 | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Child abuse in China is not clearly defined by the Chinese legal code.
| This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
Child abuse in China is not clearly defined by the Chinese legal code.
The law of the People's Republic of China on the protection of minors (Chinese :未成年人保护法) and the criminal law of China (Chinese :刑法) do not address the subject of child abuse. [1] [ needs update? ] Article 49 of the current Chinese constitution, however, forbids the physical abuse of elderly people, women, and children. [2] According to Wang Shengjun, former president of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China, China does not have a specific law enforced to protect the welfare of children. Statutes concerning this offense are present, but they lack a systematic codification. [3] There are more than 30 organizations within the Chinese government in which child protection is referenced, but none of them is specifically established to tackle child abuse. [4]
In 2019, China announced plans to build a national database of sex offenders against minors. [5] It also issued new guidelines for educators, and those found sexually harassing students may face a lifetime ban from teaching. [6] In 2021, China announced a mandatory reporting system to improve prosecution of such crimes. [7]
Currently, a large number of child abuse incidents in China have not been adjudicated. Punishments have been lenient, such as 5-day detentions for the offenders in many cases. The detention is executed according to the public security administration penal code (Chinese :治安管理处罚法) which does not have the regulatory authority to enforce the protection of children. Article 45 of the aforementioned law refers to the detention of abusers of family members who are requested to be prosecuted by their family members. [3]
To understand the context of legal protection for children, it is important to examine China’s traditional values. Confucianism has a large impact on Chinese values surrounding the family and the state (331). Confucians believe loyalty to one's family is above being loyal to their nation. Good family units would lead to the nation’s prospering as a whole. This means that, in traditional Chinese culture, family is the backbone of the state. “The root of the State is in the family. The root of the family is in the person of its Head, which explicitly shows that the relationship network, within the State, is built on family ties, and that social ethics is built on the ethics of individual families.” (Zhao 331)
With these traditional beliefs in mind, it is difficult for China as a nation to create laws surrounding the protection of children at home. Confucianism makes it clear that it is the parent's responsibility to decide how they want to raise and discipline their children. It would seem inappropriate for the government to decide what behavior constitutes separating a child from their parents, especially since family is arguably the biggest priority in Chinese society. This makes it extremely difficult to set up any type of child protective service, especially when, according to Zhao, China only sees a select group as needing aid. “Anyone with a family was thought to have his/her basic life needs satisfied and only the homeless and those from poverty-stricken families would be identified as needing social services” (Zhao 331).
According to these beliefs, children in a family that is not impoverished do not need assistance. This means that any child who has a well-off family, but is a victim of abuse, will likely not be rescued or even helped by social services. Unfortunately, according to Xu, there is a large percentage of children under the age of 18 who are victims of neglect and abuse. Xu explains that, out of the 400 million children in China, “26.6% of Chinese children have suffered physical abuse, 19.6% emotional abuse, 8.7% sexual abuse, and 26% neglect” (107). That is a horrific number of children suffering. Some of them are likely impoverished and orphaned, but there is strong reason to believe that some live in well-off families.
Even when the majority of people treat their children with love and care, there will always be those who would hurt their son or daughter. Not stepping in has left millions of children susceptible to maltreatment. In regards to traditional Chinese beliefs, some would argue that these are values no longer evident when it comes to new generations. They may claim that because values in China are changing, Confucianism should no longer get in the way of child protective laws. However, Zhao explains that “most young couples are willing to live with their aging parents or parents-in-law… ignoring economic constraints” (331). This strongly implies that young people still highly value their family units.
Instead of seeking to create a life for themselves, couples choose to take care of their parents and grandparents even though it is a financial burden. This strongly implies that younger generations still hold the traditional belief that family comes before anything else. Alternatively, there is a group of children whose circumstances leave them vulnerable in a specific different way.
According to Yu, the “Reform and Opening Up" policy that has been in effect for the past 30 or so years has made cities in China flourish. Yet, poverty is still prevalent in rural areas. “To help families get rid of adverse circumstances, many young adults leave rural residences for cities in pursuit of better salaries, leaving their children at home” (Yu 2). Yu goes on to expand that, because of this encouragement, there has been a group of left-behind children (LBC) in rural China (2). Parents will travel to the city out of a desperate need to provide for their families. This is a noble cause but unfortunately, the pains of having little to no contact with one's parents leave a child especially vulnerable to mental health issues (Tian 6). Tian states that “the number of LBCs had climbed to a staggering 61 million, accounting for 37.7% of the rural children and 21.9% of the total Chinese children” (1). That is an enormous amount of children who are without one or both of their parents.
