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Substance abuse,also known as drug abuse,is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods that are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health,medical,and criminal justice contexts. In some cases,criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug,and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur. In addition to possible physical,social,and psychological harm,the use of some drugs may also lead to criminal penalties,although these vary widely depending on the local jurisdiction.
Harm reduction,or harm minimization,refers to a range of intentional practices and public health policies designed to lessen the negative social and/or physical consequences associated with various human behaviors,both legal and illegal. Harm reduction is used to decrease negative consequences of recreational drug use and sexual activity without requiring abstinence,recognizing that those unable or unwilling to stop can still make positive change to protect themselves and others.
Drug rehabilitation is the process of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol,prescription drugs,and street drugs such as cannabis,cocaine,heroin or amphetamines. The general intent is to enable the patient to confront substance dependence,if present,and stop substance misuse to avoid the psychological,legal,financial,social,and physical consequences that can be caused.
Psychedelic therapy refers to the proposed use of psychedelic drugs,such as psilocybin,MDMA,LSD,and ayahuasca,to treat mental disorders. As of 2021,psychedelic drugs are controlled substances in most countries and psychedelic therapy is not legally available outside clinical trials,with some exceptions.
A therapy dog is a dog that is trained to provide affection,comfort and support to people,often in settings such as hospitals,retirement homes,nursing homes,schools,libraries,hospices,or disaster areas. In contrast to assistance dogs,which are trained to assist specific patients with their day-to-day physical needs,therapy dogs are trained to interact with all kinds of people,not just their handlers.
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a substance use disorder characterized by cravings for opioids,continued use despite physical and/or psychological deterioration,increased tolerance with use,and withdrawal symptoms after discontinuing opioids. Opioid withdrawal symptoms include nausea,muscle aches,diarrhea,trouble sleeping,agitation,and a low mood. Addiction and dependence are important components of opioid use disorder.
Substance dependence,also known as drug dependence,is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption of the drug. A drug addiction,a distinct concept from substance dependence,is defined as compulsive,out-of-control drug use,despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. ΔFosB,a gene transcription factor,is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions,but not dependence.
Motivational interviewing (MI) is a counseling approach developed in part by clinical psychologists William R. Miller and Stephen Rollnick. It is a directive,client-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients to explore and resolve ambivalence. Compared with non-directive counseling,it is more focused and goal-directed,and departs from traditional Rogerian client-centered therapy through this use of direction,in which therapists attempt to influence clients to consider making changes,rather than engaging in non-directive therapeutic exploration. The examination and resolution of ambivalence is a central purpose,and the counselor is intentionally directive in pursuing this goal. MI is most centrally defined not by technique but by its spirit as a facilitative style for interpersonal relationship.
Contingency management (CM) is the application of the three-term contingency,which uses stimulus control and consequences to change behavior. CM originally derived from the science of applied behavior analysis (ABA),but it is sometimes implemented from a cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) framework as well.
Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) is an alternative or complementary type of therapy that includes the use of animals in a treatment. The goal of this animal-assisted intervention is to improve a patient's social,emotional,or cognitive functioning. Studies have documented some positive effects of the therapy on subjective self-rating scales and on objective physiological measures such as blood pressure and hormone levels.
Drug injection is a method of introducing a drug into the bloodstream via a hollow hypodermic needle,which is pierced through the skin into the body. Intravenous therapy,a form of drug injection,is universally practiced in modernized medical care. As of 2004,there were 13.2 million people worldwide who self-administered injection drugs outside of medical supervision,of which 22% are from developed countries.
The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) describes itself as "the principal advisory body to Government on drug policy and plays a critical role in ensuring the voice of the community is heard in relation to drug related policies and strategies." The Council occupies a unique position by virtue of its role in enhancing the partnership between the government and the community. It has pivotal advisory,advocacy and representative functions,with a significant role to provide government Ministers with independent,expert advice on matters related to licit and illicit drugs.
Dual diagnosis is the condition of having a mental illness and a comorbid substance use disorder. There is considerable debate surrounding the appropriateness of using a single category for a heterogeneous group of individuals with complex needs and a varied range of problems. The concept can be used broadly,for example depression and alcohol use disorder,or it can be restricted to specify severe mental illness and substance use disorder,or a person who has a milder mental illness and a drug dependency,such as panic disorder or generalized anxiety disorder and is dependent on opioids. Diagnosing a primary psychiatric illness in people who use substances is challenging as substance use disorder itself often induces psychiatric symptoms,thus making it necessary to differentiate between substance induced and pre-existing mental illness.
Substance abuse prevention,also known as drug abuse prevention,is a process that attempts to prevent the onset of substance use or limit the development of problems associated with using psychoactive substances. Prevention efforts may focus on the individual or their surroundings. A concept that is known as "environmental prevention" focuses on changing community conditions or policies so that the availability of substances is reduced as well as the demand. Individual Substance Abuse Prevention,also known as drug abuse prevention involves numerous different sessions depending on the individual to help cease or reduce the use of substances. The time period to help a specific individual can vary based upon many aspects of an individual. The type of Prevention efforts should be based upon the individual's necessities which can also vary. Substance use prevention efforts typically focus on minors and young adults –especially between 12–35 years of age. Substances typically targeted by preventive efforts include alcohol,tobacco,marijuana,inhalants,coke,methamphetamine,steroids,club drugs,and opioids. Community advocacy against substance use is imperative due to the significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States alone. It has been estimated that about one hundred and thirty individuals continue to lose their lives daily due to opioid overdoses alone.
