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Title IX is the most commonly used name for the federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part of the Education Amendments of 1972. It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from the federal government. This is Public Law No. 92‑318,86 Stat. 235,codified at 20 U.S.C. §§1681–1688.
Juanita Broaddrick is an American former nursing home administrator. She alleged that she was raped by U.S. President Bill Clinton on April 25,1978,when he was the Attorney General of Arkansas. Clinton's attorney,David E. Kendall,stated it "never happened" on his client's behalf,and Clinton declined to comment further on the issue.
Kathleen Willey is a former White House volunteer aide who,on March 15,1998,alleged on the TV news program 60 Minutes that Bill Clinton had sexually assaulted her on November 29,1993,during his first term as President. She had been subpoenaed to testify in the Paula Jones sexual harassment case.
Elisabeth Dee DeVos is an American politician,philanthropist,and former government official who served as the 11th United States secretary of education from 2017 to 2021. DeVos is known for her conservative political activism,and particularly her support for school choice,school voucher programs,and charter schools. She was Republican national committeewoman for Michigan from 1992 to 1997 and served as chair of the Michigan Republican Party from 1996 to 2000,and again from 2003 to 2005. She has advocated for the Detroit charter school system and she is a former member of the board of the Foundation for Excellence in Education. She has served as chair of the board of the Alliance for School Choice and the Acton Institute and headed the All Children Matter PAC.
The Stanford Review is a student-run newspaper that serves Stanford University in Stanford,California. It was founded in 1987 by Peter Thiel and Norman Book.
The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is a sub-agency of the U.S. Department of Education that is primarily focused on enforcing civil rights laws prohibiting schools from engaging in discrimination on the basis of race,color,national origin,sex,disability,age,or membership in patriotic youth organizations.
The Victim Rights Law Center (VRLC) is a non-profit organization that provides free legal services to victims of rape and sexual assault in Massachusetts and Oregon. Established in 2003,it became the first nonprofit law center in the United States solely dedicated to serving the legal needs of sexual assault victims. The VRLC mission is to "provide legal representation to victims of rape and sexual assault to help rebuild their lives and to promote a national movement committed to seeking justice for every rape and sexual assault victim." VRLC also seeks to transform the legal response to sexual assault in the United States.
Campus sexual assault is the sexual assault,including rape,of a student while attending an institution of higher learning,such as a college or university. The victims of such assaults are more likely to be female,but any gender can be victimized. Estimates of sexual assault,which vary based on definitions and methodology,generally find that somewhere between 19 and 27% of college women and 6–8% of college men are sexually assaulted during their time in college.
Bill Clinton,the 42nd president of the United States (1993–2001),has been publicly accused of sexual assault and/or sexual misconduct by several women:Juanita Broaddrick accused Clinton of raping her in 1978;Leslie Millwee accused Clinton of sexually assaulting her in 1980;Paula Jones accused Clinton of exposing himself to her in 1991 as well as sexually harassing her;and Kathleen Willey accused Clinton of groping her without her consent in 1993. The Jones allegations became public in 1994,during Clinton's first term as president,while Willey's and Broaddrick's accusations became public in 1999,toward the end of Clinton's second term. Millwee made her accusations in 2016.
Annie Elizabeth Clark is a women's rights and civil rights activist in the United States. She was one of the lead complainants of the 2013 Title IX and Clery Act charges lodged against the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,claiming that the institution violated the law by the way they handled sexual assault complaints. Clark and Andrea Pino,then a fellow UNC student and also a victim of sexual assault,launched a nationwide campaign to use Title IX complaints to force U.S. universities to address sexual assault and related problems more aggressively. Clark is co-founder with Pino of End Rape on Campus,an advocacy group for victims of campus sexual assault.
Andrea Lynn Pino (born February 15,1992) is an American women's rights and civil rights activist,author,and a public scholar on issues of global gender based violence,media framing of violence,gender and sexuality,and narratives of survivorhood. She is the queer daughter of Cuban refugees and has stated that she is a survivor of sexual assault.
Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight) (2014–2015) was a work of endurance/performance art which Emma Sulkowicz conducted as a senior thesis during the final year of a visual arts degree at Columbia University in New York City.
Families Advocating for Campus Equality (FACE) is an American advocacy group whose stated goal is to ensure fairness and due process for all parties involved in allegations of sexual misconduct on college and university campuses. FACE was started by Sherry Warner Seefeld and two other mothers who say their sons were falsely accused of sexual misconduct on their college campuses.
In April 2013,Emma Sulkowicz,an American fourth-year visual arts major at Columbia University in New York City,filed a complaint with Columbia University requesting expulsion of fellow fourth-year student and German national,Paul Nungesser,alleging he had raped Sulkowicz in her dorm room on August 27,2012. Nungesser was found not responsible by a university inquiry.
