Chemical finishing of textiles

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Fluorine-containing durable water repellent makes a fabric water-resistant. A water droplet DWR-coated surface2 edit1.jpg
Fluorine-containing durable water repellent makes a fabric water-resistant.

Chemical finishing of textiles refers to the process of applying and treating textiles with a variety of chemicals in order to achieve desired functional and aesthetic properties. Chemical finishing of textiles is a part of the textile finishing process where the emphasis is on chemical substances instead of mechanical finishing. [1] [2] Chemical finishing in textiles also known as wet finishing.[ citation needed ] Chemical finishing adds properties to the treated textiles. Softening of textiles, durable water repellancy and wrinkle free fabric finishes are examples of chemical finishing. [1] [2] [3]

Contents

Finish

Textile finishing is the process of converting the loom state or raw goods into a useful product, which can be done mechanically or chemically. Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next. Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel, aesthetic enhancement, and adding advanced chemical finishes. [4] A finish is any process that transforms unfinished products into finished products. [5] This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles (fiber, yarn or fabric.)

Mechanical finishes

Mechanical finish refers to machine finishes such as embossing, heat setting, Sanforizing, shearing, luster imparting, surface finishes, and glaze finishes. [6] [7]

Mechanical finishes [7]
Raised surface finishesLuster impartingGlaze and design
Gigging Calendering Embossing
Napping Beetling Moire
Sueding
Flocking

Chemical finishes

Chemical finishes are chemicals that may alter the properties of the treated fabrics. [1] Finishes may vary from aesthetic to special purposes. [2] Examples of chemical finishes are:

Purpose

Finishing makes the textiles attractive and more useful. [11] The finishing process adds essential properties to the treated textiles and enhances the serviceability of the products.

Serviceability in textiles includes aesthetics, comfort, durability, care and protection attributes. [12] : 21 

Performance chemical finishes

"Special purpose finishes" or ''performance finishes'' improve the performance of textiles for a specific end-use. [13] : 301  Performance finishes are not a new concept; oilcloth is the first known coated fabric. Boiled linseed oil is used to make oilcloth. Boiled oils have been used from the year 200 AD. [14] Performance finishing contributes to a variety of areas. The following are some examples of special-purpose finishes:

Application

Chemical finishes can be applied in three different ways: exhaust applications, coating, and padding.

Coating

The coating is an application of chemical substances on the surface of fabric that is to be made functional or decorative. [24] Coating is attained by applying a thin layer of a functional chemical, compound, or polymer on the substrate's surface. Coatings use less material than other types of applications, such as exhaust or padding. [25]

Nanomaterials

Advances in chemical finishes include application of nanomaterials. [26]

Chemical hazards

Certain chemical finishes contain potential hazards to health and the environment. Perfluorinated acids are considered to be hazardous to human health by the US Environmental Protection Agency. [27]

Name of the substanceAdvantage in textile productsAssociated health risks and environmental impactsReferences
Perfluorooctanoic acid ( PFOA), Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Hydrophobic effect Endocrine disruptor [28] [29]
Fluorocarbon (PFC)Hydrophobic effectMay cause respiratory illness [30]
Bromine Brominated flame retardant Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances may cause neurobehavioral disorders and endocrine disruption [31]
Silver, silver nanoparticle Antimicrobial resistance Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles and toxic effects on human health [32] [33]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Textile</span> Various fiber-based materials

Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics. However, weaving is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. Knitting and non-woven are other popular types of fabric manufacturing. In the contemporary world, textiles satisfy the material needs for versatile applications, from simple daily clothing to bulletproof jackets, spacesuits, and doctor's gowns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flocking (texture)</span> Artistic technique

Flocking is the process of depositing many small fiber particles onto a surface. It can also refer to the texture produced by the process, or to any material used primarily for its flocked surface. Flocking of an article can be performed for the purpose of increasing its value. It can also be performed for functional reasons including insulation, slip-or-grip friction, retention of a liquid film, and low reflectivity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultrahydrophobicity</span> Material property of extreme resistance to wetting

