Climate change adaptation in the Philippines

Last updated

Tidal Flooding in Meysulao, Calumpit 790Tidal flooding in Meysulao, Calumpit 37.jpg
Tidal Flooding in Meysulao, Calumpit

Climate change adaptation in the Philippines is being incorporated into development plans and policies that specifically target national and local climate vulnerabilities. [1] As a developing country and an archipelago, the Philippines is particularly vulnerable to a variety of climatic threats like intensifying tropical cyclones, drastic changes in rainfall patterns, rising sea levels, and rising temperatures. [2] According to the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the Philippines is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world. [3] In 2021, the Global Climate Risk Index ranked the Philippines fourth of the ten countries most affected between the years 2000 and 2019. [4] The need for managing climate risks through climate change adaptation has become increasingly evident. Adaptation can reduce, moderate or avoid current and expected climate effects or take advantage of beneficial climatic events. [5] Developing greater resilience to various threats can be a major goal of comprehensive disaster risk reduction strategy. The Philippines is therefore working on a number of national and local adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies to build the country's climate resilience. [6]

Contents

National-level adaptation strategies

Logo of the CCC Climate Change Commission of the Philippines.svg
Logo of the CCC

Climate Change Commission

The Climate Change Commission (CCC) is the primary government policy-making body in the Philippines tasked with coordinating, monitoring and evaluating government initiatives to ensure that climate change is taken into account in all national, local, and sectoral development plans in order to create a climate-smart and resilient nation. CCC programs include the Communities for Resilience (CORE), the People’s Survival Fund (PSF), and the Comprehensive Integrated Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Program for the Indigenous Peoples, among others. [7]

Climate Change Act

The Climate Change Act (CCA) was amended in 2012 and presented the People’s Survival Fund, which allocates a budget of 1 billion Philippine pesos annually for financing adaptation programs and projects based on the National Framework Strategy on Climate Change (NFSCC). The CCA establishes a framework for policy, creates an administrative structure for the organization and allocates budgetary resources for its crucial functions. [8] These functions include developing a framework strategy and programmes, integrating climate risk, recommending policies and significant development investments in sectors with a high vulnerability to climate change. Depending on the situation, the fund may be expanded. Donations, endowments, grants, and contributions may also be added to it. The CCA initiatives in the nation, particularly at the municipal level, are further strengthened by these revisions. [9]

National Climate Change Action Plan

The Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) recognized that national climate planning can help nations identify their vulnerabilities, mainstream climate change concerns, and address adaptation. The Philippines thus developed the National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) to achieve country-driven programs on adaptation and mitigation. [10] Based on technical evaluations and discussions with government organisations and stakeholders, the NCCAP sets the nation's plan for adaptation and mitigation from 2011–2028. The cross-cutting topics are capacity building, technology transfer, research and development, and gender and development. [11]

Food security, water sufficiency, environmental and ecological stability, human security, climate-friendly industries and services, sustainable energy, and knowledge and capacity development were the seven strategic priorities defined by the NCCAP. [12] Achieving these seven objectives would increase communities’ ability to adapt to change, increase the resilience of natural ecosystems, and increase the sustainability of the built environment. The ultimate goal is to achieve a successful transition to climate-smart development with contributions from climate-smart industries and services, sustainable energy, and knowledge and capacity development. [13] The phases of implementation under NCCAP are aligned with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan and the Philippine Development Plan (PDP), the country’s development framework that seeks to address poverty, create employment opportunities and achieve inclusive growth. [14]

Local-level adaptation strategies

Ecotown Demonstration Framework

The implementation of the National Climate Change Action Plan at the local level is illustrated based on the notion of an ecologically sound and economically resilient town or ecotown. An ecotown is a planning entity made up of municipalities situated near or inside the borders of important biodiversity hotspots that are highly vulnerable to climate change. By utilising an ecosystem-based approach that will scale up best practises, ecotowns will be constructed around important biodiversity hotspots and protected areas. This will increase the adaptive capacity of communities through economic means (income, employment) and the resilience of ecosystems through protection, conservation, and sustainable management. [15]