After a sexual assault or rape,victims are often subjected to scrutiny and,in some cases,mistreatment. Victims undergo medical examinations and are interviewed by police. If there is a criminal trial,victims suffer a loss of privacy and their credibility may be challenged. Victims may also become the target of slut-shaming,abuse,social stigmatization,sexual slurs and cyberbullying.
Donald Trump,the president of the United States from 2017 to 2021,has been accused of rape,sexual assault,and sexual harassment,including non-consensual kissing or groping,by at least 25 women since the 1970s. The accusations have resulted in three instances of litigation:his then-wife Ivana made a rape claim during their 1989 divorce litigation but later recanted that claim;businesswoman Jill Harth sued Trump in 1997 alleging breach of contract while also suing for sexual harassment but agreed to forfeit her sexual harassment claim as part of a settlement she received relating to the former suit;and,in 2017,former The Apprentice contestant Summer Zervos filed a defamation lawsuit after Trump accused her of lying about her sexual misconduct allegations against him.
Catherine Elizabeth Lhamon is an American attorney and government official who is the assistant secretary for civil rights at the Department of Education. She previously served in this position from 2013 to 2017. During her tenure,Lhamon instituted changes to Title IX rules that were praised by some feminist and progressive groups,but received criticism across the political spectrum as violations of due process. She was also deputy chair of the United States Domestic Policy Council for racial justice and equality from January to October 2021,and chaired the United States Commission on Civil Rights from 2016 to 2021.
The 2017–18 United States political sexual scandals saw a heightened period of allegations of sexual misconduct,including sexual harassment and sexual assault,and resulted in the subsequent firings and resignations of American politicians. Some of these allegations are linked to the aftermath of the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases starting in October 2017 amid the wider MeToo movement.
Sofie Karasek is an American advocate for women's rights and the fight against sexual assault. In 2013,she helped launch a national movement to hold universities accountable for sweeping sexual harm under the rug under Title IX,and was a key driver behind California's "Yes Means Yes" law. She co-founded the advocacy organization called End Rape on Campus (EROC) in 2013.
References
- 1 2 California Birth Index
- 1 2 3 "LinkedIn profile". Archived from the original on 2010-08-23. Retrieved 2019-11-30.
- ↑ "Candice Erin Jackson # 224648 - Attorney Licensee Search".
- ↑ BUSINESS EXCHANGE: Trump Administration Appoints White Woman to Head Civil Rights (April 19, 2017)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Waldman, Annie (2017-04-14). "DeVos Pick to Head Civil Rights Office Once Said She Faced Discrimination for Being White". ProPublica. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Albright, Mary Ann (19 April 2010). "Battle Ground doctor, father of 'General Hospital' actor and Enation band mates, returns to the spotlight". The Columbian . Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ↑ Anderson, William; Jackson, Candice E. "Washington's Biggest Crime Problem". Reason . No. April 2004. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ↑ Jackson, Candice E. (2005). "Our Unethical Constitution". The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies. 6 (2): 405–444. ISSN 1526-1018. JSTOR 41560289.
- ↑ Brown, Emma (April 2, 2017). "Lawyer who highlighted Hillary Clinton's role in defending rape suspect tapped for key federal civil rights post". Washington Post. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
- ↑ Jordan, Phyllis (10 May 2017). "Candice Jackson: In Her Own Words - FutureEd". www.future-ed.org. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- 1 2 Sherman, Gabriel. "How Donald Trump Decided to Make Bill Clinton's Accusers a Campaign Issue". Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
- ↑ "Inside Trump's Stunning Upset Victory". POLITICO Magazine. November 9, 2016. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
- ↑ Green, Erica L. (5 April 2017). "2 Education Dept. Picks Raise Fears on Civil Rights Enforcement". The New York Times . p. A11. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ↑ Green, Erica L. (17 June 2017). "Education Dept. Says It Will Scale Back Civil Rights Investigations". The New York Times . p. A19. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 Green, Erica L.; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (13 July 2017). "Campus Rape Policies Get a New Look as the Accused Get DeVos's Ear". The New York Times . p. A1. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ↑ "Myths about sexual assault on campus from the Department of Education". The Washington Post . 14 July 2017.
- ↑ Fernanda Zamudio-Suaréz, Civil-Rights Official Apologizes for Saying 90% of Campus Rape Cases Stem From Regret, Chronicle of Higher Education (July 12, 2017).
- 1 2 Green, Erica L. (3 June 2017). "Some Hires by Betsy DeVos Are a Stark Departure From Her Reputation". The New York Times . p. A12. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ↑ "Tweet". Twitter. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
- ↑ "Tweet". Twitter. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
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