Diplomacy
Hill joined the State Department in 1977. [8] Hill served as Secretary for Economic Affairs at the Embassy of the United States in Seoul from 1983 to 1985. [8] When he returned to Korea in 2004 as Ambassador,he began by saying "I was here for three years in the 1980s,one has to be a little careful about drawing on too much experience from so long ago. So,even though I'll certainly draw on my experience from the 1980s,I think I also need to do an awful lot of listening to people to understand what has been going on lately." [8]
Hill served as the U.S. Ambassador to Macedonia from 1996 to 1999,Special Envoy to Kosovo in 1998 and 1999,Ambassador to Poland from 2000 to 2004,and ambassador to the Republic of Korea from 2004 to 2005 before being appointed as Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs. [7] While on a fellowship with the American Political Science Association,Hill served as a member of the staff of Congressman Stephen Solarz. [7]
In November 2006 President George W. Bush nominated Hill for the grade of career minister,the second-highest rank for career diplomats. [9] The elite title is one step below career ambassador. [9]
Bosnia peace settlement
Hill was part of the team that negotiated the Bosnia peace settlement. [3] While working on Balkan issues,Hill worked closely with Richard Holbrooke,serving as his deputy at the Dayton Peace Talks in 1995. Holbrooke described Hill as "brilliant,fearless and argumentative" in his book on the Dayton negotiations and said that Hill manages to be both "very cool and very passionate." The combination,Holbrooke said,enhances Hill's "extremely good negotiating skills." [6] Hill said the negotiations with the Bosnians,Serbs and Croats were successful because all the parties "were all ready to settle.' [3]
Hill had a diplomatic failure as special envoy to Kosovo [3] "because the Serbs were not ready to relinquish their stranglehold on Kosovo,so we ended up in a NATO bombing campaign." [3] "Like a lot of things in life:you've got to do everything you can do" Hill said,to ensure "that you have left no stone unturned,that you have really tried." [3]
Negotiations with North Korea
On February 14,2005,Hill was named as the Head of the U.S. delegation to the six-party talks aimed at resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis. [7]
In the first visit to North Korea by a senior American official in over five years,Hill flew into Pyongyang on June 21,2007,for a two-day visit where he was warmly greeted by Ri Gun,the North's deputy nuclear negotiator at the airport. [10] "We want to get the six-party process moving",Mr. Hill said. [10] "We hope that we can make up for some of the time that we lost this spring,and so I'm looking forward to good discussions about that." [10] The visit had been organized in secrecy. [10] Hill had been visiting Tokyo and flew to South Korea and then on to Pyongyang on a small jet. [10] Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice informed regional allies Japan and South Korea just before Hill's departure from Tokyo. [10]
On July 14,2007,North Korea informed Hill that they had shut down the nuclear reactor at Yongbyon and admitted an international inspection team. [11] Hill cautioned that the shutdown was "just the first step." [11] Verifying the declaration will be difficult,because for now the inspectors are limited to the Yongbyon complex. [11]
On September 3,2007 The New York Times reported that Hill met in Geneva for two days of one-on-one negotiations with Kim Kye-gwan,who heads the North Korean negotiating team,and that North Korea had agreed to disable its main nuclear fuel production plant by the end of 2007 and to account for all of its nuclear programs to international monitors. [12] North Korea had also agreed to turn off its main nuclear reactor this summer. [12] "One thing that we agreed on is that the D.P.R.K. will provide a full declaration of all of their nuclear programs and will disable their nuclear programs by the end of this year,2007",Hill told reporters. [12]
On December 20,2007,the Korea Times reported that Kathleen Stephens,adviser to Hill at the State Department in the office of East Asia and Pacific Affairs,had been appointed as the next ambassador to South Korea. [13] Sources said that Hill had recommended Stephens for the ambassadorial position for her understanding and experiences on Korean affairs. [13] Stephens served as an advisor to Hill during the North Korean nuclear talks,and reportedly was working on a peace treaty for the Korean Peninsula. [13]
On January 8,2008 The New York Times reported that North Korea had missed a deadline to submit an inventory of its nuclear arms programs and that Hill said that failure to meet a deadline should be confronted with patience and perseverance. [14] "They were prepared to give a declaration which wasn't going to be complete and correct and we felt that it was better for them to give us a complete one even if it's going to be a late one",said Hill. [14]
On February 7,2008,Hill told the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that talks with North Korea are at a "critical,challenging" point. [15] Washington has refused to remove North Korea from its terrorism blacklist until the promised list of its nuclear efforts is provided. [15] "Let me be clear",Hill said. [15] " 'Complete and correct' means complete and correct. This declaration must include all nuclear weapons,programs,materials and facilities,including clarification of any proliferation activities." [15]
On March 2,2008,Hill said in an interview in Beijing that US diplomatic relations with Korea were possible before the end of the Bush administration if Korea completely dismantled its nuclear program. [16] "We've told them we are not prepared to do that until they give up their nuclear materials",said Hill. [16] "We can begin the process of discussing what we are going to do,whether we are going to open embassies,that sort of thing. But we will not have diplomatic relations with a nuclear North Korea." [16]
On April 11,2008 The Washington Post reported that a tentative deal has been reached with North Korea concerning a range of nuclear activities and the lifting of sanctions against North Korea. [17] The agreement would include North Korea's disabling of its main nuclear facility and a complete accounting of North Korea's plutonium. [17] "We are trying to focus on the plutonium as we try to resolve our suspicions on uranium enrichment",said chief U.S. negotiator Christopher R. Hill. [17] "That's where the bombs are. We don't have suspicions about plutonium;we have cold,hard facts about plutonium." [17]
US relationship with China
Although Hill is not well known in the United States,he has become a celebrity in China as chief envoy in talks on North Korea's nuclear weapons program. [18] Part of the reason is that during negotiations Hill speaks every morning and evening to the media and has an easygoing manner,while his North Korean counterpart,Kim Kye Gwan,gives only occasional media access. [18]