According to the CCC, the objective of implementing the Ecotown Demonstration Framework is to contribute to goals 1, 5 and 7 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG); eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, improve maternal health, and ensure environmental sustainability. The concept of ecotowns is not unique to the Philippines, however, the country’s application of this framework prioritizes the idea of climate adaptation. The approach of the CCC’s Ecotown Demonstration Framework is therefore to mainstream climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction in local development activities, plans and programs. This highlights the pivotal role of local government units as first responders to the risks of climate change. [16]

Local government units are directed to update their respective action plans to reflect changes in local social, economic, and environmental issues. The national government provides technical and financial assistance to local government units so they may accomplish their Local Climate Change Action Plan (LCCAP). LCCAPs outline how local governments intend to address the impacts of climate change and incorporate climate adaptation and mitigation measures into local development plans. The suggested LCCAP process is: 1) preparing and organizing an LCCAP Core Team; 2) data gathering, vulnerability assessment, risk analysis, and validation; 3) planning, prioritization, and budgeting; and 4) monitoring and evaluation. [17]

Ecotown in San Vicente, Palawan

The Municipality of San Vicente, Palawan has completed a successful ecotown project in line with the LCCAP adaptation process. The CCC partnered with the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) to implement the Ecotown project between 2012 and 2015 in the Municipality of San Vicente to achieve ecological stability and economic resilience. GGGI had funded all components of the ecotown project. [18] In the project’s report, it is outlined that San Vicente, as an island province, is vulnerable to sea-level rise and inundation. For example, seawalls were constructed in the area to mitigate coastal flooding but extreme weather conditions may render these ineffective. A range of adaptation measures was developed based on San Vicente’s development priorities and consultations with local stakeholders and experts. Such measures include, but are not limited to, bottom-up approaches like the use of drought and flood-resistant crop varieties, organic farming practices, government training for alternative livelihood, coral rehabilitation, promoting the sustainable use of marine resources; and community-based forest management programs. [19]

Local Climate Change Action Plan in the City of Iloilo

Banate Countryside in Iloilo Banate Countryside.JPG
Banate Countryside in Iloilo

In April 2014, the City of Iloilo completed an LCCAP that accounts for the next 14 years (2014-2018). The plan identifies adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change based on a hazards-based approach (temperature increase, flooding, sea-level rise, typhoons, drought, and storm surge). [20] The goals of the LCCAP are to build the adaptive capacities of men and women in their communities; increase the resilience of vulnerable sectors and natural ecosystems to climate change; and optimize mitigation opportunities toward gender-response and rights-based sustainable development. [21] Iloilo City developed a Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment report of the city’s susceptibility to climate change based on consultations with stakeholders. The report identified gaps in the city’s adaptive capacity, as well as the degree of sensitivity of sectors, and the magnitude of impacts. A Hot Spot assessment conducted by Professor Jorge Ebay also found that Iloilo City is prone to storm surges, tsunamis, earthquakes, drought, and flash rainwater floods. Among the adaptation measures developed were improving city flood management; mangrove reforestation; developing green urban infrastructure; and adjusting the cropping calendar. [22]

Nature-based solutions

Mangroves conservation

Mangroves can significantly reduce risks from flooding in the Philippines by protecting people and property from storms, floods, and erosion. A study examining the protection services of mangroves in the Philippines found that mangroves and other coastal habitats act as natural defences to reduce the impacts of natural disasters. The aerial roots, trunks and canopy of mangroves reduce the force of oncoming wind and waves and retain sediments. Mangrove loss has been caused by the conversion of land to other uses and because the Philippines has not quite valued the natural protection they provide. The Philippines WAVES program is tackling this loss in mangroves by developing mangrove accounts and valuing the coastal protection services provided by mangroves. The WAVES study can inform policy and practice of the social and economic valuation of mangroves to mainstream risk reduction and prioritize sites for mangrove conservation and restoration for coastal communities. [23]

