CompactFlash

Last updated
CompactFlash (CF)
CompactFlash Memory Card.svg
A 2  GB CompactFlash card
Media type Mass storage device format
Encoding Various file systems
Capacity
  • 2 MB to 512 GB [1] [2]
  • CF5.0: up to 128 PB
Developed by SanDisk
Dimensions
  • 43×36×3.3 mm (Type I)
  • 43×36×5 mm (Type II)
Weight10 grams (typical)
Usage Digital cameras and other mass storage devices
Extended from PCMCIA / PC Card

CompactFlash (CF) is a flash memory mass storage device used mainly in portable electronic devices. The format was specified and the devices were first manufactured by SanDisk in 1994. [3]

Contents

CompactFlash became one of the most successful of the early memory card formats, surpassing Miniature Card and SmartMedia. Subsequent formats, such as MMC/SD, various Memory Stick formats, and xD-Picture Card offered stiff competition. Most of these cards are smaller than CompactFlash while offering comparable capacity and speed. Proprietary memory card formats for use in professional audio and video, such as P2 and SxS, are faster, but physically larger and more costly.

CompactFlash's popularity is declining as CFexpress is taking over. As of 2022, both Canon [4] and Nikon's [5] newest high end cameras, e.g. the Canon EOS R5, Canon EOS R3, and Nikon Z 9 use CFexpress cards for the higher performance required to record 8K video.

Traditional CompactFlash cards use the Parallel ATA interface, but in 2008, a variant of CompactFlash, CFast was announced. CFast (also known as CompactFast) is based on the Serial ATA interface.

In November 2010, SanDisk, Sony and Nikon presented a next generation card format to the CompactFlash Association. The new format has a similar form factor to CF/CFast but is based on the PCI Express interface instead of Parallel ATA or Serial ATA. [6] [7] With potential read and write speeds of 1 Gbit/s (125 MB/s) and storage capabilities beyond 2 TiB, the new format is aimed at high-definition camcorders and high-resolution digital cameras, but the new cards are not backward compatible with either CompactFlash or CFast. The XQD card format was officially announced by the CompactFlash Association in December 2011. [8]

Description

A 16-GB CompactFlash card installed in a 2.5" IDE port with adapter CompactFlash IDE Adaptor.jpeg
A 16-GB CompactFlash card installed in a 2.5" IDE port with adapter

There are two main subdivisions of CF cards, 3.3 mm-thick type I and 5 mm-thick type II (CF2). The type II slot is used by miniature hard drives and some other devices, such as the Hasselblad CFV Digital Back for the Hasselblad series of medium format cameras. There are four main card speeds: original CF, CF High Speed (using CF+/CF2.0), faster CF 3.0 standard and the faster CF 4.0 standard adopted as of 2007.

CompactFlash was originally built around Intel's NOR-based flash memory, but has switched to NAND technology. [9] CF is among the oldest and most successful formats, and has held a niche in the professional camera market especially well. It has benefited from both a better cost to memory-size ratio and, for much of the format's life, generally greater available capacity than other formats.

CF cards can be used directly in a PC Card slot with a plug adapter, used as an ATA (IDE) or PCMCIA storage device with a passive adapter or with a reader, or attached to other types of ports such as USB or FireWire. As some newer card types are smaller, they can be used directly in a CF card slot with an adapter. Formats that can be used this way include SD/MMC, Memory Stick Duo, xD-Picture Card in a Type I slot and SmartMedia in a Type II slot, as of 2005. Some multi-card readers use CF for I/O as well.

The first CompactFlash cards had capacities of 2 to 10 megabytes. [10] This increased to 64 MB in 1996, 128 MB in 1998, 256 MB in 1999, 512 MB in 2001, and 1 GB in 2002. [11] [12]

Technical details

1 GB CF card in a Nikon D200 DSLR camera Cf-card.jpg
1 GB CF card in a Nikon D200 DSLR camera

The CompactFlash interface is a 50-pin subset of the 68-pin PCMCIA [13] connector. "It can be easily slipped into a passive 68-pin PCMCIA Type II to CF Type I adapter that fully meets PCMCIA electrical and mechanical interface specifications", according to compactflash.org. [14] The interface operates, depending on the state of a mode pin on power-up, as either a 16-bit PC Card (0x7FF address limit) or as an IDE (PATA) interface. [15]

Unlike the PC Card interface, no dedicated programming voltages (Vpp1 and Vpp2) are provided on the CompactFlash interface. [16]

CompactFlash IDE mode defines an interface that is smaller than, but electrically identical to, the ATA interface. The CF device contains an ATA controller and appears to the host device as if it were a hard disk. CF devices operate at 3.3 volts or 5 volts, and can be swapped from system to system. CompactFlash supports C-H-S and 28-bit logical block addressing (CF 5.0 introduced support for LBA-48). CF cards with flash memory are able to cope with extremely rapid changes in temperature. Industrial versions of flash memory cards can operate at a range of −45 °C to +85 °C.

