Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale

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Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale
Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale.jpg
A stallion in the breeding herd
Country of originItaly, native to Lazio region
Breed standards

The Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale, or "Roman horse of the part of the Maremma that is in Lazio", is a horse breed native to the Lazio region of Italy. An ancient breed, it was officially recognised only in 2010; it is now one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" listed by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association. [1] The Lazio region has assigned it the conservation status "at risk of erosion". [2] The population numbers about 800, of which most are in the comune of Monte Romano in the province of Viterbo; a herd of approximately 200 is at Ponzano Romano in the province of Rome, and others are in the province of Rieti. [2] [3]

Contents

History

The breed register for the Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale was opened on 19 October 2010, and the breed standard confirmed by Ministerial Decree 27202, dated 1 December 2010. [4] DNA testing had shown that the traditional working horse of the Maremma of Lazio was not only physically but genetically distinguishable from its counterpart in the Tuscan Maremma, the Maremmano, with which it had previously been classed. The two populations are reported as having common origins but limited overlap, with the Roman horse showing greater variability and a higher proportion of "ancestral" genes; [2] Ripert reports informally that the Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale has 38.5% genes of the original type, while the registered Maremmano population has only 12%. [3] The genetic study, carried out by the Consorzio per la Sperimentazione, Divulgazione e Applicazione di Biotecniche Innovative (CONSDABI), National Focal Point for Italy of the Animal Genetic Resources project of the FAO, was presented at the 12th conference on "New findings in equine practice" held at Druento (Turin, Italy), 11–13 November 2010. [5]

The ARSIAL (regional agency for development and innovation in agriculture of Lazio) suggests that this is the same horse breed as the "Cavallo Romano" that was well described in 19th century treatises; [2] authors who discuss the Cavallo Romano include Moreschi (1903) [6] and Fogliata (1910). [7] It is also suggested that the Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale descends from the horses of the ancient Romans, such as that of Marcus Aurelius, [8] or even of the Etruscans. [9]

Characteristics

The Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale [10] may be bay, black, chestnut or grey; limited facial markings (star and stripe) are permitted, as are white socks. Males measure 155–165 cm (15.1–16.1 hands ) at the withers, females 150–162 cm (14.3–16.0 hands ). The girth and cannon measurements are similar for both sexes, approximately 170–210 cm (67–83 in) and 19–24 cm (7.5–9.4 in) respectively. The head is well set on, slightly long and heavy, and the profile convex or Roman; the neck is thick, muscular and arched, the mane and tail long and thick. The shoulder is muscular and tends to be straight, the chest is broad with substantial muscle, the girth is deep and the back is short, straight and muscular, sometimes slightly concave. The croup is broad and sloping, and the tail is set low. The legs are solid, strong and muscular, the hooves broad and strong. Horses with concave profile, long or drooping ears, or poor conformation of the legs are not admitted for registration.

The action of the Cavallo Romano is lively and well-marked, and its temperament docile and courageous. [4] It is sure-footed on even the most difficult terrain. [3]

For comparison, the description of the Cavallo Romano given by Moreschi in 1903 [11] is this:

"The characteristics of the robust Roman horse were these: slightly convex profile, broad forehead, ears small and firmly attached, large eyes, neck a little thick but with plenty of curvature, mane long and thick, well developed withers, shoulder rather short, robust forearm, strong knees, cannons slightly rounded, fore pasterns short and feathered, hoof strong, sole resistant, forefeet sure, body cylindrical, ribs rounded, chest broad, back straight, loins robust, croup broad and a little sloping, long thick tail attached a little low, thigh rounded and a little curved, gaskins strong and short, the hocks strong, hind cannons as the fore, height from 1.45 m to 1.60 m, coat black in all its variations, also many bays and greys. Camped under at the front; majestic bearing." [12]

