Cesare Francesco Ricotti-Magnani | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | January 30, 1822 |
| Died | August 4, 1917 (aged 95) |
| Allegiance | Kingdom of Sardinia Kingdom of Italy |
| Service/ | Sardinian Army Regio Esercito |
| Years of service | 1840-1895 |
| Rank | Tenente Generale (Lieutenant General) |
Cesare Francesco Ricotti Magnani (June 30, 1822 - August 4, 1917) was an Italian general who served as Minister of War of the Kingdom of Italy.
He was born at Borgolavezzaro, near Novara. [1]
As artillery lieutenant, he distinguished himself and was wounded at the Siege of Peschiera del Garda in 1848, and in 1852 gained further distinction by his efforts to prevent the explosion of a burning powder magazine. After serving from 1856 to 1859. as Director of the Artillery School, he became General of Division in 1864, commanding the 5th Division at the Battle of San Martino. [2]
In the war of 1866 he stormed Borgoforte, to open a passage for Cialdini's army. Upon the death of General Govone in 1872 he was appointed Minister of War, and after the occupation of Rome bent all his efforts to army reform, in accordance with the lessons of the Franco-German War. He shortened the period of military service, extended conscription to all able-bodied men, created a permanent army, a mobile militia and a reserve, commenced the renewal of armaments, and placed Italy in a position to put 1,800,000 men on a war footing. [2] He was also responsible, after the suggestion made by Captain Giuseppe Perrucchetti, for the foundation of the Alpini, the first established infantry corps specialized in mountain warfare, for the defense of Italy's mountainous borders.[ citation needed ]
Ricotti fell from power with the Right in 1876, but returned to office with Depretis in 1884, and amended his previous scheme of reform. Resigning in April 1887, he became a member of the senate in 1890, but took little part in public life until 1896, when, after the Battle of Adowa, he was entrusted by King Humbert with the formation of a cabinet. [2]
Having constructed his ministry, he made over the premiership to the Marquis di Rudinì, retaining for himself the portfolio of war, and seeking to satisfy popular demands for the reduction of military expenditure by consolidating the tactical structure of the army without weakening its fighting power. Rudinì, however, finding that Ricotti's ideas, which he himself shared, were not acceptable at court, obliged him to resign office. His prestige as creator of the modern Italian army remained unimpaired, and his views on army consolidation enjoyed a large measure of technical and public favour. [2]
Kingdom of Sardinia: [3] 
Spain : Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 28 January 1871 [5] 
Sweden-Norway: Commander Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Sword, 18 December 1873 [6] 
Austria-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1875 [7] 
Albert was King of Saxony from 29 October 1873 until his death in 1902.
William I, or Wilhelm I, was King of Prussia from 1861 and German Emperor from 1871 until his death in 1888. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he was the first head of state of a united Germany. He was de facto head of state of Prussia from 1858, when he became regent for his brother Frederick William IV. During the reign of his grandson Wilhelm II, he was known as Wilhelm the Great.
Ludwig Samson Heinrich Arthur Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen was a Bavarian general.
Johann Josef Wenzel Anton Franz Karl, Graf Radetzky von Radetz was a Czech nobleman and Austrian field marshal. He served as chief of the general staff in the Habsburg monarchy during the later period of the Napoleonic Wars and proved instrumental in the allied victory as one of the primary architects of the Trachenburg Plan and the Leipzig Campaign. Afterwards, he embarked on military reforms of the Austrian army. His reputation was one of discipline and fairness; he was revered by his troops among whom he was known as Vater ('Father') Radetzky. He is best known for the victories at the Battles of Custoza and Novara during the First Italian War of Independence. Johann Strauss I's Radetzky March was commissioned to commemorate Radetzky's victories at the Battle of Custoza.
Albrecht Theodor Emil Graf von Roon was a Prussian soldier and statesman. As Minister of War from 1859 to 1873, Roon, along with Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth von Moltke, was a dominating figure in Prussia's government during the key decade of the 1860s, when a series of successful wars against Denmark, Austria, and France led to German unification under Prussia's leadership. A moderate conservative and supporter of executive monarchy, he was an avid modernizer who worked to improve the efficiency of the army.
Prince Leopold of Bavaria was born in Munich, the second son of Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria (1821–1912) and his wife Archduchess Augusta of Austria (1825–1864). He was a Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) who commanded German and Austro-Hungarian forces on the Eastern Front in World War I.
Adrian Friedrich Wilhelm Julius Ludwig von Verdy du Vernois, often given the short name of Verdy, was a German general and staff officer, chiefly noted both for his military writings and his service on Helmuth von Moltke the Elder's staff during the Franco-Prussian War.
Karl Konstantin Albrecht Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal was an officer of the Prussian Army and field marshal of the Imperial German Army, chiefly remembered for his decisive intervention at the Battle of Königgrätz in 1866, his victories at Wörth and Weißenburg, and above all his refusal to bombard Paris in 1870 during the siege, of which he was in command.
Antonio Starrabba, Marquess of Rudinì was an Italian statesman, Prime Minister of Italy between 1891 and 1892 and from 1896 until 1898.
Giovanni Nicotera was an Italian patriot and politician. His surname is pronounced, with the stress on the second syllable.
Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany was the last Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1859 to 1860.*
Kraft Prinz zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen was a Prussian general and military writer during the time of the German Empire.
Harald Nicolai Storm Wergeland was a Norwegian military officer, politician and mountaineer. Having reached the rank of major general by 1859, he served as Minister of the Army for several periods between 1857 and 1868. He later became lieutenant general. He had several notable family members.
Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov was a notable representative of the Vorontsov family. He served as Minister of Imperial Properties in 1881-97 and the Governor-General of the Caucasus Viceroyalty between 1905 and 1915.
Umberto I was King of Italy from 9 January 1878 until his assassination in 1900. His reign saw Italy's expansion into the Horn of Africa, as well as the creation of the Triple Alliance among Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary.
Heinrich Hermann Josef Freiherr von Heß, was an Austrian soldier and field marshal, who entered the army in 1805 and was soon employed as a staff officer on survey work.
Friedrich Graf von Beck-Rzikowsky, sometimes Friedrich Beck, was an Austrian Generaloberst and Chief of the general staff of the Imperial and Royal army from 1881 to 1906.
Alessandro Asinari di San Marzano (1830-1906) was an Italian politician, general, and Senator of the Kingdom of Italy
Karl, Prince of Wedel, born Karl Leo Julius Graf von Wedel, was a Prussian general and diplomat who served as the fourth Imperial Lieutenant of the Reichsland of Alsace–Lorraine from 27 October 1907 until his resignation on 18 April 1914.
Emilio Maurizio Ferrero was an Italian politician and general. He was a senator of the Kingdom of Italy in the 14th legislature. He served as Minister of War of the Kingdom of Italy in the third Cairoli government and in the fourth, fifth and sixth Depretis governments.
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