In chemistry and materials science, ultrahydrophobic surfaces are highly hydrophobic, i.e., extremely difficult to wet. The contact angles of a water droplet on an ultrahydrophobic material exceed 150°. This is also referred to as the lotus effect, after the superhydrophobic leaves of the lotus plant. A droplet striking these kinds of surfaces can fully rebound like an elastic ball. Interactions of bouncing drops can be further reduced using special superhydrophobic surfaces that promote symmetry breaking, pancake bouncing or waterbowl bouncing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanofabrics</span> Textiles engineered with small particles that give ordinary materials advantageous properties

Nanofabrics are textiles engineered with small particles that give ordinary materials advantageous properties such as superhydrophobicity, odor and moisture elimination, increased elasticity and strength, and bacterial resistance. Depending on the desired property, a nanofabric is either constructed from nanoscopic fibers called nanofibers, or is formed by applying a solution containing nanoparticles to a regular fabric. Nanofabrics research is an interdisciplinary effort involving bioengineering, molecular chemistry, physics, electrical engineering, computer science, and systems engineering. Applications of nanofabrics have the potential to revolutionize textile manufacturing and areas of medicine such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Technical textile</span> Textile product valued for its functional characteristics

"Technical textile" refers to a category of textiles specifically engineered and manufactured to serve functional purposes beyond traditional apparel and home furnishing applications. These textiles are designed with specific performance characteristics and properties, making them suitable for various industrial, medical, automotive, aerospace, and other technical applications. Unlike conventional textiles used for clothing or decoration, technical textiles are optimized to offer qualities such as strength, durability, flame resistance, chemical resistance, moisture management, and other specialized functionalities to meet the specific needs of diverse industries and sectors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Finishing (textiles)</span> Manufacturing process

In textile manufacturing, finishing refers to the processes that convert the woven or knitted cloth into a usable material and more specifically to any process performed after dyeing the yarn or fabric to improve the look, performance, or "hand" (feel) of the finish textile or clothing. The precise meaning depends on context.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pill (textile)</span> Small ball of fibres adhering to the surface of a textile

A pill, colloquially known as a bobble, fuzzball, or lint ball, is a small ball of fibers that forms on a piece of cloth. Pill is also a verb for the formation of such balls.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanocellulose</span> Material composed of nanosized cellulose fibrils

Nanocellulose is a term referring to nano-structured cellulose. This may be either cellulose nanocrystal, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) also called nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), or bacterial nanocellulose, which refers to nano-structured cellulose produced by bacteria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Superhydrophobic coating</span> Water-repellant coating

A superhydrophobic coating is a thin surface layer that repels water. It is made from superhydrophobic (ultrahydrophobicity) materials. Droplets hitting this kind of coating can fully rebound. Generally speaking, superhydrophobic coatings are made from composite materials where one component provides the roughness and the other provides low surface energy.

Green textiles are fabrics or fibres produced to replace environmentally harmful textiles and minimise the ecological impact. Green textiles are part of the sustainable fashion and eco-friendly trends, providing alternatives to the otherwise pollution-heavy products of conventional textile industry, which is deemed the most ecologically damaging industry.

Wrinkle-resistant or permanent press or durable press is a finishing method for textiles that avoids creases and wrinkles and provides a better appearance for the articles. Most cellulosic fabrics and blends of cellulosic rich fabrics tend to crease or wrinkle. A durable press finish makes them dimensionally stable and crease free. The finishing includes chemical finishing as well as mechanical finishing. Wrinkle-resistant finishes were developed in the early 20th century, as a way to deal with fabrics derived from cotton, rayon, and linen, which were found to wrinkle easily and retain the wrinkles. These treatments have a lasting effect on the fabric. Synthetics like polyester, nylon, acrylic and olefin, have a natural resistance to wrinkles and a greater stability since they do not absorb water as efficiently.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stenter</span> Machine used in textile finishing

A stenter is a machine used in textile finishing. It serves multiple purposes, including heat setting, drying, and applying various chemical treatments. This may be achieved through the use of certain attachments such as padding or coating.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greige goods</span> Woven or knitted fabrics which are not yet dyed or finished.