Mangroves Ecotourism in Sabong Beach, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines USAID Measuring Impact Conservation Enterprise Retrospective (Philippines; Nagkakaisang Tribu ng Palawan) (38483492010).jpg
Mangroves Ecotourism in Sabong Beach, Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines

Marine protected areas

The general framework of marine-protected areas (MPAs) integrates adaptation and variation. The majority of the MPAs in the Philippines are community-based marine sanctuaries that aim to prevent the destruction of coastal resources and ecosystems, increase the yield of fishers, and prevent further biodiversity loss. [24] The case of Balicasag Island’s sanctuary is one where local residents and officials responded to declining coral reef conditions by establishing marine sanctuaries. The loss of marine resources on Balicasag Island have been caused by destructive fishing practices like blast fishing. As a result, 8 ha of the island reef was turned into a marine sanctuary through community organizing. Unfortunately, due to the forces of weak institutions, lack of resources, and poverty, the efforts of MPAs have been undermined and relatively unsuccessful in the Philippines. [25]

Forest management

Agroforestry has been identified in some provinces of the Philippines as a “climate-smart” approach to agricultural systems that have been threatened by the biophysical and socioeconomic shocks of climate change. The Wahig-Inabanga watershed on the island province of Bohol is a case whereby farmers, household members and community leaders identified trees as a means of adapting to the heavy rainfall and increasing temperatures experienced in the region. The case study found that farms that had deliberately planted trees were more likely to recognize the contribution of trees toward coping with the impacts of climate change. Specifically, the majority of timber tree species were appreciated for their regulating functions, whilst non-timber trees were regarded as sources of food and money. [26]

Infrastructural and technological measures

Renewable energy

Renewable energy sources can emit little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the air, which reinforces the adaptation efforts of climate-vulnerable countries. [27] The Philippines ranks second in the world for geothermal electricity generation and total biomass power generation. The Philippines has a 53% renewable, 66.8% green, and self-sufficient electricity generation mix. Environmental organisations like Greenpeace are dissatisfied with these numbers, however, because coal still accounts for 37% of power generation. The economic gains of renewable energy usage in the Philippines have not benefited the rural poor either, who are paying much more for electricity than urban users. In response, the national government enacted the Renewable Energy Act in 2008 to prioritize the use of renewable energy and to provide investment incentives for the private sector. [28]

Desalination

Desalination can contribute to climate change adaptation in areas where water scarcity is a significant issue. Since desalination is an energy-intensive process, it must be done using renewable energy. [29] The amount of available potential water resources in the Philippines is relatively high, however, only 9 in every 10 Filipinos can access general households’ basic water supply. The Philippine government plans to invest about 1.07 trillion Philippine pesos from 2020 to 2030 to ensure that everybody can access clean water. Since the country is surrounded by water, seawater desalination can be a promising solution for addressing the country’s water shortage. The largest power plant in the Philippines is the Ilijan Plant in Batangas City, which has desalination capability. However, this sort of technology is only slowly emerging in the country and because of high energy cost, desalination may only be considered an option. [30]

Media and movements

2019

On September 20, 2019, the Philippine government encouraged public school students to skip classes and join the worldwide movement of climate protests. Over 500 students and youth advocates across the country joined the global youth climate strike that day. [31] Later that year, 600 people gathered in Manila on November 29 for the Global Day of Action. According to Lidy Nacpil of the Asian People’s Movement on Debt and Development, the turnout was much lower than expected which was probably because social issues like poverty and unfair labour practices are a higher priority than climate for many Filipinos. [32]

2020

For the 2020 Fridays for Future movement, members of the Youth Advocates for Climate Action Philippines (YACAP) held an “aerial art attack” at the University of the Philippines. Members laid down on a cloth world map while holding up placards calling for climate action. According to Mitzi Jonelle Tan of YACAP, they were protesting President Duterte’s coal power expansion, land reclamation and mining projects. [33]

