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Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned practice of killing a person as a punishment for a crime, usually following an authorised, rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant said punishment. The sentence ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is known as a death sentence, and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is condemned and is commonly referred to as being "on death row". Etymologically, the term capital refers to execution by beheading, but executions are carried out by many methods, including hanging, shooting, lethal injection, stoning, electrocution, and gassing.
Capital punishment for murder was abolished in Cyprus on 15 December 1983. It was abolished for all crimes on 19 April 2002. The death penalty was replaced with life imprisonment. Cyprus is a signatory to the second optional protocol of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which provides for full abolition of capital punishment. Cyprus initially had a reservation on the second protocol, allowing execution for grave crimes in times of war, but subsequently withdrew this reservation. The Constitution of Cyprus was amended in 2016 to eliminate all forms of capital punishment.
The last execution of a civilian carried out in Albania was a double hanging on June 25, 1992, where brothers Ditbardh and Josef Cuko were hanged in the public square of the southern town of Fier. Capital punishment in Albania was abolished for murder on 1 October 2000, but was still retained for treason and military offences. The reason for the abolition of the death penalty in Albania as well as in other European nations is the signing of Protocol No. 6 to the ECHR.
Capital punishment in Austria was abolished in 1787, although restored in 1795. Unlike other countries with a minimum age of 18, the Habsburg Law enacted in 1919 set the minimum age for execution in Austria at 20.
Capital punishment was abolished in Slovenia in 1989, when it was still a Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When Slovenia became independent and introduced its democratic constitution on 23 December 1991, capital punishment became unconstitutional. On 1 July 1994, Protocol No. 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights came into force. Later Slovenia also adopted the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Capital punishment was abolished in Liechtenstein for murder in 1987 and for treason in 1989.
Capital punishment in Turkmenistan was originally allowed under Article 20 of the 1992 Constitution, where it was described as "an exceptional punishment for the heaviest of crimes". In December 1999, a presidential decree abolished capital punishment "forever".
Capital punishment in Tajikistan is allowed by Article 18 of the 1999 Constitution of Tajikistan, which provides:
"Every person has the right to life. No person may be deprived of life except by the verdict of a court for a very serious crime."
Capital punishment is no longer applied in San Marino: the last execution was carried out in 1468 or in 1667, by hanging.
In 2019, there were 7,545 violent-crime incidents, and 8,237 offenses reported in the U.S. state of Iowa.
Crime in Massachusetts refers to crime occurring within the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
Capital punishment in Nepal has been abolished.
Capital punishment in Bhutan was abolished on March 20, 2004 and is prohibited under the 2008 Constitution. The prohibition appears among a number of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution; while some fundamental rights—such as voting, land ownership, and equal pay—extend only to Bhutanese citizens, the prohibition on capital punishment applies to all people within the kingdom.
Capital punishment in Slovakia was abolished in 1990 and the most severe punishment permissible by law is life imprisonment. Before that, capital punishment was common in Czechoslovakia, the Slovak State, Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Hungary and probably all previous political entities that existed in the area of today's Slovakia. Since 1989, no one has been executed in Slovakia save for a few controversial political killings by the Slovak Secret Service in the 1990s. Since then, there have been no reports of the government or its agents committing arbitrary or unlawful killings.
Capital punishment in North Macedonia is prohibited by its Constitution.
Capital punishment in Cambodia is prohibited by the Constitution of the country. Cambodia abolished the death penalty in 1989.
Capital punishment in Brunei Darussalam is a legal penalty, applicable to a number of violent and non-violent crimes in the Sultanate. Along with offences such as murder, terrorism, and treason, other crimes have become liable to the death penalty since the phased introduction of sharia from 2014. This includes homosexual activity since April 2019. Legal methods of execution in Brunei are hanging and, since 2014, stoning. The last execution in Brunei occurred in 1957, while it was still a British Protectorate.
Capital punishment was abolished in Guam in 1976.
Capital punishment has been abolished in Fiji. The island nation abolished capital punishment for ordinary crimes in 1979, and for all crimes in 2015. Its last execution was in 1964, before its independence on 10 October 1970.
Capital punishment is a legal penalty in Ghana only for high treason. Ghana last executed a criminal in 1993. It is considered "abolitionist in practice." Capital punishment was a mandatory sentence for certain ordinary criminal offenses until 2023.
References
- ↑ "Capital Punishment Worldwide". Archived from the original on 2009-11-01.
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