lobe injuries, but this effect is less documented and may or may not be the result of flawed testing. Damage to the frontal lobe can cause increased irritability, which may include a change in mood and an inability to regulate behavior. Particularly, an injury of the frontal lobe could lead to deficits in executive function, such as anticipation, goal selection, planning, initiation, sequencing, monitoring, and self-correction. A widely reported case of frontal lobe injury was that of Phineas Gage, a railroad worker whose left frontal lobe was damaged by a large iron rod in 1848.
Trevor William RobbinsCBE FRS FMedSci is a professor of cognitive neuroscience and the former Head of the Department of Psychology at the University of Cambridge. Robbins interests are in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, behavioural neuroscience and psychopharmacology.
In psychology and neuroscience, executive dysfunction, or executive function deficit, is a disruption to the efficacy of the executive functions, which is a group of cognitive processes that regulate, control, and manage other cognitive processes. Executive dysfunction can refer to both neurocognitive deficits and behavioural symptoms. It is implicated in numerous psychopathologies and mental disorders, as well as short-term and long-term changes in non-clinical executive control. Executive dysfunction is the mechanism underlying ADHD Paralysis, and in a broader context, it can encompass other cognitive difficulties like planning, organizing, initiating tasks and regulating emotions. It is a core characteristic of ADHD and can elucidate numerous other recognized symptoms.
The late positive component or late positive complex (LPC) is a positive-going event-related brain potential (ERP) component that has been important in studies of explicit recognition memory. It is generally found to be largest over parietal scalp sites, beginning around 400–500 ms after the onset of a stimulus and lasting for a few hundred milliseconds. It is an important part of the ERP "old/new" effect, which may also include modulations of an earlier component similar to an N400. Similar positivities have sometimes been referred to as the P3b, P300, and P600. Here, we use the term "LPC" in reference to this late positive component.
Adrian Mark Owen is a British neuroscientist and best-selling author. He is best known for his 2006 discovery, published in the journal Science, showing that some patients thought to be in a persistent vegetative state are in fact fully aware and able to communicate with the outside world using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the 2019 New Year Honours List, Owen was made an Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to scientific research.
Dichotic listening is a psychological test commonly used to investigate selective attention and the lateralization of brain function within the auditory system. It is used within the fields of cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
In psychology, confabulation is a memory error consisting of the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world. It is generally associated with certain types of brain damage or a specific subset of dementias. While still an area of ongoing research, the basal forebrain is implicated in the phenomenon of confabulation. People who confabulate present with incorrect memories ranging from subtle inaccuracies to surreal fabrications, and may include confusion or distortion in the temporal framing of memories. In general, they are very confident about their recollections, even when challenged with contradictory evidence.
Barbara Jacquelyn Sahakian, is professor of clinical neuropsychology at the department of psychiatry and Medical Research Council (MRC)/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge. She is also an honorary clinical psychologist at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge. She has an international reputation in the fields of cognitive psychopharmacology, neuroethics, neuropsychology, neuropsychiatry and neuroimaging.
Freda Gladys Newcombe (1925–2001) was a British clinical neuropsychologist who played a pivotal role in the development of the discipline of cognitive neuropsychology. She was a fellow of Linacre College, Oxford, from 1968 to 1992, and then Honorary Fellow from 1992. She served as President of the International Neuropsychological Society in 1985 and was made an Honorary Fellow of the British Psychological Society in 1994. She was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Essex in 1995.
Prefrontal synthesis is the conscious purposeful process of synthesizing novel mental images. PFS is neurologically different from the other types of imagination, such as simple memory recall and dreaming. Unlike dreaming, which is spontaneous and not controlled by the prefrontal cortex (PFC), PFS is controlled by and completely dependent on the intact lateral prefrontal cortex. Unlike simple memory recall that involves activation of a single neuronal ensemble (NE) encoded at some point in the past, PFS involves active combination of two or more object-encoding neuronal ensembles (objectNE). The mechanism of PFS is hypothesized to involve synchronization of several independent objectNEs. When objectNEs fire out-of-sync, the objects are perceived one at a time. However, once those objectNEs are time-shifted by the lateral PFC to fire in-phase with each other, they are consciously experienced as one unified object or scene.
Developmental neuropsychology combines the fields of neuroscience and developmental psychology, while drawing from various other related disciplines. It examines the relationship of behavior and brain function throughout the course of an individual's lifespan, though often emphasis is put on childhood and adolescence when the majority of brain development occurs. Research tends to focus on development of important behavioral functions like perception, language, and other cognitive processes. Studies in this field are often centered around children or other individuals with developmental disorders or various kinds of brain related trauma or injury. A key concept of this field is that looks at and attempts to relate the psychological aspects of development, such as behavior, comprehension, cognition, etc., to the specific neural structures; it draws parallels between behavior and mechanism in the brain. Research in this field involves various cognitive tasks and tests as well as neuroimaging. Some of the many conditions studied by developmental neuropsychologists include congenital or acquired brain damage, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit disorder, executive dysfunction, seizures, intellectual disabilities, obsessive compulsive disorder, stuttering, schizophrenia, developmental aphasia, and other learning delays such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, and dyspraxia.