2021

On September 24, 2021, climate protesters paraded through Manila with an effigy of President Duterte resembling a giant plant monster in support of the Fridays for Future movement. The effigy was used to raise awareness of the government’s environmentally destructive policies. [34]

2022

On March 25, 2022, Filipino youth climate strikers from the Greenpeace-led Love, 52 Youth and Elections Movement called on presidential candidates to consider the future impacts of climate change on the country’s next generation. Members of the movement even wrote “love letters” to local and national political candidates advocating for climate action. [35]

2024

On March 11, 2024, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources' Toni Yulo-Loyzaga and the European Union launched the €60 million (P3.67 billion) "Green Economy Programme for the Philippines" in the form of a grant from 2023 to 2028 to mitigate environmental degradation and combat climate change to foster economic growth and social inclusivity. "The successful launch of the Green Economy Programme for the Philippines is part of the EU’s new Global Gateway Strategy and shows our commitment worldwide to combating climate change while promoting inclusive economic development," EU Ambassador Luc Véron said. [36]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Loren Legarda</span> President pro tempore of the Philippine Senate since 2022 (born 1960)

Lorna Regina "Loren" Bautista Legarda is a Filipina politician, environmentalist, cultural worker, and former journalist who is currently serving as a Senator and the incumbent president pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines since 2022. This also makes her the first woman to serve as Senate President Pro Tempore in the upper chamber's history. Before entering politics, she began her career as a news reporter until becoming a news anchor. She previously served three terms in the Senate from 1998 to 2004 and from 2007 to 2019. She is the longest-serving female Senator in the history of the Senate, and the only female in the Philippines to top two senatorial elections: 1998 and 2007. Legarda was also the House Deputy Speaker during her three-year stint as the representative of Antique from 2019 to 2022.

The World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction is a series of United Nations conferences focusing on disaster and climate risk management in the context of sustainable development. The World Conference has been convened three times, with each edition to date having been hosted by Japan: in Yokohama in 1994, in Hyogo in 2005 and in Sendai in 2015. As requested by the UN General Assembly, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) served as the coordinating body for the Second and Third UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction in 2005 and 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change adaptation</span> Process of adjusting to effects of climate change

Climate change adaptation is the process of adjusting to the effects of climate change. These can be both current or expected impacts. Adaptation aims to moderate or avoid harm for people. It also aims to exploit opportunities. Humans may also intervene to help adjustment for natural systems. There are many adaptation strategies or options. They can help manage impacts and risks to people and nature. Adaptation actions can be classified in four ways: infrastructural and technological; institutional; behavioural and cultural; and nature-based options.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Disaster risk reduction</span> Preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk factors

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to promote sustainable development by increasing the resilience of communities to any disasters they might face. DRR is normally used as policies intended to "define goals and objectives across different timescales and with concrete targets, indicators and time frames." The concept is also called disaster risk management (DRM).

The effects of climate change in Florida are attributable to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Floridians are experiencing increased flooding due to sea level rise, and are concerned about the possibility of more frequent or more intense hurricanes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Urban resilience</span> Ability of a city to function after a crisis

Urban resilience has conventionally been defined as the "measurable ability of any urban system, with its inhabitants, to maintain continuity through all shocks and stresses, while positively adapting and transforming towards sustainability".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Bangladesh</span> Emissions, effects and responses of Bangladesh related to climate change

Climate change is a critical issue in Bangladesh as the country is one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In the 2020 edition of Germanwatch's Climate Risk Index, it ranked seventh in the list of countries most affected by climate calamities during the period 1999–2018. Bangladesh's vulnerability to the effects of climate change is due to a combination of geographical factors, such as its flat, low-lying, and delta-exposed topography, and socio-economic factors, including its high population density, levels of poverty, and dependence on agriculture. The impacts and potential threats include sea level rise, temperature rise, food crises, droughts, floods, and cyclones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction</span> United Nations organization

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) was created in December 1999 to ensure the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate and Development Knowledge Network</span> Network for Climate knowledge and development

The Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) works to enhance the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable to climate change. CDKN does this by combining research, advisory services and knowledge management in support of locally owned and managed policy processes. It works in partnership with decision-makers in the public, private and non-governmental sectors nationally, regionally and globally.