This is a problem because, according to Tian, children with little to no parental support are more likely to participate in, or experience, self-harm (SH), depression, and suicidal thoughts or attempts. He states that “children with less perceived family support had higher incidence and severer SH behaviors” (6). This is a huge concern. With their parents gone, LBCs are far more likely to exhibit such behaviors. “Existing studies highlight the importance of SH in suicide, as it has been estimated that approximately 50–60% of suicidal deaths were coupled with a history of SH, and SH adolescents reported a threefold risk of suicidal ideation (SI) compared with their non-SH counterparts” (Tian 2). Protecting children does not only mean protecting them from others' harm, but preventing them from harming themselves. LBC are at a heightened risk of depression, SH, and suicidal thoughts.
According to Wan, “boys in rural China have a higher rate of abuse compared to girls as a whole, while girls are at a higher risk of experiencing neglect” (1076). It would seem that boys and girls tend to suffer in different ways. Wan goes on to explain that this is due to gender roles in a Confucian society. “Rural boys are expected to take more responsibility for family prosperity in Confucian society, whereas it is thought that most girls will leave home after they are married, so higher expectations tend to cause more physical or verbal punishment for boys” (Wan 1076).
In this culture, the parents' livelihood seems to depend on their son’s ability to take care of them when they can no longer work. The unfortunate side effect of this is that a selfish or aggressive parent will lash out at his or her son if he does not fall in line. When it comes to the reasons why girls seem to be affected more by neglect than other types of abuse, the answer is more complicated. The simplest answer that Wan provides is that “ emotional neglect may come not only from girls’ characteristics of being sensitive, fragile, and precocious but also from the insufficient attention and limited resources they receive from their families… Confucian culture regards tolerance and understanding as virtues inherent to women, which will also reduce girls’ willingness to externalize their pressure and strengthen their feelings of loneliness” (1076). Girls are meant to be understanding, patient, and tolerant. Neglectful households seem to overlook a young girl, and it would seem inappropriate to make her needs known.
After several violent cases were brought to light, continual backlash from both the general public and netizens caused the courts in late 2018 to toughen sentences for offenders. [8] [9]
Due to a lack of awareness and sexual education, some juveniles do not realize that they have been sexually abused. [10]
Between 2010 and 2013, there were 7,963 cases of obscene behavior involving minors nationwide. Prosecutors were able to charge 255 individuals with sexually abusing girls. [10]
In 2019, China announced a series of efforts, including a national database of offenders and potential lifetime bans from teaching, to tackle sex crimes against children. [5] [6]
In 2020, over 80 former students came out against a teacher and later administrator at an international school in Sichuan for sexually harassing them, leading to his arrest. [11] [12] A case involving a businessman who had allegedly sexually assaulted his foster daughter raised calls for a more clearly defined age of consent. [7]
From 2018 to 2022, 290,000 individuals were charged with crimes against minors, of which 131,000 were prosecuted for sexual offenses such as rape and child molestation. 41% of those prosecuted were given a prison sentence longer than three years, 23.9% higher than that for criminals overall. In addition, 700 people who failed to report crimes against minors were punished. [7]
2,503 centers have been set up in China to handle sexual abuse cases against minors. [7]
{{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
Sexual behaviors in children are common and may range from normal and developmentally appropriate to abusive. These behaviors may include self-stimulation, interest in sex, curiosity towards sex and the opposite gender, exhibitionism, voyeurism, gender role behaviors and engagement in interpersonal sexual acts.
Physical abuse is any intentional act causing injury or trauma to another person or animal by way of bodily contact. In most cases, children are the victims of physical abuse, but adults can also be victims, as in cases of domestic violence or workplace aggression. Alternative terms sometimes used include physical assault or physical violence, and may also include sexual abuse. Physical abuse may involve more than one abuser, and more than one victim.
A runaway is a minor or a person under a specified age who has left their parents or legal guardians without permission.
A form of child abuse, child neglect is an act of caregivers that results in depriving a child of their basic needs, such as the failure to provide adequate supervision, health care, clothing, or housing, as well as other physical, emotional, social, educational, and safety needs. All societies have established that there are necessary behaviours a caregiver must provide for a child to develop physically, socially, and emotionally. Causes of neglect may result from several parenting problems including mental disorders, unplanned pregnancy, substance use disorder, unemployment, over employment, domestic violence, and, in special cases, poverty.
Sexual grooming is the action or behavior used to establish an emotional connection with a minor, and sometimes the child's family, to lower the child's inhibitions with the objective of sexual abuse. It can occur in various settings, including online, in person, and through other means of communication. Children who are groomed may experience mental health issues, including "anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, and suicidal thoughts."
Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) defines the “umbrella” of crimes and activities that involve inflicting sexual abuse on to a child as a financial or personal opportunity. Commercial Sexual Exploitation consists of forcing a child into prostitution, sex trafficking, early marriage, child sex tourism and any other venture of exploiting children into sexual activities. According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, the lack of reporting the crime and “the difficulties associated with identifying and measuring victims and perpetrators” has made it almost impossible to create a national estimate of the prevalence of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in the United States. There is an estimated one million children that are exploited for commercial sex globally; of the one million children that are exploited, the majority are girls.
