Cerdocyonina

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Cerdocyonines
Temporal range:
Late Miocene-Holocene, 6–0  Ma
Cerdocyonina portraits.jpg
Four representatives of cerdocyonine canids. Clockwise, starting from top left, are the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), the bush dog (Speothos venaticus) the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and the Andean fox (Lycalopex culpaeus)
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Tribe: Canini
Subtribe: Cerdocyonina
Tedford et al., 2009 [1]
Genera [1]

Cerdocyonina is an extant subtribe of the canines and is exclusively endemic to the Americas. Often described to be "fox-like" in appearance and behavior, they are more closely related to the wolf-like canids such as Canis than they are to the fox genus Vulpes . [1] Its members are colloquially known as the South American canids [2] and there are 10 extant species. They are sometimes referred to as South American foxes in the older literature, but the term zorro has been recommended by mammalogists to avoid confusion with the true foxes of the tribe Vulpini, which includes the genus Vulpes.

Taxonomy

Cerdocyonina is a natural lineage whose common ancestor was sister to the Eucyon–Canis–Lycaon lineage. It is represented in the fossil record by Cerdocyon 6–5 million years ago, and by Theriodictis and Chrysocyon 5–4 million years ago. It most likely emerged from Central America. [3] : 150 

The fossil of a large form of the extinct Theriodictis that dates 2 million years ago was found in Florida. The maned wolf and an extinct species of the crab-eating zorro were in North America around this time, which was before the Isthmus of Panama came into being, indicating the origin of the Cerdocyonina in North America. [2] : 53 

Prior to the 1990s there have been different systematic hypotheses pertaining to the relationships among South American canids, most frequent was the notion of there being three genera and subgenera (after Langguth 1969 [4] and 1970 [5] ):

Morphological and DNA evidence shows that the South American canids, being the most diverse group of canids on any continent, forms its own natural group. [2]

These taxa, representing diverse adaptations, can be diagnosed by the following synapomorphies: angular process of the mandible wide, may lack hooklike termination, expansion accommodates widened insertions for pterygoid muscle segments, especially that for the medial branch of the internal pterygoid; posterior cusp of p3 weak or absent; and m1 hypoconid and entoconid, joined by cristids. The Cerdocyonina lacks the strongly arched zygoma and often the second posterior cusp on p4 between the cingulum and the large first cusp, which marks them as primitive relative to Eucyon and its sister taxon the subtribe Canina, which shares these synapomorphies.

—  Richard H. Tedford [1]

In 2018, a study found that the extinct South American Canis gezi did not fall under genus Canis and should be classified under the Cerdocyonina, however no genus was proposed. [6]

The cladogram below is based on the phylogeny of Lindblad-Toh et al. (2005), [7] modified to incorporate recent findings on Lycalopex species [8] and Dusicyon . [9]

    Cerdocyonina    
     
     

Speothos venaticus (bush dog) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XLIII).png

 
 
 

Chrysocyon brachyurus (maned wolf) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate VII).png

 
 

† Dusicyon australis (Falkland Islands wolf)

 
 
 
 
     
     
   Lycalopex   
     

Lycalopex vetulus (hoary fox)   Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XXXI).png

 
 
   

Lycalopex sechurae (Sechuran fox or Peruvian desert fox)  

 
 
 
 

Lycalopex fulvipes (Darwin's fox)  

 
 

Lycalopex gymnocercus (pampas fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVII).png

 
 
 
 

Lycalopex griseus (South American gray fox or chilla)  

 
 

Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo or Andean fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XIV).png

 
 
 
 
 
 

Cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XV).png

 
 
     

Atelocynus microtis (short-eared dog) Dogs, jackals, wolves, and foxes (Plate XVI).png

 
 
 
 

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canidae</span> Family of mammals

Canidae is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid. There are three subfamilies found within the canid family, which are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae, and the extant Caninae. The Caninae are known as canines, and include domestic dogs, wolves, foxes, jackals and other extant and extinct species.