Climate resilience is defined as the "capacity of social, economic and ecosystems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance". This is done by "responding or reorganising in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation". The key focus of increasing climate resilience is to reduce the climate vulnerability that communities, states, and countries currently have with regards to the many effects of climate change. Efforts to build climate resilience encompass social, economic, technological, and political strategies that are being implemented at all scales of society. From local community action to global treaties, addressing climate resilience is becoming a priority, although it could be argued that a significant amount of the theory has yet to be translated into practice.

Community resilience is the sustained ability of a community to use available resources to respond to, withstand, and recover from adverse situations. This allows for the adaptation and growth of a community after disaster strikes. Communities that are resilient are able to minimize any disaster, making the return to normal life as effortless as possible. By implementing a community resilience plan, a community can come together and overcome any disaster, while rebuilding physically and economically.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nature-based solutions</span> Sustainable management and use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges

Nature-based solutions is the sustainable management and use of natural features and processes to tackle socio-environmental issues. These issues include for example climate change, water security, food security, preservation of biodiversity, and disaster risk reduction. Through the use of NBS healthy, resilient, and diverse ecosystems can provide solutions for the benefit of both societies and overall biodiversity. The 2019 UN Climate Action Summit highlighted nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate change. For example, NBS in the context of climate action can include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, providing local cooling, restoring natural fire regimes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Puerto Rico</span> Climate change in the US territory of Puerto Rico

Climate change has had large impacts on the ecosystems and landscapes of the US territory Puerto Rico. According to a 2019 report by Germanwatch, Puerto Rico is the most affected by climate change. The territory's energy consumption is mainly derived from imported fossil fuels.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in the Philippines</span> Impact of climate change on the Philippines

Climate change is having serious impacts in the Philippines such as increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, sea level rise, extreme rainfall, resource shortages, and environmental degradation. All of these impacts together have greatly affected the Philippines' agriculture, water, infrastructure, human health, and coastal ecosystems and they are projected to continue having devastating damages to the economy and society of the Philippines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Malaysia</span> Impact of global warming on the south-east Asian country and mitigating and adaptating to it

Climate change is having a considerable impact in Malaysia. Increasing temperatures are likely to greatly increase the number of heatwaves occurring annually. Variations in precipitation may increase the frequency of droughts and floods in various local areas. Sea level rise may inundate some coastal areas. These impacts are expected to have numerous environmental and socioeconomic effects, exacerbating existing environmental issues and reinforcing inequality.

Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) encompasses a broad set of approaches to adapt to climate change. They all involve the management of ecosystems and their services to reduce the vulnerability of human communities to the impacts of climate change. The Convention on Biological Diversity defines EBA as "the use of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 13</span> UN goal to combat climate change

Sustainable Development Goal 13 is to limit and adapt to climate change. It is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The official mission statement of this goal is to "Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts". SDG 13 and SDG 7 on clean energy are closely related and complementary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sustainable Development Goal 11</span> 11th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals for sustainable cities

Sustainable Development Goal 11, titled "sustainable cities and communities", is one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. The official mission of SDG 11 is to "Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable". The 17 SDGs take into account that action in one area will affect outcomes in other areas as well, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate change in Fiji</span> Emissions, impacts and responses of Fiji related to climate change

Climate change in Fiji is an exceptionally pressing issue for the country - as an island nation, Fiji is particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels, coastal erosion and extreme weather. These changes, along with temperature rise, will displace Fijian communities and will prove disruptive to the national economy - tourism, agriculture and fisheries, the largest contributors to the nation's GDP, will be severely impacted by climate change causing increases in poverty and food insecurity. As a party to both the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Climate Agreement, Fiji hopes to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 which, along with national policies, will help to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C. Emdad Haque</span>

C. Emdad Haque is a Canadian academic, environmentalist, and author. He is a professor in the Natural Resources Institute of the Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources at the University of Manitoba and Chief Technical Advisor at the Bangabandhu Centre of Bangladesh Studies in Canada.

