Chloroanion

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Chloroanion
Identifiers
ChEBI
Related compounds
Other anions
Fluoroanion, Oxoanion
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

A chloroanion is an anion that contains an element and chlorine atoms. They are also known as complex chlorides. They can occur in salts, or in solution, but not as pure acids. They mostly can be considered as chlorometallates [1] which are a subclass of halometallates.

The maximum number of chlorido- ligands around a central atom may not be as many as for fluoroanions, as the chlorine atom is bigger than the fluorine. [2] Some chloroanions are dimeric, where there is a bond between a pair of metal atoms, or some of the chloro ligands are in a bridge position, connected to two atoms. [3]

Some chloroanions are stable in a solution in water, whereas others are decomposed. They may be stable in a molten salt, such as an ionic liquid. [4] In the solid form some are only stable with large cations, as when there are small cations they may form two separate chloride salt phases.

Chloroanions include many transition metal chloride complexes, but there are also chloroanions for main-group elements, including some non-metals.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ionic bonding</span> Chemical bonding involving attraction between ions

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding, along with covalent bonding and metallic bonding. Ions are atoms with an electrostatic charge. Atoms that gain electrons make negatively charged ions. Atoms that lose electrons make positively charged ions. This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH+
4 or SO2−
4. In simpler words, an ionic bond results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms.

In chemistry, a salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, which results in a compound with no net electric charge. A common example is table salt, with positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions.

In chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic. It describes the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state may be positive, negative or zero. While fully ionic bonds are not found in nature, many bonds exhibit strong ionicity, making oxidation state a useful predictor of charge.

The term chloride refers either to a chloride ion, which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a single bond. Many inorganic chlorides are salts. Many organic compounds are chlorides. The pronunciation of the word "chloride" is.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron(III)</span> The element iron in its +3 oxidation state

In chemistry, iron(III) refers to the element iron in its +3 oxidation state. In ionic compounds (salts), such an atom may occur as a separate cation (positive ion) denoted by Fe3+.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lead(II) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) is an inorganic compound which is a white solid under ambient conditions. It is poorly soluble in water. Lead(II) chloride is one of the most important lead-based reagents. It also occurs naturally in the form of the mineral cotunnite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manganese(II) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Manganese(II) chloride is the dichloride salt of manganese, MnCl2. This inorganic chemical exists in the anhydrous form, as well as the dihydrate (MnCl2·2H2O) and tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O), with the tetrahydrate being the most common form. Like many Mn(II) species, these salts are pink, with the paleness of the color being characteristic of transition metal complexes with high spin d5 configurations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chromium(III) chloride</span> Chemical compound

Chromium(III) chloride (also called chromic chloride) is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula CrCl3. It forms several hydrates with the formula CrCl3·nH2O, among which are hydrates where n can be 5 (chromium(III) chloride pentahydrate CrCl3·5H2O) or 6 (chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate CrCl3·6H2O). The anhydrous compound with the formula CrCl3 are violet crystals, while the most common form of the chromium(III) chloride are the dark green crystals of hexahydrate, CrCl3·6H2O. Chromium chlorides find use as catalysts and as precursors to dyes for wool.

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Scandium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula ScCl3. It is a white, high-melting ionic compound, which is deliquescent and highly water-soluble. This salt is mainly of interest in the research laboratory. Both the anhydrous form and hexahydrate (ScCl3•6H2O) are commercially available.

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There are three sets of gallium halides, the trihalides where gallium has oxidation state +3, the intermediate halides containing gallium in oxidation states +1, +2 and +3 and some unstable monohalides, where gallium has oxidation state +1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion</span> Particle, atom or molecule with a net electrical charge

An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge of an ion is not zero because its total number of electrons is unequal to its total number of protons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metal halides</span>

Metal halides are compounds between metals and halogens. Some, such as sodium chloride are ionic, while others are covalently bonded. A few metal halides are discrete molecules, such as uranium hexafluoride, but most adopt polymeric structures, such as palladium chloride.