Uses

Although sometimes employed in the past as a warhorse [3] and as a carriage horse, [13] the primary use of the Cavallo Romano was as a working horse for the management of open-range livestock, [3] particularly horses, cattle and sheep. Until the land drainage and reclamation of the fascist era the Maremma region was, like the campagna romana and the Pontine Marshes, wild and inhospitable, and inhabited mostly by vast herds of livestock, transhumant shepherds [14] and the cavalcanti, the "riders", as the butteri of the Maremma Laziale were called. [15] The traditions of the cavalcanti and their style of working riding, the Monta italiana da lavoro, are still taught and transmitted by a small number of riding academies. [16] In addition to herding work, the Cavallo Romano is used today as a saddle horse for trekking; other uses include agricultural and light draught work, use as pack animals, and the production of high quality meat and of milk for paediatric or cosmetic use. [4]

Related Research Articles

Maremma Place in Italy

The Maremma is a coastal area of western central Italy, bordering the Tyrrhenian Sea. It includes much of south-western Tuscany and part of northern Lazio. It was formerly mostly marshland, often malarial, but was drained by order of Fernando I de' Medici.

Buttero

A buttero or cavalcante is a mounted herder, usually of horses, of cattle, or of buffaloes, in Italy, predominantly in the Maremma region of Tuscany and northern Lazio, or in the Pontine Marshes to the south.

Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog Italian breed of flock guardian dog

The Maremmano-Abruzzese Sheepdog, Italian: Cane da pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese, also called Maremmano, Maremma Sheepdog or Abruzzese Sheepdog, is an Italian breed of livestock guardian dog. It is indigenous to central Italy, particularly to Abruzzo and to the Maremma region of Tuscany and Lazio. It has been used for centuries by Italian shepherds to guard sheep from wolves. The literal English translation of the name is "shepherd dog of the Maremma and Abruzzo". The English name of the breed derives from that of the Maremma marshlands where, until recently, shepherds, dogs and hundreds of thousands of sheep over-wintered, and where the dogs are still abundant although sheep-farming has decreased substantially. It is widely employed in Abruzzo, where sheep herding remains vital to the rural economy and the wolf remains an active and protected predator.

Maremmano Breed of horse

The Maremmano is a breed of horse originating in the Maremma area of Tuscany and northern Lazio in Italy. Traditionally a hardy working horse used by the Butteri for livestock management, it is today principally a saddle horse. Extensive crossing with Thoroughbred and other breeds has led to a more athletic type, the Maremmano migliorato, or "Improved Maremmano".

Murgese Breed of horse

The Murgese horse originated in the Murge, Apulia area of Italy during the Spanish rule, and was developed from Barb and Arabian horses. They are a hardy breed that is used mainly for cross-country riding, although they have also been used for light draft work.

Maremmana Breed of cattle

The Maremmana is a breed of cattle reared in the Maremma, a former marshland region in southern Tuscany and northern Lazio in central Italy. It is raised principally in the provinces of Grosseto, Rome and Viterbo.

Neapolitan horse Breed of horse

The Neapolitan Horse, Italian: (Cavallo) Napoletano, Neapolitano or Napolitano, is a horse breed that originated in the plains between Naples and Caserta, in the Campania region of Italy, but which may have been bred throughout the Kingdom of Naples. The Neapolitan horse was frequently mentioned in literature from the 16th to the 19th centuries, and is noted for its quality. Corte wrote in 1562: "in Italy the horses of the Kingdom of Naples are greatly esteemed; [there] many fine coursers are born ... suitable for use in war and in the manège and for every service that the rider may require". The decline of the breed was noted in the early 20th century by Mascheroni (1903) and Fogliata (1908). Some sources state that by 1950, the original Neapolitan horse was deemed extinct, but its lines were incorporated into other breeds, most notably the Lipizzaner. However, a breed called the Napolitano exists in Italy today, and is recognized by the Italian government. According to Gouraud, "a dedicated breeder ... is hoping to be able to rebuild it". La Repubblica reports that the attempt is based on a single stallion, Neapolitano "Il Vecchio", which belonged as a foal to Marshal Tito and passed when old to a Serbian farmer, from whom it was purchased and imported to Italy in 1989.