NOR-based flash has lower density than newer NAND-based systems, and CompactFlash is therefore the physically largest of the three memory card formats introduced in the early 1990s, being derived from the JEIDA/PCMCIA Memory Card formats. The other two are Miniature Card (MiniCard) and SmartMedia (SSFDC). However, CF did switch to NAND type memory later. The IBM Microdrive format, later made by Hitachi, implements the CF Type II interface, but is a hard disk drive (HDD) as opposed to solid-state memory. Seagate also made CF HDDs.

Speed

CompactFlash IDE (ATA) emulation speed is usually specified in "x" ratings, e.g. 8x, 20x, 133x. This is the same system used for CD-ROMs and indicates the maximum transfer rate in the form of a multiplier based on the original audio CD data transfer rate, which is 150 kB/s.

where R = transfer rate, K = speed rating. For example, 133x rating means transfer rate of: 133 × 150 kB/s = 19,950 kB/s ≈ 20 MB/s.

These are manufacturer speed ratings. Actual transfer rate may be higher, or lower, than shown on the card [17] depending on several factors. The speed rating quoted is almost always the read speed, while write speed is often slower.

Solid state

For reads, the onboard controller first powers up the memory chips from standby. Reads are usually in parallel, error correction is done on the data, then transferred through the interface 16 bits at a time. Error checking is required due to soft read errors. Writes require powerup from standby, wear leveling calculation, a block erase of the area to be written to, ECC calculation, write itself (an individual memory cell read takes around 100 ns, a write to the chip takes 1ms+ or 10,000 times longer).

Because the USB 2.0 interface is limited to 35 MB/s and lacks bus mastering hardware, USB 2.0 implementation results in slower access.

Modern UDMA-7 CompactFlash Cards provide data rates up to 145 MB/s [18] and require USB 3.0 data transfer rates. [19]

A direct motherboard connection is often limited to 33 MB/s because IDE to CF adapters lack high speed ATA (66 MB/s plus) cable support. Power on from sleep/off takes longer than power up from standby.

Magnetic media

Many 1-inch (25 mm) hard drives (often referred to by the trademarked name "Microdrive") typically spin at 3600 RPM, so rotational latency is a consideration, as is spin-up from standby or idle. Seagate's 8 GB ST68022CF drive [20] spins up fully within a few revolutions but current drawn can reach up to 350 milliamps and runs at 40-50 mA mean current. Its average seek time is 8 ms and can sustain 9 MB/s read and write, and has an interface speed of 33 MB/s. Hitachi's 4 GB Microdrive is 12 ms seek, sustained 6 MB/s.

Capacities and compatibility

The CF 5.0 Specification supports capacities up to 128 PiB using 48-bit logical block addressing (LBA). [21] Prior to 2006, CF drives using magnetic media offered the highest capacities (up to 8 GiB). Now there are solid-state cards with higher capacities (up to 512 GB). [22]

As of 2011, solid-state drives (SSDs) have supplanted both kinds of CF drive for large capacity requirements.

Solid state capacities

SanDisk announced its 16 GB Extreme III card at the photokina trade fair, in September, 2006. [23] That same month, Samsung announced 16, 32 and 64 GB CF cards. [24] Two years later, in September, 2008, PRETEC announced 100 GB cards. [25]

Magnetic media capacities

Seagate announced a 5 GB "1-inch hard drive" in June, 2004, [26] and an 8 GB version in June, 2005. [27]

Use in place of a hard disk drive

CompactFlash to SATA adapter with a card inserted CompactFlash to SATA adapter with card.jpg
CompactFlash to SATA adapter with a card inserted

In early 2008, the CFA demonstrated CompactFlash cards with a built in SATA interface. [28] Several companies make adapters that allow CF cards to be connected to PCI, PCMCIA, IDE and SATA connections, [29] allowing a CF card to act as a solid-state drive with virtually any operating system or BIOS, and even in a RAID configuration.