<i>Dusicyon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Dusicyon is an extinct genus of South American canids. The type species is Dusicyon australis, the Falkland Islands wolf. In 1914, Oldfield Thomas established this genus, in which he included the culpeo and other South American foxes. These other canids were removed to Lycalopex by Langguth in 1975. Dusicyon avus, widely distributed in the late Pleistocene from Uruguay through Buenos Aires Province to southernmost Chile, is the closest known relative of the Falkland Islands wolf; the two lineages split only about 16,000 years ago. It died out in the late Holocene, earlier estimates suggested about 2,980 years ago on the island of Tierra del Fuego and almost 1,700 years ago in the continent. More recent research confirms much later extinction dates, with the latest confirmed records in the Pampean Region being 700 BP and southernmost Patagonia at 400 years BP.

<i>Canis</i> Genus of carnivores

Canis is a genus of the Caninae which includes multiple extant species, such as wolves, dogs, coyotes, and golden jackals. Species of this genus are distinguished by their moderate to large size, their massive, well-developed skulls and dentition, long legs, and comparatively short ears and tails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South American fox</span> Genus of carnivores

The South American foxes (Lycalopex), commonly called raposa in Portuguese, or zorro in Spanish, are a genus from South America of the subfamily Caninae. Despite their name, they are not true foxes, but are a unique canid genus more closely related to wolves and jackals than to true foxes; some of them resemble foxes due to convergent evolution. The South American gray fox, Lycalopex griseus, is the most common species, and is known for its large ears and a highly marketable, russet-fringed pelt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crab-eating fox</span> Species of carnivore

The crab-eating fox, also known as the forest fox, wood fox, bushdog or maikong, is an extant species of medium-sized canid endemic to the central part of South America since at least the Pleistocene epoch. Like South American foxes, which are in the genus Lycalopex, it is not closely related to true foxes. Cerdocyon comes from the Greek words kerdo and kyon (dog) referring to the dog- and fox-like characteristics of this animal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vulpini</span> Tribe of carnivores, most called fox

Vulpini is a taxonomic rank which represents the fox-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae, and is sister to the dog-like tribe Canini.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caninae</span> Subfamily of carnivores

The Caninae, known as canines, are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. The Caninae includes all living canids and their most recent fossil relatives. Their fossils were first found in North America and dated to the Oligocene era, then spreading to Asia at the end of the Miocene era, some 7 million to 8 million years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hesperocyoninae</span> Extinct subfamily of carnivores

The extinct Hesperocyoninae are one of three subfamilies found within the canid family. The other two canid subfamilies are the extinct Borophaginae and extant Caninae.

<i>Archaeocyon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Archaeocyon is an extinct genus of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. It lived during the Oligocene epoch 32-24 Ma., existing for approximately 8 million years. Species of Archaeocyon are among the earliest known borophagines, although a species of Otarocyon has a slightly earlier first appearance. Fossils have been found across the northern Great Plains and along the west coast of North America.

<i>Xenocyon</i> Extinct subgenus of carnivores

Xenocyon is an extinct subgenus of Canis. The group includes Canis (Xenocyon) africanus, Canis (Xenocyon) antonii and Canis (Xenocyon) falconeri that gave rise to Canis (Xenocyon) lycanoides. The hypercarnivorous Xenocyon gave rise to the modern dhole and the African wild dog.

Cynarctina is an extinct clade of the Borophaginae subfamily of canids native to North America. They lived from the Early to Middle Miocene 16.0—10.3 Ma, existing for approximately 5.7 million years. Cynarctines had rounded cusps on the molar teeth, similar to those seen in living bears, suggesting that they were likely omnivores.

<i>Canis edwardii</i> Extinct species of canid

Canis edwardii, also known as Edward's wolf, is an extinct species of wolf in the genus Canis which was endemic to North America three million years ago from the Late Blancan stage of the Pliocene epoch and was extinct by the end of the Irvingtonian stage of the Pleistocene epoch.

<i>Canis cedazoensis</i> Extinct species of carnivore

Canis cedazoensis is an extinct species of smaller canid which was endemic to North America during the Pleistocene epoch, 1.8 Ma—300,000 years ago.