In chemistry, molecular oxohalides (oxyhalides) are a group of chemical compounds in which both oxygen and halogen atoms are attached to another chemical element A in a single molecule. They have the general formula AOmXn, where X is a halogen. Known oxohalides have fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and/or iodine (I) in their molecules. The element A may be a main group element, a transition element, a rare earth element or an actinide. The term oxohalide, or oxyhalide, may also refer to minerals and other crystalline substances with the same overall chemical formula, but having an ionic structure.

Potassium octachlorodirhenate(III) is an inorganic compound with the formula K2Re2Cl8. This dark blue salt is well known as an early example of a compound featuring quadruple bond between its metal centers. Although the compound has no practical value, its characterization was significant in opening a new field of research into complexes with quadruple bonds.

Cobalt(III) chloride or cobaltic chloride is an unstable and elusive compound of cobalt and chlorine with formula CoCl
3. In this compound, the cobalt atoms have a formal charge of +3.

Manganese(III) chloride is the hypothetical inorganic compound with the formula MnCl3.

Gallium compounds are compounds containing the element gallium. These compounds are found primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The +1 oxidation state is also found in some compounds, although it is less common than it is for gallium's heavier congeners indium and thallium. For example, the very stable GaCl2 contains both gallium(I) and gallium(III) and can be formulated as GaIGaIIICl4; in contrast, the monochloride is unstable above 0 °C, disproportionating into elemental gallium and gallium(III) chloride. Compounds containing Ga–Ga bonds are true gallium(II) compounds, such as GaS (which can be formulated as Ga24+(S2−)2) and the dioxan complex Ga2Cl4(C4H8O2)2. There are also compounds of gallium with negative oxidation states, ranging from -5 to -1, most of these compounds being magnesium gallides (MgxGay).

References

  1. ↑ "chlorometallate anion - Ontology Browser - Rat Genome Database". rgd.mcw.edu.
  2. ↑ Wulfsberg, Gary (16 March 2000). Inorganic Chemistry. University Science Books. p. 114. ISBN   978-1-891389-01-6.
  3. ↑ Wulfsberg, Gary (16 March 2000). Inorganic Chemistry. University Science Books. p. 750. ISBN   978-1-891389-01-6.
  4. ↑ Estager, Julien; Oliferenko, Alexander A.; Seddon, Kenneth R.; Swadźba-Kwaśny, Małgorzata (2010). "Chlorometallate(iii) ionic liquids as Lewis acidic catalysts – a quantitative study of acceptor properties". Dalton Transactions. 39 (47): 11375–11382. doi:10.1039/C0DT00895H. PMID   20981382.
  5. ↑ Raghavan, P. S. (1998). Concepts And Problems In Inorganic Chemistry. Discovery Publishing House. p. 95. ISBN   978-81-7141-418-5.
  6. ↑ Sobota, Piotr (July 1985). "Reaction of Grignard reagent with tetra-N-butylammonium cation. The formation of [Mg(THF)6]2+, [Mg2-Cl)3(THF)6]+ and [MgCl4]2− ions". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 290 (1): c1–c3. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(85)80155-8.
  7. ↑ Muetterties, Earl L. (1967). The Chemistry of Boron and Its Compounds. Wiley. pp. 336–337. ISBN   978-0-471-62350-2.
  8. ↑ Evaluation of Room-Temperature Chloroaluminate Molten Salts as Electrolytes for High Energy Density Batteries. Defense Technical Information Center. 1990.
  9. ↑ Ramsden, Eileen; Barker, Ray; Barsby, Darrel; Commons, Rob; Rizzo, Gez; Swales, Michala; Wood, Ian; Rounce, J. F.; Lowe, T. L.; Chambers, Joan Sybil; Crawshaw, D. J.; Jefferson, Brian; Bowles, David; Mullan, Eddie; Wiseman, Garry; Rayneau, John; Heylings, Mike; Wagner, Rob; Cavill, Steve; Beadsworth, Tony; Rourke, C. P.; Gaulter, Mark; Gaulter, Brian; Smedley, Robert; Cook, Ian (8 October 2020). A-Level Chemistry. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-1-382-01786-2.
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