Angela Charlotte Roberts is a British neurobiologist who is a professor of physiology at the University of Cambridge. Her research considers the neural circuits that underpin cognition and emotion. She leads the Cambridge Marmoset Research Centre. She was awarded the 2020 Goldman-Rakic Prize for Outstanding Achievement in Cognitive Neuroscience.
References
- ↑ Sahakian, Barbara J.; Morris, Robin G.; Evenden, John L.; Heald, Andrew; Levy, Raymond; Philpot, Michael; Robbins, Trevor W. (1988). "A Comparative Study of Visuospatial Memory and Learning in Alzheimer-Type Dementia and Parkinson's Disease". Brain. 111 (3): 695–718. doi:10.1093/brain/111.3.695. PMID 3382917.
- ↑ "Trevor W. Robbins: Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions". American Psychologist. 66 (8): 665–668. 2011. doi:10.1037/a0025179. PMID 22082379.
- ↑ "Profile: Professor Trevor W Robbins". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ↑ "Profile: Professor Barbara Sahakian". Cambridge Neuroscience. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ↑ Owen, Adrian M.; Downes, John J.; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Polkey, Charles E.; Robbins, Trevor W. (1990). "Planning and spatial working memory following frontal lobe lesions in man". Neuropsychologia. 28 (10): 1021–34. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(90)90137-D. PMID 2267054. S2CID 25223617.
- ↑ Owen, A; Roberts, AC; Polkey, CE; Sahakian, BJ; Robbins, TW (1991). "Extra-dimensional versus intra-dimensional set shifting performance following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man". Neuropsychologia. 29 (10): 993–1006. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(91)90063-E. PMID 1762678. S2CID 43802468.
- ↑ Owen, A. M.; James, M.; Leigh, P. N.; Summers, B. A.; Marsden, C. D.; Quinn, N. P.; Lange, K. W.; Robbins, T. W. (1992). "Fronto-striatal cognitive deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease" (PDF). Brain. 115 (6): 1727–51. doi:10.1093/brain/115.6.1727. PMID 1486458.
- ↑ Owen, A.M.; Beksinska, M.; James, M.; Leigh, P.N.; Summers, B.A.; Marsden, C.D.; Quinn, N.P.; Sahakian, B.J.; Robbins, T.W. (1993). "Visuospatial memory deficits at different stages of Parkinson's disease". Neuropsychologia. 31 (7): 627–44. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90135-M. PMID 8371837. S2CID 23982603.
- ↑ Owen, Adrian M.; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Summers, Beatrice A.; Hodges, John R.; Polkey, Charles E.; Robbins, Trevor W. (1995). "Dopamine-Dependent Frontostriatal Planning Deficits in Early Parkinson's Disease" (PDF). Neuropsychology. 9 (1): 126–40. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.9.1.126. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-08. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
- ↑ Owen, A; Sahakian, BJ; Semple, J; Polkey, CE; Robbins, TW (1995). "Visuo-spatial short-term recognition memory and learning after temporal lobe excisions, frontal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man". Neuropsychologia. 33 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(94)00098-A. PMID 7731533. S2CID 37994751.
- ↑ Owen, Adrian M.; Morris, Robin G.; Sahakian, Barbara J.; Polkey, Charles E.; Robbins, Trevor W. (1996). "Double dissociations of memory and executive functions in working memory tasks following frontal lobe excisions, temporal lobe excisions or amygdalo-hippocampectomy in man". Brain. 119 (5): 1597–615. doi: 10.1093/brain/119.5.1597 . PMID 8931583.
- ↑ Owen, A; Iddon, JL; Hodges, JR; Summers, BA; Robbins, TW (1997). "Spatial and non-spatial working memory at different stages of Parkinson's disease". Neuropsychologia. 35 (4): 519–32. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(96)00101-7. PMID 9106280. S2CID 11577147.
- ↑ Luciana, Monica; Nelson, Charles (2002). "Assessment of Neuropsychological Function Through Use of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Testing Automated Battery: Performance in 4- to 12-Year-Old Children". Developmental Neuropsychology. 22 (3): 595–624. doi:10.1207/S15326942DN2203_3. PMID 12661972. S2CID 39133614.
- ↑ Robbins, TW; James, M; Owen, AM; Sahakian, BJ; McInnes, L; Rabbitt, P (1994). "Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): a factor analytic study of a large sample of normal elderly volunteers". Dementia. 5 (5): 266–81. doi:10.1159/000106735. PMID 7951684.
- ↑ "Health of the Nation" (PDF). Medical Schools Council. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