References

  1. ↑ Pulhin, Juan M.; Tapia, Maricel A. (November 18, 2021). "Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines". Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia. Disaster Risk Reduction. Singapore: Springer. pp. 129–173. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6088-7_8. ISBN   978-981-16-6088-7. S2CID   244442019 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  2. ↑ Pulhin, Juan M.; Tapia, Maricel A. (November 18, 2021). "Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines". Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia. Disaster Risk Reduction. Singapore: Springer. pp. 129–173. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6088-7_8. ISBN   978-981-16-6088-7. S2CID   244442019 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  3. ↑ UNOCHA (March 2019). "About OCHA in The Philippines" . Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  4. ↑ Eckstein, David; Künzel, Vera; Schäfer, Laura (January 2021). Global Climate Risk Index 2021 (PDF). Berlin: Germanwatch. pp. 13–14. ISBN   978-3-943704-84-6 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  5. ↑ Pulhin, Juan M.; Tapia, Maricel A. (November 18, 2021). "Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines". Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia. Disaster Risk Reduction. Singapore: Springer. pp. 129–173. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6088-7_8. ISBN   978-981-16-6088-7. S2CID   244442019 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  6. ↑ Eckstein, David; Künzel, Vera; Schäfer, Laura (January 2021). Global Climate Risk Index 2021 (PDF). Berlin: Germanwatch. pp. 13–14. ISBN   978-3-943704-84-6 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  7. ↑ Republic of the Philippines. "Climate Change Commission". Climate Change Commission. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  8. ↑ Pulhin, Juan M.; Tapia, Maricel A. (November 18, 2021). "Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines". Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia. Disaster Risk Reduction. Singapore: Springer. pp. 129–173. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6088-7_8. ISBN   978-981-16-6088-7. S2CID   244442019 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  9. ↑ Climate Change Commission. "Ecotown Demonstration Framework" (PDF). Climate Change Commission. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  10. ↑ Republic of the Philippines. "National Adaptation Plan". National Integrated Climate Change Database and Information Exchange System. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  11. ↑ Republic of the Philippines. "National Adaptation Plan". National Integrated Climate Change Database and Information Exchange System. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  12. ↑ Republic of the Philippines. "National Adaptation Plan". National Integrated Climate Change Database and Information Exchange System. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  13. ↑ Pulhin, Juan M.; Tapia, Maricel A. (November 18, 2021). "Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines". Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia. Disaster Risk Reduction. Singapore: Springer. pp. 129–173. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6088-7_8. ISBN   978-981-16-6088-7. S2CID   244442019 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  14. ↑ Republic of the Philippines. "National Adaptation Plan". National Integrated Climate Change Database and Information Exchange System. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  15. ↑ Climate Change Commission. "Ecotown Demonstration Framework" (PDF). Climate Change Commission. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
  16. ↑ Pulhin, Juan M.; Tapia, Maricel A. (November 18, 2021). "Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines". Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia. Disaster Risk Reduction. Singapore: Springer. pp. 129–173. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6088-7_8. ISBN   978-981-16-6088-7. S2CID   244442019 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  17. ↑ Republic of the Philippines. "Local Climate Change Action Plan". National Integrated Climate Change Database Information and Exchange System. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
  18. ↑ Oestereich, Chris. "Green Initiative in the Philippines: Eco-town Framework Project" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. UNESCAP. Retrieved April 2, 2023.