Substance use disorder (SUD) is the persistent use of drugs despite the substantial harm and adverse consequences to one's own self and others,as a result of their use. In perspective,the effects of the wrong use of substances that are capable of causing harm to the user or others,have been extensively described in different studies using a variety of terms such as substance use problems,problematic drugs or alcohol use,and substance use disorder. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) states that "Substance use disorder (SUD) is a treatable mental disorder that affects a person's brain and behavior,leading to their inability to control their use of substances like legal or illegal drugs,alcohol,or medications. Symptoms can be moderate to severe,with addiction being the most severe form of SUD". Substance use disorders (SUD) are considered to be a serious mental illness that fluctuates with the age that symptoms first start appearing in an individual,the time during which it exists and the type of substance that is used. It is not uncommon for those who have SUD to also have other mental health disorders. Substance use disorders are characterized by an array of mental/emotional,physical,and behavioral problems such as chronic guilt;an inability to reduce or stop consuming the substance(s) despite repeated attempts;operating vehicles while intoxicated;and physiological withdrawal symptoms. Drug classes that are commonly involved in SUD include:alcohol (alcoholism);cannabis;opioids;stimulants such as nicotine,cocaine and amphetamines;benzodiazepines;barbiturates;and other or unknown substances.
Low-threshold treatment programs are harm reduction-based health care centers targeted towards people who use substances. "Low-threshold" programs are programs that make minimal demands on the patient,offering services without attempting to control their intake of drugs,and providing counselling only if requested. Low-threshold programs may be contrasted with "high-threshold" programs,which require the user to accept a certain level of control and which demand that the patient accept counselling and cease all drug use as a precondition of support.
Gerry Stimson is a British public health social scientist,emeritus professor at Imperial College London from 2004,and an honorary professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine from 2017. Stimson has over 220 scientific publications mainly on social and health aspects of illicit drug use,including HIV infection. He has sat on numerous editorial boards including AIDS,Addiction,and European Addiction Research,and with Tim Rhodes he was the co-editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Drug Policy from 2000 to 2016. He is one of the global leaders for research on and later advocacy for harm reduction.
Discrimination against drug addicts is a form of discrimination against people who suffer from a drug addiction.
The opioid epidemic,also referred to as the opioid crisis,is the rapid increase in the overuse,misuse/abuse,and overdose deaths attributed either in part or in whole to the class of drugs called opiates/opioids since the 1990s. It includes the significant medical,social,psychological,demographic and economic consequences of the medical,non-medical,and recreational abuse of these medications.
Screening,Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) is a model that encourages mental health and substance use screenings as a routine preventive service in healthcare.
References
- 1 2 3 "Dr. Colleen Anne Dell - The Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science and Justice Studies | University of Saskatchewan". cfbsjs.usask.ca.
- ↑ "Colleen Dell". scholar.google.com.
- ↑ Brimstin, Chelsea (November 14, 2022). "Dogs Can Help People Through the Grieving Process: Research". Slice.
- ↑ Holcombe, Madeline (November 11, 2022). "It feels like dogs know just when we need them most. Well, they might, experts say". CNN.
- ↑ "Colleen Dell - College of Arts and Science - University of Saskatchewan". artsandscience.usask.ca.
- ↑ "Multi-Species Dementia Strategic Development Group". July 1, 2022.
- ↑ "Colleen Anne Dell – ResearchGate profile".
- ↑ "USask team, St. John Ambulance partner on skills training for therapy dog handlers". News.
- ↑ Torchinsky, Rina (March 10, 2022). "Therapy dogs can help relieve pain in the ER" – via NPR.
- ↑ Rowan, Margo; Poole, Nancy; Shea, Beverley; Gone, Joseph P.; Mykota, David; Farag, Marwa; Hopkins, Carol; Hall, Laura; Mushquash, Christopher; Dell, Colleen (September 1, 2014). "Cultural interventions to treat addictions in Indigenous populations: findings from a scoping study". Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 9 (1): 34. doi: 10.1186/1747-597X-9-34 . PMC 4158387 . PMID 25179797.
- ↑ "Native Wellness Assessment - Thunderbird".
- ↑ "One-of-a-kind addictions treatment unveiled in Saskatoon - Saskatoon | Globalnews.ca". Global News.
- ↑ Eshrati, Babak; Asl, Rahim Taghizadeh; Dell, Colleen Anne; Afshar, Parviz; Millson, Peggy MargaretE; Kamali, Mohammad; Weekes, John (June 9, 2008). "Preventing HIV transmission among Iranian prisoners: Initial support for providing education on the benefits of harm reduction practices". Harm Reduction Journal. 5 (1): 21. doi: 10.1186/1477-7517-5-21 . PMC 2443130 . PMID 18541032.
- ↑ "Table of Contents" (PDF).
- ↑ Research, Service Dog. "Service Dog Research". Service Dog Research.
- ↑ "From Stilettos To Moccasins" – via www.youtube.com.
- ↑ "Can Therapy Dogs in a Hospital Reduce Patients' Pain?" – via www.youtube.com.
- ↑ "Animal Memories". Flipsnack.
- ↑ Dell, Colleen Anne. "Colleen Anne Dell". Colleen Anne Dell.
- ↑ Toolkit, Service Dog. "Service Dog Toolkit". Service Dog Toolkit.
- ↑ Dell, Colleen Anne; Gust, Steven W.; MacLean, Sarah (2011). "Global Issues in Volatile Substance Misuse". Substance Use & Misuse. 46: 1–7. doi:10.3109/10826084.2011.580169. PMID 21609139. S2CID 38305033.
- ↑ "Collaboration for Addiction and Mental Health Care: Best Advice" (PDF).
- ↑ "Lady Justice Reception and Awards".
- ↑ "Dell honoured with Distinguished Graduate Mentorship Award". artsandscience.usask.ca.
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