Tolfetano Breed of horse

The Tolfetano or Cavallo Tolfetano is a breed of horse from the northern part of the Lazio region of Italy. It is indigenous to the Monti della Tolfa range of hills which lie within the Maremma Laziale, and which give the breed its name. The harsh terrain and limited resources of the area are thought to have contributed to the resistant and frugal nature of the breed.

The Segugio dell'Appennino or Piccolo Lepraiolo Italiano is a breed of small Italian scenthound, bred specifically to hunt hare. It may be either smooth-haired or wire-haired. It received full recognition from the Ente Nazionale della Cinofilia Italiana in 2010. It is one of four Italian breeds of scenthound, the others being the Segugio Italiano a Pelo Forte, the Segugio Italiano a Pelo Raso and the Segugio Maremmano.

Segugio Maremmano Italian breed of hunting dog

The Segugio Maremmano is an Italian breed of scent hound from the coastal plains of the Maremma, in Tuscany. It is mainly used for hunting wild boar, but may also be used to hunt hare and other mammals. They may be either smooth-haired or rough-haired.

Esperia Pony Breed of horse

The Esperia Pony is a breed of pony originating in the area of the Aurunci Mountains and Ausoni Mountains near Esperia in the province of Frosinone, in the Lazio region of Italy. It is one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association. It is the only Italian breed to be officially denominated a pony.

The Catria Horse is a breed of horse originating in the mountainous area of the massif of Monte Catria in the Marche region of Italy, and surrounding areas in the provinces of Ancona, Perugia and Pesaro. It is one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association.

The Sarcidano, Italian: Cavallo del Sarcidano, is a rare Italian breed of semi-feral horse originating from the Altopiano del Sarcidano in the comune of Laconi, in Oristano Province of the Mediterranean island of Sardinia. It is one of the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association.

The Samolaco is a rare breed of horse originating from the Valchiavenna and Valtellina, in Lombardy, northern Italy. It takes its name from the town of Samolaco, near Chiavenna in the province of Sondrio. Gravely endangered, it is not among the fifteen indigenous horse "breeds of limited distribution" recognised by the AIA, the Italian breeders' association. The population is listed in DAD-IS as over 12 in 1994, and under 100 in 1998; one further example of the breed may have been identified during a television broadcast.

The Garfagnina is a cattle breed from Tuscany in central Italy. It is one of the 16 minor Italian cattle breeds of limited diffusion recognised and protected by the Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, the Italian ministry of agriculture.

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Martina Franca donkey Breed of donkey

The Martina Franca donkey, Italian: Asino di Martina Franca, is a breed of donkey from Puglia in southern Italy. It is the largest Italian donkey breed, and was famous for its qualities in the production of mules. It is particularly associated with the comune of Martina Franca from which it takes its name, but the area of origin also includes Alberobello, Ceglie Messapica, Locorotondo, Massafra, Mottola and Noci, in the provinces of Bari, Brindisi and Taranto. It is still raised mainly in Puglia, but there are also populations in Abruzzo, Lazio, Lombardy and Umbria. It is one of the eight autochthonous donkey breeds of limited distribution recognised by the Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, the Italian ministry of agriculture and forestry.

Nero Siciliano Breed of pig

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Sarda pig Pig breed

The Sarda or Suino Sardo is a breed of domestic pig from the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, Italy. It is raised mainly in the provinces of Ogliastra and Nuoro, but is also present in those of Medio Campidano and Sassari and in the Sarrabus-Gerrei sub-region. The Sarda breed was officially recognised by ministerial decree on 8 June 2006 and became the sixth autochthonous pig breed recognised by the Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali, the Italian ministry of agriculture and forestry.