CF cards may perform the function of the master or slave drive on the IDE bus, but have issues sharing the bus. Moreover, late-model cards that provide DMA (using UDMA or MWDMA) may present problems when used through a passive adapter that does not support DMA. [30]

Reliability

Original PC Card memory cards used an internal battery to maintain data when power was removed. The rated life of the battery was the only reliability issue. CompactFlash cards that use flash memory, like other flash-memory devices, are rated for a limited number of erase/write cycles for any "block." While NOR flash has higher endurance, ranging from 10,000 to 1,000,000, they have not been adapted for memory card usage. Most mass storage usage flash are NAND based. As of 2015 NAND flash were being scaled down to 16 nm. They are usually rated for 500 to 3,000 write/erase cycles per block before hard failure. [31] This is less reliable than magnetic media. [32] Car PC Hacks [33] suggests disabling the Windows swap file and using its Enhanced Write Filter (EWF) to eliminate unnecessary writes to flash memory. [34] Additionally, when formatting a flash-memory drive, the Quick Format method should be used, to write as little as possible to the device.

Most CompactFlash flash-memory devices limit wear on blocks by varying the physical location to which a block is written. This process is called wear leveling. When using CompactFlash in ATA mode to take the place of the hard disk drive, wear leveling becomes critical because low-numbered blocks contain tables whose contents change frequently. Current CompactFlash cards spread the wear-leveling across the entire drive. The more advanced CompactFlash cards will move data that rarely changes to ensure all blocks wear evenly.

NAND flash memory is prone to frequent soft read errors. [33] The CompactFlash card includes error checking and correcting (ECC) that detects the error and re-reads the block. The process is transparent to the user, although it may slow data access.

As a flash memory device is solid-state, it is less affected by shock than a spinning disk.

The possibility for electrical damage from upside-down insertion is prevented by asymmetrical side slots, assuming that the host device uses a suitable connector.

Power consumption and data transfer rate

Small cards consume around 5% of the power required by small disk drives and still have reasonable transfer rates of over 45 MB/s for the more expensive 'high-speed' cards. [35] However, the manufacturer's warning on the flash memory used for ReadyBoost indicates a current draw in excess of 500 mA.

File systems

CompactFlash cards for use in consumer devices are typically formatted as FAT12 (for media up to 16 MB), FAT16 (for media up to 2 GB, sometimes up to 4 GB) and FAT32 (for media larger than 2 GB). This lets the devices be read by personal computers but also suits the limited processing ability of some consumer devices such as cameras.

There are varying levels of compatibility among FAT32-compatible cameras, MP3 players, PDAs, and other devices. While any device that claims FAT32-capability should read and write to a FAT32-formatted card without problems, some devices are tripped up by cards larger than 2 GB that are completely unformatted, while others may take longer to apply a FAT32 format.

The way many digital cameras update the file system as they write to the card creates a FAT32 bottleneck. Writing to a FAT32-formatted card generally takes a little longer than writing to a FAT16-formatted card with similar performance capabilities. For instance, the Canon EOS 10D writes the same photo to a FAT16-formatted 2 GB CompactFlash card somewhat faster than to a same speed 4 GB FAT32-formatted CompactFlash card, although the memory chips in both cards have the same write speed specification. [36] Although FAT16 is more wasteful of disk space with its larger clusters, it works better with the write strategy that flash memory chips require.

The cards themselves can be formatted with any type of file system such as Ext, JFS, NTFS, or by one of the dedicated flash file systems. It can be divided into partitions as long as the host device can read them. CompactFlash cards are often used instead of hard drives in embedded systems, dumb terminals and various small form-factor PCs that are built for low noise output or power consumption. CompactFlash cards are often more readily available and smaller than purpose-built solid-state drives and often have faster seek times than hard drives.

CF+ and CompactFlash specification revisions

When CompactFlash was first being standardized, even full-sized hard disks were rarely larger than 4 GB in size, and so the limitations of the ATA standard were considered acceptable. However, CF cards manufactured after the original Revision 1.0 specification are available in capacities up to 512 GB. While the current revision 6.0 works in [P]ATA mode, future revisions are expected to implement SATA mode.

CE-ATA

CE-ATA is a serial MMC-compatible interface based on the MultiMediaCard standard. [39] [40]

CFast

Pins of a CFast card CFast Kontakte (cropped).jpg
Pins of a CFast card

A variant of CompactFlash known as CFast is based on the Serial ATA (SATA) interface, rather than the Parallel ATA/IDE (PATA) bus for which all previous versions of CompactFlash are designed. CFast is also known as CompactFast.

CFast 1.0/1.1 supports a higher maximum transfer rate than current CompactFlash cards, using SATA 2.0 (300 MB/s) interface, while PATA is limited to 167 MB/s using UDMA 7.

CFast cards are not physically or electrically compatible with CompactFlash cards. However, since SATA can emulate the PATA command protocol, existing CompactFlash software drivers can be used, although writing new drivers to use AHCI instead of PATA emulation will almost always result in significant performance gains. CFast cards use a female 7-pin SATA data connector, and a female 17-pin power connector, [41] so an adaptor is required to connect CFast cards in place of standard SATA hard drives which use male connectors.