  19. ↑ CCC & GGGI (2014). Demonstration of the Eco-town Framework Project in San Vicente, Palawan, Philippines (PDF). Seoul: Global Green Growth Institute. pp. 27–203. ISBN   979-11-952673-1-6 . Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  20. ↑ Pulhin, Juan M.; Tapia, Maricel A. (November 18, 2021). "Climate Change Adaptation in the Philippines". Climate Change Adaptation in Southeast Asia. Disaster Risk Reduction. Singapore: Springer. pp. 129–173. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-6088-7_8. ISBN   978-981-16-6088-7. S2CID   244442019 . Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  21. ↑ Iloilo City Climate Change Adaptation Technical Working Group (April 2014). Local Climate Change Action Plan 2014-2028 (PDF). Philippines: Iloilo City. pp. 17–70. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  22. ↑ Iloilo City Climate Change Adaptation Technical Working Group (April 2014). Local Climate Change Action Plan 2014-2028 (PDF). Philippines: Iloilo City. pp. 17–70. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  23. ↑ Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES). Valuing the Protection Services of Mangroves in the Philippines (PDF). Philippines: World Bank. pp. 1–6. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  24. ↑ Balgos, Miriam C. (July 15, 2005). "Integrated coastal management and marine protected areas in the Philippines: Concurrent developments". Ocean and Coastal Management. 48 (11–12): 972–995. Bibcode:2005OCM....48..972B. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2005.03.003 . Retrieved April 4, 2023.
  25. ↑ Christie, Patrick; White, Alan T. (June 10, 2002). "Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines". Journal of Environmental Management. 66 (4): 441–454. doi:10.1006/jema.2002.0595. PMID   12503498.
  26. ↑ Lasco, Rodel D.; Espaldon, Marya Laya O.; Habito, Christine Marie D. (November 11, 2015). "Smallholder farmers' perceptions of climate change and the roles of trees and agroforestry in climate risk adaptation: evidence from Bohol, Philippines". Agroforestry Systems. 90 (3): 521–540. doi:10.1007/s10457-015-9874-y. S2CID   204270251 . Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  27. ↑ International Renewable Energy Agency (August 10, 2021). "Bracing for Climate Impact: Renewables as a Climate Change Adaptation Strategy". International Renewable Energy Agency. Retrieved April 5, 2023.
  28. ↑ Roxas, Fernando; Santiago, Andrea (June 2016). "Alternative framework for renewable energy planning in the Philippines". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 59: 1396–1404. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.084 . Retrieved April 10, 2023.
  29. ↑ European Commission & European Environment Agency. "Desalinisation". The European Climate Adaptation Platform Climate-ADAPT. Retrieved April 12, 2023.
  30. ↑ Tan, Noel Peter B.; Ucab, Pamela Mae L.; Dadol, Glebert C.; Jabile, Liezel M.; Talili, Ismael N.; Cabaraban, Maria Theresa I. (July 15, 2022). "A review of desalination technologies and its impact in the Philippines". Desalination. 534: 115805. Bibcode:2022Desal.53415805T. doi:10.1016/j.desal.2022.115805. S2CID   248484936 . Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  31. ↑ Abano, Imelda (September 20, 2019). "All set to strike: Students, youths and activists clamor for climate justice". Mongabay. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  32. ↑ Mongabay (December 5, 2019). "Philippine climate activists fight to make the issue relatable" . Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  33. ↑ Sabillo, Kristine (September 26, 2020). "Pinoy green advocates get creative for global climate strike amid COVID-19 pandemic". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 13, 2023.
  34. ↑ Fonbuena, Carmela (September 24, 2021). "Philippines' youth call for systemic change at climate protest". Guardian. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  35. ↑ Greenpeace Philippines (March 25, 2022). "Global climate strikes: youth call on candidates to 'show love' for climate justice". Greenpeace. Retrieved April 14, 2023.
  36. ↑ Sadongdong, Martin (March 11, 2024). "DENR, European Union unveil P3.65 B program to help Philippines combat climate change, adapt 'Green Economy'". Manila Bulletin . Retrieved March 11, 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.