Changhsingian

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Changhsingian
254.14 ± 0.07 – 251.9 Ma
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DBRollepass.jpg
Bellerophon Formation, Dolomites, Italy
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Name ratified1981
Alternate spelling(s)Changxingian
Usage information
Celestial body Earth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit Age
Stratigraphic unit Stage
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definition Meishan, Zhejiang, China
Lower boundary GSSPFAD of the Conodont Clarkina wangi
31°04′55″N119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064
Lower GSSP ratified2005 [2]
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus .
Upper boundary GSSP Meishan, Zhejiang, China
31°04′47″N119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058
Upper GSSP ratified2001 [3]

In the geologic time scale, the Changhsingian or Changxingian is the latest age or uppermost stage of the Permian. It is also the upper or latest of two subdivisions of the Lopingian Epoch or Series. The Changhsingian lasted from 254.14 to 251.9 Ma ago. It is preceded by the Wuchiapingian age/stage and is followed by the Induan age/stage (Early Triassic epoch). [4]

Contents

The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic eon, the Permian–Triassic extinction event, occurred around the end of this age.

Stratigraphic definitions

The Changhsingian is named after Changxing (Chinese :长兴; pinyin :Chángxīng; Wade–Giles :Ch’ang-hsing) in northern Zhejiang, China. The stage was named for the Changhsing Limestone. [5] The name was first used for a stage in 1970 [6] [7] and was anchored in the international timescale in 1981. [2]

The base of the Changhsingian Stage is at the first appearance of the conodont species Clarkina wangi . The global reference profile is profile D at Meishan, in the type area in Changxing, just below the Changhsingian foraminifer index fossil Palaeofusulina and the first appearance of the ammonoid Tapashanites . [2] The top of the Changhsingian (the base of the Induan Stage and the Triassic System) is at the first appearance of the conodont species Hindeodus parvus . [8] In the second part of the 20th century, appearance of the ammonite Otoceras , that existed no more than 100,000 years, in the boreal region was considered a marker of the Lower Triassic boundary. However, a more detailed study of Lower Induan biostratigraphy revealed the diachronicity of the appearance of these mollusks in different regions of the Earth. [8]

The Changhsingian contains only one ammonoid biozone: that of the genus Iranites .

Changhsingian life

The Changhsingian ended with the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction event of the Phanerozoic Era, when both global biodiversity and alpha diversity (community-level diversity) were devastated. [9]

On land, the Changhsingian fauna comprised gorgonopsid synapsids like Inostrancevia , anomodont synapsids like Daptocephalus and Dicynodon , and parareptiles like Elginia , milleretids and Nanoparia .

Among fishes, the bobasatraniiforms Bobasatrania and Ebenaqua are known from Changhsingian deposits of Greenland and Australia, respectively. Another deep-bodied fish, Sinoplatysomus , is known from Zhejiang province of China, along with the elongate saurichthyiform Eosaurichthys and the coelacanths Changxingia and Youngichthys . Within the Eugeneodontida, the helicoprionids are represented by the genus Sinohelicoprion ; as well as some edestids such as Helicampodus ; and other eugeneodontids. Several fish genera were described from Changhsingian deposits of Russia and South Africa. [10] The Hambast Formation of Iran yielded chondrichthyan faunas of Wuchiapingian to Changhsingian age. [11]

The conodont Vjalovognathus carinatus is known from the Selong Formation of Tibet; [12] more common conodonts include the genera Clarkina and Hindeodus .

Changhsingian aged beds of the Tesero Member of the Werfen Formation produced fossils of a crown group echinoid, Eotiaris teseroensis and other taxa. [13]

The Paratirolites Limestone near Julfa (Azerbaijan, Iran) contains a diverse pre-extinction ammonoid fauna, including the genera Neoaganides , Pseudogastrioceras , Dzhulfites , Paratirolites, Julfotirolites , Alibashites , Abichites , Stoyanowites and Arasella [14]

The Bellerophon Formation in northern Italy documents a pre-extinction bivalve community with 26 species adapted to stressful conditions (high temperatures, high salinity, shallow water depths, low oxygen and high terrigenous input). [15] The formation is otherwise known for abundant Bellerophon fossils. [16]

In Australia, fossils of one of the last surviving eurypterids, ? Woodwardopterus freemanorum , were found. [17]

Notable formations

* Tentatively assigned to the Changhsingian; age estimated primarily via terrestrial tetrapod biostratigraphy (for terrestrial formations)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Permian</span> Sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era 299–252 million years ago

The Permian is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period 298.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic Era. The concept of the Permian was introduced in 1841 by geologist Sir Roderick Murchison, who named it after the region of Perm in Russia.

The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ± 0.5 – 259.1 ± 0.4 Mya. The series saw the rise of the therapsids, a minor extinction event called Olson's Extinction and a significant mass extinction called the end-Capitanian extinction event. The Guadalupian was previously known as the Middle Permian.