<i>Eucyon</i> Extinct genus of carnivores

Eucyon is an extinct genus of medium omnivorous coyote-like canid that first appeared in the Western United States during the late Middle Miocene 10 million years ago. It was the size of a jackal and weighed around 15kg. Its species E. zhoui was one of a number of North American mammals which invaded East Asia around 5–6 million years ago, followed by the genus going extinct 3 million years ago. This genus is proposed to have given rise to genus Canis 6 million years ago.

Canis nehringi is an extinct species of canid. Canis gezi, a poorly known small wolf from the Ensenadan of South America, appears to have given rise to Canis nehringi, a Lujanian species from Argentina. Betra's analysis in 1988, places Canis dirus and Canis nehringi as sister taxa and as the most derived members of the genus Canis in the New World. The species was first described by Florentino Ameghino in 1902.

Richard Hall Tedford was Curator Emeritus in the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, having been named as curator in 1969.

Dusicyon cultridens or Dusicyon patagonicus cultridens is an extinct canid species in the genus Dusicyon. However, the classification of this species is poorly researched and debatable. Some scientists place this species in the genera Canis and Lycalopex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canini (tribe)</span> Tribe of carnivores

Canini is a taxonomic rank which represents the dog-like tribe of the subfamily Caninae, and is sister to the fox-like tribe Vulpini. The Canini came into existence 9 million years ago. This group was first represented by Eucyon, mostly by Eucyon davisi that was spread widely across North America and is basal to the other members of the tribe. Its members are informally known as true dogs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canina (subtribe)</span> Subtribe of carnivores

Canina is a taxonomic rank which represents the wolf-like sub-tribe of the tribe Canini, and is sister to the sub-tribe Cerdocyonina. Fossils of this group date to 5 million years ago, however they are likely to have been in existence 9 million years ago. Its members as a group are colloquially known as the wolf-like canids.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming; Taylor, Beryl E. (2009). "Phylogenetic Systematics of the North American Fossil Caninae (Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History . 325: 1–218. doi:10.1206/574.1. hdl:2246/5999.
  2. 1 2 3 Wang, X.; Tedford, R.H. (2007). "Ch1-Evolutionary History of Canids". In Jensen, Per (ed.). The Behavioural Biology of Dogs (1 ed.). Cabi Publishing. p. 11. ISBN   978-1845931872.
  3. ↑ Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008). Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. Columbia University Press, New York. pp. 1–232. ISBN   978-0-231-13529-0.
  4. ↑ Lannguth, A. (1969). Die südamerikanischen Canidae unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Mähnenwolfes Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger: (Morphologische, systematische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen). Geest und Portig.
  5. ↑ Lannguth, A. (1970). "Una nueva clasificación de los cánidos sudamericanos". Actas del IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoología. 1: 129–143.
  6. ↑ Zrzavý, Jan; Duda, Pavel; Robovský, Jan; Okřinová, Isabela; Pavelková Řičánková, Věra (2018). "Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora): Combining morphology, behaviour, genes and fossils". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 373–389. doi:10.1111/zsc.12293. S2CID   90592618.
  7. ↑ Lindblad-Toh, Kerstin; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi: 10.1038/nature04338 . PMID   16341006.
  8. ↑ Tchaicka, Ligia; de Freitas, Thales Renato Ochotorena; Bager, Alex; Vidal, Stela Luengos; Lucherini, Mauro; Iriarte, Agustín; et al. (2016). "Molecular assessment of the phylogeny and biogeography of a recently diversified endemic group of South American canids (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae)" (PDF). Genetics and Molecular Biology. 39 (3): 442–451. doi:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2015-0189. PMC   5004827 . PMID   27560989.
  9. ↑ Slater, G. J.; Thalmann, O.; Leonard, J. A.; Schweizer, R. M.; Koepfli, K.-P.; Pollinger, J. P.; et al. (2009). "Evolutionary history of the Falklands wolf". Current Biology. 19 (20): R937–R938. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.018. hdl: 10261/58562 . ISSN   0960-9822. PMID   19889366.
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