David Albert Scott is an American politician and businessman who has served as the U.S. representative for Georgia's 13th congressional district since 2003. Scott's district includes the southern fourth of Atlanta,as well as several of its suburbs to the south and west. Before his election to Congress in 2002,Scott served as a Democratic member of both chambers of the Georgia Legislature and operated a small business. In 2007,the political watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington named Scott one of the 25 most corrupt members of Congress. In 2023,he succeeded Glenn Thompson as ranking member of the House Agriculture Committee.
The Little Sisters of the Poor is a Roman Catholic religious institute for women. It was founded by Jeanne Jugan. Having felt the need to care for the many impoverished elderly who lined the streets of French towns and cities,Jugan established the congregation to care for the elderly in 1839.
Clyde Roger Vinson was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Florida. Until May 3,2013,he was also a member of the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
Richard Paul Conaboy was an American jurist who was United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania. He served as an air corps sergeant in the United States Army from 1945 to 1947 before receiving a law degree from the Columbus School of Law. He spent some time in private practice before serving in state legal and judicial roles in Pennsylvania. He was nominated to the Middle District Court by Jimmy Carter in 1979 and served as its chief judge from 1989 to 1992. He was chair of the United States Sentencing Commission from 1994 to 1998.
Reed Charles O'Connor is a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. He was nominated by President George W. Bush in 2007.
James L. Graham is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio.
Henry Edward Hudson is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia.
Timothy J. Savage is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.
George Caram Steeh III is a senior United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan.
The "kids for cash" scandal centered on judicial kickbacks to two judges at the Luzerne County Court of Common Pleas in Wilkes-Barre,Pennsylvania,US. In 2008,judges Michael Conahan and Mark Ciavarella were convicted of accepting money in return for imposing harsh adjudications on juveniles to increase occupancy at the PA Child Care for-profit detention centers.
A health insurance mandate is either an employer or individual mandate to obtain private health insurance instead of a national health insurance plan.
An individual mandate is a requirement by law for certain persons to purchase or otherwise obtain a good or service.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA),formally known as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) and colloquially known as Obamacare,is a landmark U.S. federal statute enacted by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23,2010. Together with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 amendment,it represents the U.S. healthcare system's most significant regulatory overhaul and expansion of coverage since the enactment of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.
Patty Shwartz is a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
A contraceptive mandate is a government regulation or law that requires health insurers,or employers that provide their employees with health insurance,to cover some contraceptive costs in their health insurance plans.
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius,567 U.S. 519 (2012),is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court upheld Congress's power to enact most provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA),commonly called Obamacare,and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (HCERA),including a requirement for most Americans to pay a penalty for forgoing health insurance by 2014. The Acts represented a major set of changes to the American health care system that had been the subject of highly contentious debate,largely divided on political party lines.
Since the passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA),there have been numerous actions in federal courts to challenge the constitutionality of the legislation. They include challenges by states against the ACA,reactions from legal experts with respect to its constitutionality,several federal court rulings on the ACA's constitutionality,the final ruling on the constitutionality of the legislation by the U.S. Supreme Court in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius,and notable subsequent lawsuits challenging the ACA. The Supreme Court upheld ACA for a third time in a June 2021 decision.
Zubik v. Burwell,578 U.S. ___ (2016),was a case before the United States Supreme Court on whether religious institutions other than churches should be exempt from the contraceptive mandate,a regulation adopted by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that requires non-church employers to cover certain contraceptives for their female employees. Churches are already exempt under those regulations. On May 16,2016,the Supreme Court vacated the Court of Appeals ruling in Zubik v. Burwell and the six cases it had consolidated under that title and returned them to their respective courts of appeals for reconsideration.
California v. Texas,593 U.S. ___ (2021),was a United States Supreme Court case that dealt with the constitutionality of the 2010 Affordable Care Act (ACA),colloquially known as Obamacare. It was the third such challenge to the ACA seen by the Supreme Court since its enactment. The case in California followed after the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and the change to the tax penalty amount for Americans without required insurance that reduced the "individual mandate" to zero,effective for months after December 31,2018. The District Court of the Northern District of Texas concluded that this individual mandate was a critical provision of the ACA and that,with a penalty amount equal to zero,some or all of the ACA was potentially unconstitutional as an improper use of Congress's taxation powers.
Kathryn Kimball Mizelle is an American lawyer and jurist serving as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. At age 33,she was the youngest person chosen by President Donald Trump for a lifetime judicial appointment.