The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian. It is the last epoch of the Paleozoic. The Lopingian was preceded by the Guadalupian and followed by the Early Triassic.

In the geologic timescale, the Capitanian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the uppermost or latest of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian Epoch or Series. The Capitanian lasted between 264.28 and 259.51 million years ago. It was preceded by the Wordian and followed by the Wuchiapingian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carnian</span> First age of the Late Triassic epoch

The Carnian is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series. It lasted from 237 to 227 million years ago (Ma). The Carnian is preceded by the Ladinian and is followed by the Norian. Its boundaries are not characterized by major extinctions or biotic turnovers, but a climatic event occurred during the Carnian and seems to be associated with important extinctions or biotic radiations. Another extinction occurred at the Carnian-Norian boundary, ending the Carnian age.

In the geologic timescale, the Wordian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the middle of three subdivisions of the Guadalupian Epoch or Series. The Wordian lasted between 266.9 and 264.28 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Roadian and followed by the Capitanian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wuchiapingian</span> Eighth stage of the Permian

In the geologic timescale, the Wuchiapingian or Wujiapingian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is also the lower or earlier of two subdivisions of the Lopingian Epoch or Series. The Wuchiapingian spans the time between 259.51 and 254.14 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Capitanian and followed by the Changhsingian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Early Triassic</span> First of three epochs of the Triassic Period

The Early Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and 247.2 Ma. Rocks from this epoch are collectively known as the Lower Triassic Series, which is a unit in chronostratigraphy. The Early Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic Era. It is preceded by the Lopingian Epoch and followed by the Middle Triassic Epoch. The Early Triassic is divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages. The Induan is subdivided into the Griesbachian and Dienerian subages and the Olenekian is subdivided into the Smithian and Spathian subages.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olenekian</span> Age in the Early Triassic epoch

In the geologic timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the Early Triassic epoch; in chronostratigraphy, it is a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251.2 Ma and 247.2 Ma. The Olenekian is sometimes divided into the Smithian and the Spathian subages or substages. The Olenekian follows the Induan and is followed by the Anisian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Induan</span> First age of the Early Triassic epoch

The Induan is the first age of the Early Triassic epoch in the geologic timescale, or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series in chronostratigraphy. It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and 251.2 Ma. The Induan is sometimes divided into the Griesbachian and the Dienerian subages or substages. The Induan is preceded by the Changhsingian and is followed by the Olenekian.

<i>Hindeodus</i> Species of fish (fossil)

Hindeodus is an extinct genus of conodonts in the family Anchignathodontidae. The generic name Hindeodus is a tribute to George Jennings Hinde, a British geologist and paleontologist from the 1800s and early 1900s. The suffix -odus typically describes the animal's teeth, essentially making Hindeodus mean Hinde-teeth.

<i>Daptocephalus</i> Assemblage Zone

The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone is a tetrapod assemblage zone or biozone found in the Adelaide Subgroup of the Beaufort Group, a majorly fossiliferous and geologically important geological Group of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. This biozone has outcrops located in the upper Teekloof Formation west of 24°E, the majority of the Balfour Formation east of 24°E, and the Normandien Formation in the north. It has numerous localities which are spread out from Colesberg in the Northern Cape, Graaff-Reniet to Mthatha in the Eastern Cape, and from Bloemfontein to Harrismith in the Free State. The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone is one of eight biozones found in the Beaufort Group and is considered Late Permian (Lopingian) in age. Its contact with the overlying Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone marks the Permian-Triassic boundary.

<i>Paratirolites</i> Genus of molluscs (fossil)

Paratirolites is a genus of latest Permian and earliest Triassic ceratites from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, China and Iran with distinct ribs, prominent ventro-lateral tubercles, and a broadly arched venter. The suture is ceratitic with a large ventral saddle. Ceratites are ammonoid cephalopods that lived during the Late Permian and Triassic.

The Wordie Creek Formation is an uppermost Permian and Lower Triassic geologic formation in Greenland, outcrops of which are located in Northeast Greenland National Park. In 2017, it was suggested to be raised to group status, as the Wordie Creek Group.

The Vikinghøgda Formation is a geologic formation in Svalbard, Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Early Triassic (Griesbachian-Spathian) period. It is split into three members, from oldest to youngest: the Deltadalen Member (Induan), Lusitaniadalen Member (Smithian), and Vendomdalen Member (Spathian). The formation can be found in central Spitsbergen, southern Spitsbergen, as well as the smaller islands of Barentsøya and Edgeøya. The type locality is positioned in the vicinity of Vikinghøgda and Sticky Keep, two low peaks along the southeast edge of Sassendalen in Spitsbergen. The two upper members of the Vikinghøgda Formation were previously grouped together as the Sticky Keep Formation.