Greige goods are loom state woven fabrics, or unprocessed knitted fabrics. Greige goods undergo many subsequent processes, for instance, dyeing, printing, bleaching, and finishing, prior to further converting to finished goods such as clothing, or other textile products. "Grey fabrics" is another term to refer to unfinished woven or knitted fabrics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hand feel</span> Feel of the fabrics to the skin or hand

Hand feel is the property of fabrics related to the touch that expresses sensory comfort. It refers to the way fabrics feel against the skin or in the hand and conveys information about the cloth's softness and smoothness. Hand feel is an estimated and subjective property of different fabrics, but nowadays, hand feel could be measured and assessed statistically.

Moisture management or moisture-wicking is a functional property in textiles that enables them to transfer moisture from the skin, by capillary action through the fabric, spreading it over a large external surface area, which helps in drying quickly. The property is one of the most important for thermal comfort of textiles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Textile performance</span> Fitness for purpose of textiles

Textile performance, also known as fitness for purpose, is a textile's capacity to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards, qualifying it for particular uses. The performance of textile products influences their appearance, comfort, durability, and protection. Different textile applications require a different set of performance parameters. As a result, the specifications determine the level of performance of a textile product. Textile testing certifies the product's conformity to buying specification. It describes product manufactured for non-aesthetic purposes, where fitness for purpose is the primary criterion. Engineering of high-performance fabrics presents a unique set of challenges.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coated fabrics</span> Fabrics that go through a process of coating

Coated fabrics are those that have undergone a coating procedure to become more functional and hold the added properties, such as cotton fabrics becoming impermeable or waterproof. Coated textiles are used in a variety of applications, including blackout curtains and the development of waterproof fabrics for raincoats.

A blend is a mixture of two or more fibers. In yarn spinning, different compositions, lengths, diameters, or colors may be combined to create a blend. Blended textiles are fabrics or yarns produced with a combination of two or more types of different fibers, or yarns to obtain desired traits and aesthetics. Blending is possible at various stages of textile manufacturing. The term, blend, refers to spun fibers or a fabric composed of such fibers. There are several synonymous terms: a combination yarn is made up of two strands of different fibers twisted together to form a ply; a mixture or mixed cloth refers to blended cloths in which different types of yarns are used in warp and weft sides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aesthetics (textile)</span> Concept of serviceability of textiles

Aesthetics in textiles is one of the basic concepts of serviceability of textiles. It is determined by the perception of touch and sight. Aesthetics imply the appearance and attraction of textile products; it includes the color and texture of the material. It is a statement about the end user (consumer) and the target market. When combined with fabric construction, the finish of the clothing material, garment fit, style, and fashion compatibility, colours create an aesthetic comfort. All of these elements work together to satisfy our visual perception. Aesthetics incorporates the role of evaluation also.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medical textiles</span> Textiles for medical and healthcare use