Hill says that the six party talks with North Korea have opened the door for fruitful dealings between the US and China in other areas. [3] "We've worked diplomatically with them shoulder to shoulder. We haven't done this sort of thing before with China",says Hill. [3] "At some point we have to figure out a way to deal with 1.3 billion people,and I think the six-party process has been a good one for that." [3]
Hill said in an interview on April 21,2008,in the Seattle Times that the United States' relationship with China is the most important bilateral relationship in the world. [19] "I would say the China relationship is the most important bilateral relationship we have in the world",says Hill. [19] "We have some 57 dialogues with Chinese counterparts,ranging from global warming to economic and trade issues. I would say we spend a great deal of time and attention on things Chinese with the understanding that in the long run we have to have a good working relationship with 1.3 billion people." [19]
Hill says that China has been an active participant in the six-party talks. [19] "China is a very active participant. It's an area we have succeeded in working with them very productively and pragmatically on an area of mutual concern",says Hill. [19] "China looks at North Korea in very different ways from how we look at them. You have to recall they were a historical partner and ally. Chinese veterans associations trace their roots to the Korean War. All that said,China is very much convinced that North Korea needs to give up its nuclear ambitions." [19]
Hill says that recent events in China and protests surrounding the torch relay for the Olympics may not result in improved human rights. [19] "The Chinese people are very proud of hosting the Olympics. This sense of pride transcends political views within China",says Hill. [19] "Even people who are extremely critical of their own government,and there are many Chinese who are very critical of their own government,even those people are filled with a sense of pride that China is hosting these Olympics. Many of them have taken the view that those who would somehow boycott the Olympics are doing so out of a desire to keep China down and otherwise humiliate and embarrass China. So it is an issue with great public resonance in China,going well beyond the question of the government." [19]
Reputation in South Korea
Hill set a new precedent by closely approaching South Korea's contemporary culture and society. He was the first U.S. ambassador to pay respects at Gwangju's Mangwoldong May 18 National Cemetery for thousands of civilians who stood up for democracy and the hundreds who were massacred by the then-military government in May 1980. Many South Koreans suspected that the U.S. government allowed the attack,and no senior U.S. official had ever visited Mangwoldong before. According to Tami Overby,a senior official with the American Chamber of Commerce in South Korea,Hill served the shortest term in her 18 years of living in Seoul but had the most impact. [6]
Relations with New Zealand
In May 2006, Hill described the New Zealand's 1985 anti-nuclear legislation as "a relic", and signaled that the US wanted a closer defence relationship with New Zealand. He also praised New Zealand's involvement in Afghanistan and reconstruction in Iraq. "Rather than trying to change each other's minds on the nuclear issue... I think we should focus on things we can make work", Hill said adding that the US would not demand to "put ships back into New Zealand." [20]
Tenure in Iraq
US President Barack Obama nominated Christopher Hill for the post of U.S. Ambassador to Iraq on March 11, 2009. After having faced opposition from Republican Senators such as Sam Brownback, John McCain, and Lindsey Graham, Hill was approved on April 20 to be the U.S. Ambassador to Iraq by the Senate with 73 votes for, and 23 against. [21]
Hill extended his tenure in Iraq, totaling 16 months, postponing his own retirement from a career in diplomacy. While there, he was charged with reaching an agreement about the formation of an Iraqi-run government. Unfortunately, Hill couldn't break the months-long stalemate and called Iraq his most formidable challenge. [22]
The phrase "axis of evil" was first used by U.S. President George W. Bush and originally referred to Iran, Iraq, and North Korea. It was used in Bush's State of the Union address on January 29, 2002, less than five months after the September 11 attacks and almost a year before the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and often repeated throughout his presidency. He used it to describe foreign governments that, during his administration, allegedly sponsored terrorism and sought weapons of mass destruction.
Relations between North Korea and the United States have been historically hostile. The two countries have no formal diplomatic relations. Instead, they have adopted an indirect diplomatic arrangement using neutral intermediaries. The Swedish Embassy in Pyongyang is the US protecting power and provides limited consular services to U.S. citizens. North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), does not have an embassy in Washington, DC, but is represented in the United States through its mission to the United Nations in New York City which serves as North Korea's de facto embassy.
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Robert Dean Blackwill is a retired American diplomat, author, senior fellow at the Council of Foreign Relations, and lobbyist. Blackwill served as the United States Ambassador to India under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2003 and as United States National Security Council Deputy for Iraq from 2003 to 2004, where he was a liaison between Paul Bremer and Condoleezza Rice.
The six-party talks aimed to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program. There was a series of meetings with six participating states in Beijing:
Kim Kye-gwan is a North Korean diplomat. His official position was First Vice Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to which he was promoted immediately before the Korean Workers' Party Conference of 28 September 2010. He is the leading figure in international talks over the country's nuclear weapons program, including the six-party talks in Beijing.
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The leaders of some countries or their representatives or spokespersons released public statements about the 2018 North Korea–United States summit. The summit received a mixed international reaction, with many countries expressing praise or hope for achieving a peace deal from the summit.
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The 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit, commonly known as the Hanoi Summit, was a two-day summit meeting between North Korean supreme leader Kim Jong Un and U.S. president Donald Trump, held at the French Colonial Hôtel Métropole in Hanoi, Vietnam, during February 27–28, 2019. It was the second meeting between the leaders of North Korea and the United States following their first meeting in Singapore the year prior.
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