The Werfen Formation is a geologic formation in the Southern Limestone Alps and Dinaric Alps of Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Italy. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.

Clarkina is an extinct genus of conodonts. It is considered to be an offshore, outer shelf or basinal, deep-water taxon.

Neogondolella is an extinct genus of conodonts. Neogondolella regalis was re-evaluated in 2018 by Martyn Lee Golding.

Vjalovognathus is an extinct genus of conodonts.

Conodonts are an extinct class of animals whose feeding apparatuses called teeth or elements are common microfossils found in strata dating from the Stage 10 of the Furongian, the fourth and final series of the Cambrian, to the Rhaetian stage of the Late Triassic. These elements can be used alternatively to or in correlation with other types of fossils in the subfield of the stratigraphy named biostratigraphy.

References

  1. ↑ "Chart/Time Scale". www.stratigraphy.org. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
  2. 1 2 3 Jin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Henderson, C.; Wardlaw, B.R.; Shen, S.; Cao, C. (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-07..
  3. ↑ Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  4. ↑ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Smith, A.G. (2004). A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press.
  5. ↑ Grabau, A.W. (1923). "Stratigraphy of China, Part 1: Palaeozoic and lower". Geological Survey of China . p. 529.
  6. ↑ Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F. (1970). "Permian ammonite Cyclolobus from the Salt Range, West Pakistan". In Kummel, B.; Teichert, G. (eds.). Stratigraphic boundary problems, Permian and Triassic of west Pakistan. Geological Department of Kansas University, Special Publication. Vol. 4. pp. 158–176.
  7. ↑ Furnish, W.M.; Glenister, B.F (1973). "Permian stages names". In Logan, A.; Hills, L.V. (eds.). The Permian and Triassic systems and their mutual boundary. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir. Vol. 2. pp. 522–548.
  8. 1 2 Kutygin R.V., Budnikov I.V., Biakov A.S., Davydov V.I., Kilyasov A.N., Silantiev V.V. (2019). "First findings of Otoceras (Ceratitida) in the Kobyuma zone of the Southern Verkhoyansk region, Northeastern Russia" (PDF). Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Estestvennye Nauki (in Russian). 161 (4): 550–570. doi:10.26907/2542-064X.2019.4.550-570. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 31, 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC   2596898 . PMID   18198148.
  10. ↑ Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews. 91 (1): 106–147. doi:10.1111/brv.12161. PMID   25431138. S2CID   5332637.
  11. ↑ Hampe, Oliver; Hairapetian, Vachik; Dorka, Markus; Witzmann, Florian; Akbari, Amir M.; Korn, Dieter (2013). "A first Late Permian fish fauna from Baghuk Mountain (Neo-Tethyan shelf, central Iran)". Bulletin of Geosciences. 88 (1): 1–20. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1357 . ISSN   1214-1119.
  12. ↑ Lina Wang; Paul B. Wignall; Yadong Sun; Chunbo Yan; Zaitian Zhang; Xulong Lai (2017). "New Permian-Triassic conodont data from Selong (Tibet) and the youngest occurrence of Vjalovognathus" (PDF). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 146: 152–167. Bibcode:2017JAESc.146..152W. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.05.014.
  13. ↑ Thompson, Jeffrey R.; Posenato, Renato; Bottjer, David J.; Petsios, Elizabeth (2019). "Echinoids from the Tesero Member (Werfen Formation) of the Dolomites (Italy): implications for extinction and survival of echinoids in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction". PeerJ. 7: e7361. doi: 10.7717/peerj.7361 . PMC   6718154 . PMID   31531267.
  14. ↑ Korn, Dieter; Ghaderi, Abbas; Leda, Lucyna; Schobben, Martin; Ashouri, Ali Reza (2015). "The ammonoids from the Late Permian Paratirolites Limestone of Julfa (East Azerbaijan, Iran)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 14 (10): 841–890. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1119211. S2CID   130932875.
  15. ↑ Prinoth, Herwig; Posenato, Renato (2023). "Bivalves from the Changhsingian (upper Permian) Bellerophon Formation of the Dolomites (Italy): ancestors of Lower Triassic post-extinction benthic communities". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (2): e1486. doi: 10.1002/spp2.1486 . hdl: 11392/2508931 .
  16. ↑ Stache, G. (1877). "Beiträge zur Fauna der Bellerphonkalke Südtirols 1, Cephalopoden und Gastropoden" (PDF). Jahrbuch der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Geologischen Reichsanstalt (in German). 27 (3). Wien: 272–318.
  17. ↑ Poschmann, Markus J.; Rozefelds, Andrew (2022-10-03). "The last eurypterid – a southern high-latitude record of sweep-feeding sea scorpion from Australia constrains the timing of their extinction". Historical Biology. 34 (10): 2020–2030. doi:10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033. ISSN   0891-2963.
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