Medical textiles are various fiber-based materials intended for medical purposes. Medical textile is a sector of technical textiles that focuses on fiber-based products used in health care applications such as prevention, care, and hygiene. The spectrum of applications of medical textiles ranges from simple cotton bandages to advanced tissue engineering. Common examples of products made from medical textiles include dressings, implants, surgical sutures, certain medical devices, healthcare textiles, diapers, menstrual pads, wipes, and barrier fabrics.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (2004-08-10). Chemical Finishing of Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 1–20. ISBN   978-1-84569-037-3.
  2. 1 2 3 Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. pp. 285, 300–316. ISBN   978-0-13-494592-7.
  3. 1 2 Roy Choudhury, Asim Kumar (2017-01-01). "Softening". Principles of Textile Finishing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 109–148. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-100646-7.00006-0. ISBN   978-0-08-100646-7.
  4. ↑ Choudhury, Asim Kumar Roy (2017-04-29). Principles of Textile Finishing. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 1–10. ISBN   978-0-08-100661-0.
  5. ↑ Hollen, Norma R.; Hollen, Norma R. Textiles (1988). Textiles. Internet Archive. New York : Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN   978-0-02-367530-0.
  6. ↑ Schindler, W. D.; Hauser, P. J. (2004-08-10). Chemical Finishing of Textiles. Elsevier. pp. 1, 2. ISBN   978-1-84569-037-3.
  7. 1 2 Joseph, Marjory L. (1992). Joseph's introductory textile science. Internet Archive. Fort Worth : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers. pp. 337, 338, 339, 340. ISBN   978-0-03-050723-6.
  8. ↑ Nystrom, Paul Henry (1916). Textiles. D. Appleton. p. 228.
  9. ↑ Tortora, Phyllis G.; Johnson, Ingrid (2013-09-17). The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. A&C Black. p. 465. ISBN   978-1-60901-535-0.
  10. ↑ Kolanjikombil, Mathews (2019). Pretreatment of Textile Substrates. Woodhead Publishing India. pp. 116, 117. ISBN   978-93-85059-99-5.
  11. ↑ Agricultural Leaders' Digest. American Agricultural Services. 1940. p. 32.
  12. ↑ Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. ISBN   978-0-13-494592-7.
  13. ↑ Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). Textiles. Internet Archive. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Merrill. ISBN   978-0-13-494592-7.
  14. ↑ "MoreInfo-Staining and Finishing for Muzzeloading Gun Builders - Methods and Materials 1750-1850". 2013-05-30. Archived from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  15. ↑ Lacasse, K. (Katia); Baumann, W. (Werner) (2004). Textile chemicals [electronic resource] : environmental data and facts. Berlin ; New York : Springer. pp. 425, 426. ISBN   978-3-642-18898-5.
  16. ↑ handbook_of_technical_textile_. pp. 164–167.
  17. ↑ Williams, John T. (2017-11-21). Waterproof and Water Repellent Textiles and Clothing. Woodhead Publishing. p. 165. ISBN   978-0-08-101134-8.
  18. ↑ "Creating 'greener' wrinkle-resistant cotton fabric". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
  19. ↑ "Lasers help create water-repelling, light-absorbing, self-cleaning metals". New Atlas. 2015-01-21. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  20. ↑ Karim1, Nazmul1; Afroj, Shaila; Lloyd, Kate; Oaten, Laura Clarke; Andreeva, Daria V.; Carr, Chris; Farmery, Andrew D.; Kim, Il-Doo; Novoselov, Kostya S. (2020). "Sustainable Personal Protective Clothing for Healthcare Applications: A Review". ACS Nano. 14 (10): 12313–12340. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c05537. ISSN   1936-0851. PMC   7518242 . PMID   32866368.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Dehghani, Mohammad Hadi; Karri, Rama; Roy, Sharmili (2021-06-26). Environmental and Health Management of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Academic Press. p. 200. ISBN   978-0-323-90924-2.
  22. ↑ Galante, Anthony J.; Haghanifar, Sajad; Romanowski, Eric G.; Shanks, Robert M. Q.; Leu, Paul W. (2020-05-13). "Superhemophobic and Antivirofouling Coating for Mechanically Durable and Wash-Stable Medical Textiles". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 12 (19): 22120–22128. doi:10.1021/acsami.9b23058. ISSN   1944-8244. PMID   32320200. S2CID   216084757.
  23. ↑ Fung, W. (2002-05-23). Coated and Laminated Textiles. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 9, 247. ISBN   978-1-85573-576-7.
  24. ↑ "Surface coating | chemistry". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  25. ↑ "Using Liquid Finishes to Create Nanofabrics". www.asme.org. Retrieved 2021-08-08.
  26. ↑ Shahid, Mohammad; Adivarekar, Ravindra (2020-06-10). Advances in Functional Finishing of Textiles. Springer Nature. p. 43. ISBN   978-981-15-3669-4.
  27. ↑ US EPA, OCSPP (2015-04-29). "Chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)". www.epa.gov. Retrieved 2021-07-24.
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  30. ↑ Hays, Hannah L.; Mathew, Dana; Chapman, Jennifer (2021), "Fluorides and Fluorocarbons Toxicity", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   28613550, archived from the original on 2021-08-11, retrieved 2021-07-01
  31. ↑ "Brominated Flame retardants in the Environment" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  32. ↑ Ermini, Maria Laura; Voliani, Valerio (2021-04-27). "Antimicrobial Nano-Agents: The Copper Age". ACS Nano. 15 (4): 6008–6029. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c10756. ISSN   1936-0851. PMC   8155324 . PMID   33792292.
  33. ↑ AshaRani, P. V.; Low Kah Mun, Grace; Hande, Manoor Prakash; Valiyaveettil, Suresh (2009-02-24). "Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Cells". ACS Nano. 3 (2): 279–290. doi:10.1021/nn800596w. ISSN   1936-0851. PMID   19236062.
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