References

  1. ↑ Il Registro Anagrafico delle razze Equine ed Asinine a limitata diffusione (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Allevatori. n.d. Archived 2 June 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Il Maremmano del Lazio esce dall'anonimato (in Italian). Rome: Agenzia Regionale per lo Sviluppo e l'Innovazione dell'Agricoltura del Lazio. Accessed April 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Stefano Ripert (2011). Bentornato vecchio amico! (in Italian). I Nostri Amici Cavalli, pages 18–23. Cernusco sul Naviglio: SPREA.
  4. 1 2 3 Decreto Ministeriale n. 27202 del 1.12.2010 - Ammissione Nuove Razze (in Italian). Rome: Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e Forestali. Archived 16 May 2011.
  5. ↑ Donato Matassino, M.T. Costanza, C. Incoronato, M. Occidente, F. Pane, F. Paoletti, R. Pasquariello, F. Ciani (2013). Analisi mediante marcatori microsatellite della componente genomica del cavallo Maremmano 'Romano' = Analysis of genomic component of Maremmano 'Romano' horse by means of microsatellite markers. In: 12° Convegno Internazionale "Nuove acquisizioni in materia di Ippologia", Druento, 11–13 novembre 2010. Centro Internazionale del Cavallo.
  6. ↑ Bartolomeo Moreschi (1903). Industria stalloniera: La popolazione cavallina in Italia. Disposizioni legislative e regolamentari. Precetti tecnici (in Italian). Firenze: G. Barbera Edit. (Tip. Barbera di Alfani e Venturi). BN 1903 2384.
  7. ↑ Giacinto Fogliata (1910). Tipi e razze equine in Rapporto con la produzione equina in Italia, con l'aggiunta della produzione del mulo. Seconda edizione, migliorata e notevolmente accresciuta (second edition, in Italian). Pisa: Tip. Ed. F. Mariotti. BN 1910 2761.
  8. ↑ Ester Palma (29 November 2010). Il ritorno dell' "imperatore" Refulus (in Italian). Corriere della Sera. Accessed April 2011.
  9. ↑ Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale (in Italian). Università Agraria Vejano.
  10. ↑ Cavallo Romano della Maremma Laziale: standard di razza (in Italian). Associazione Italiana Allevatori. n.d. Archived 30 April 2011.
  11. ↑ Cited at: Cavallo Maremmano (in Italian). Associazione Butteri d'Alta Maremma. Accessed April 2011.
  12. ↑ Moreschi (1903):
    I caratteri del robusto cavallo romano erano questi: testa un po' montonina, fronte larga, orecchie piccole ben attaccate, occhio grande a fior di pelle, collo un poco grosso, ma con molta curvatura, criniera lunga e fitta, garrese bene sviluppato, spalla piuttosto corta, avambraccio robusto, ginocchia forti, stinchi anteriori un poco arrotondati, pastoie anteriori corte, coperte di peli lunghi e folti, unghia forte, suola resistente, piedi anteriori sicuri, corpo cilindrico, costato rotondo, petto ampio, dorso diritto, reni robuste, groppa larga un po' cadente, coda attaccata un po' in basso e guarnita di lunghissimi e folti crini, coscia arrotondata ed un po' falciata, gamba robusta e corta, forti i garretti, stinchi posteriori come gli anteriori, statura da m. 1,45 a m. 1,60, manto nero nelle sue diverse gradazioni, e numerosi manti bai e grigi. Sotto di sé nel davanti; portamento maestoso.
  13. ↑ Cavallo Maremmano (in Italian). Associazione Butteri d'Alta Maremma. Accessed April 2011.
  14. ↑ Graeme Barker, Tom Rasmussen (2000). The Etruscans. Oxford; Malden, Massachusetts: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN   9780631177159
  15. ↑ Il Buttero. Associazione Butteri d'Alta Maremma. Archived 11 September 2011.
  16. ↑ Accademia di monta (in Italian). Accademia Equestre di Monta Italiana da Lavoro. Archived 22 March 2012.
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