Child abuse is physical, sexual, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child, especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual or potential wrongful harm to a child and can occur in a child's home, or in organizations, schools, or communities the child interacts with.
Child protection is the safeguarding of children from violence, exploitation, abuse, and neglect. It involves identifying signs of potential harm. This includes responding to allegations or suspicions of abuse, providing support and services to protect children, and holding those who have harmed them accountable.
In the United States and Canada, a mandated reporter is a person who is legally required to report to Child Protective Services if they observe or suspect abuse or neglect in children. Mandatory reporting laws generally apply to professionals who come into contact with children while in other places, it applies to all adults regardless of profession. If a mandated reporter fails to report, they may incur civil penalties, criminal prosecution, or both.
Child protective services (CPS) is the name of an agency in many U.S. states responsible for providing child protection, which includes responding to reports of child abuse or neglect. Some states use other names, often attempting to reflect more family-centered practices, such as department of children and family services (DCFS). CPS is also sometimes known by the name of department of social services, though these terms more often have a broader meaning.
Sexual abuse or sex abuse, also referred to as molestation, is abusive sexual behavior by one person upon another. It is often perpetrated using force or by taking advantage of another. Molestation often refers to an instance of sexual assault against a small child, whereas sexual abuse is a term used for a persistent pattern of sexual assaults.
Sibling abuse includes the physical, psychological, or sexual abuse of one sibling by another. More often than not, the younger sibling is abused by the older sibling. Sibling abuse is the most common of family violence in the US, but the least reported. As opposed to sibling rivalry, sibling abuse is characterized by the one-sided treatment of one sibling to another.
Laws against child sexual abuse vary by country based on the local definition of who a child is and what constitutes child sexual abuse. Most countries in the world employ some form of age of consent, with sexual contact with an underage person being criminally penalized. As the age of consent to sexual behaviour varies from country to country, so too do definitions of child sexual abuse. An adult's sexual intercourse with a minor below the legal age of consent may sometimes be referred to as statutory rape, based on the principle that any apparent consent by a minor could not be considered legal consent.
Child sexual abuse (CSA), also called child molestation, is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent uses a child for sexual stimulation. Forms of child sexual abuse include engaging in sexual activities with a child, indecent exposure, child grooming, and child sexual exploitation, such as using a child to produce child pornography.
Child sexual abuse laws in the United States have been enacted as part of the nation's child protection policies.
In many parts of the world, mandated reporters are people who have regular contact with vulnerable people such as children, disabled persons, and senior citizens, and are therefore legally required to ensure a report is made when abuse is observed or suspected. Specific details vary across jurisdictions—the abuse that must be reported may include neglect, or financial, physical, sexual, or other types of abuse. Mandated reporters may include paid or unpaid people who have assumed full or intermittent responsibility for the care of a child, dependent adult, or elder.
Out-of-home placements are an alternative form of care when children must be removed from their homes. Children who are placed out of the home differ in the types and severity of maltreatment experienced compared to children who remain in the home. One-half to two-thirds of youth have experienced a traumatic event leading to increased awareness and growing literature on the impact of trauma on youth. The most common reasons for out-of-home placements are due to physical or sexual abuse, violence, and neglect. Youth who are at risk in their own homes for abuse, neglect, or maltreatment, as well as youth with severe emotional and behavior issues, are placed out of the home with extended family and friends, foster care, or in residential facilities. Out-of-home placements aim to provide children with safety and stability. This temporary, safe environment allows youth to have their physical, mental, moral, and social needs met. However, these youth are in a vulnerable position for experiencing repeated abuse and neglect.
Barbara L. Bonner is a clinical psychologist and expert on juvenile sex offenders. She is known for her research on the assessment and treatment of abused children, prevention of child fatalities due to neglect, and treatment of children and adolescents with problematic sexual behavior. Bonner is the CMRI/Jean Gumerson Endowed Chair and Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Oklahoma College of Medicine. She serves as the Director of the Child Abuse and Neglect at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
Maureen Christina Kenny Winick is an American psychologist. She is a Full Professor in the Department of Psychology at Florida International University. Kenny's work has focused on examining mandatory reporters, such as teachers, compliance with their ethical and legal obligation to report suspected child maltreatment.
A juvenile sex crime is defined as a legally proscribed sexual crime committed without consent by a minor under the age of 18. The act involves coercion, manipulation, a power imbalance between the perpetrator and victim, and threats of violence. The sexual offenses that fall under juvenile sex crimes range from non-contact to penetration. The severity of the sexual assault in the crime committed is often the amount of trauma and/or injuries the victim has suffered. Typically within these crimes, female children are the majority demographic of those targeted and the majority of offenders are male. Juvenile sex offenders are different than adult sex offenders in a few ways, as captured by National Incident Based Reporting System: they are more likely to be committed in school, offend in groups and against acquaintances, target young children as victims, and to have a male victim, whereas they are less likely than their adult counterpart to commit rape.