The first CFast cards reached the market in late 2009. [42] At CES 2009, Pretec showed a 32 GB CFast card and announced that they should reach the market within a few months. [43] Delock began distributing CFast cards in 2010, offering several card readers with USB 3.0 and eSATAp (power over eSATA) ports to support CFast cards.

Seeking higher performance and still keeping a compact storage format, some of the earliest adoptors of CFast cards were in the gaming industry (used in slot machines), as a natural evolution from the by then well-established CF cards. Current gaming industry supporters of the format include both specialist gaming companies (e.g. Aristocrat Leisure) and OEMs such as Innocore (now part of Advantech Co., Ltd.).

The CFast 2.0 specification was released in the second quarter of 2012, updating the electrical interface to SATA 3.0 (600 MB/s). As of 2014, the only product employing CFast 2.0 cards was the Arri Amira digital production camera, [44] allowing frame rates of up to 200 fps; a CFast 2.0 adapter for the Arri Alexa/XT camera was also released. [45]

On 7 April 2014, Blackmagic Design announced the URSA cinema camera, which records to CFast media. [46]

On 8 April 2015, Canon Inc. announced the XC10 video camera, which also makes use of CFast cards. [47] Blackmagic Design also announced that its URSA Mini will use CFast 2.0.[ citation needed ]

As of October 2016, there are a growing number of cameras, video recorders, and audio recorders that use the faster data rates offered by CFast media.

As of 2017, in the wider embedded electronics industry, transition from CF to CFast is still relatively slow, probably due to hardware cost considerations and some inertia (familiarity with CF) and because a significant part of the industry is satisfied with the lower performance provided by CF cards, thus having no reason to change. A strong incentive to change to CFast for embedded electronics companies using designs based on Intel PC architecture is the fact that Intel has removed native support for the (P)ATA interface a few design platforms ago and the older CPU/PCH generations now have end-of-life status.

CFexpress

In September 2016, the CompactFlash Association announced a new standard based on PCIe 3.0 and NVMe, CFexpress. [48] In April 2017, the version 1.0 of the CFexpress specification was published, with support for two PCIe 3.0 lanes in an XQD form-factor for up to 2 GB/s. [49]

Type I and Type II

The only physical difference between the two types is that Type I devices are 3.3 mm thick while Type II devices are 5 mm thick. [50] Electrically, the two interfaces are the same except that Type I devices are permitted to draw up to 70 mA supply current from the interface, while type II devices may draw up to 500 mA.

Most Type II devices are Microdrive devices (see below), other miniature hard drives, and adapters, such as a popular adapter that takes Secure Digital cards. [51] [52] A few flash-based Type II devices were manufactured, but Type I cards are now available in capacities that exceed CF HDDs. Manufacturers of CompactFlash cards such as Sandisk, Toshiba, Alcotek and Hynix offer devices with Type I slots only. Some of the latest DSLR cameras, like the Nikon D800, have also dropped Type II support. [53]

Microdrives

IBM 1 GB Microdrive MicroDrive1GB.jpg
IBM 1 GB Microdrive

Microdrive was a brand of tiny hard disks—about 25 mm (1 inch) wide—in a CompactFlash Type II package. The first was developed and released in 1999 by IBM, with a capacity of 170 MB. IBM sold its disk drive division, including the Microdrive trademark, to Hitachi in 2002. Comparable hard disks were also made by other vendors, such as Seagate and Sony. They were available in capacities of up to 8 GB but have been superseded by flash memory in cost, capacity, and reliability, and are no longer manufactured. [54]

As mechanical devices, CF HDDs drew more current than flash memory's 100 mA maximum. Early versions drew up to 500 mA, but more recent ones drew under 200 mA for reads and under 300 mA for writes. CF HDDs were also susceptible to damage from physical shock or temperature changes. However, CF HDDs had a longer lifespan of write cycles than early flash memories.[ citation needed ]

The iPod mini, Nokia N91, iriver H10 (5 or 6 GB model), LifeDrive, Sony NW-A1000/3000 and Rio Carbon used a Microdrive to store data.[ citation needed ]

Compared to other portable storage

Counterfeiting

The marketplace for CompactFlash is extensive and includes counterfeits. Off-brand or counterfeit cards may be mislabeled, might not contain the actual amount of memory their controllers report to the host device, and may use types of memory that are not rated for the number of erase/rewrite cycles that the purchaser expects. [55] [56]

Other devices in the CF form factor

Various CF I/O network interface cards Cf io.jpg
Various CF I/O network interface cards

Since CompactFlash interface is electrically identical to the 16-bit PC Card, the CompactFlash form factor is also used for a variety of Input/Output and interface devices. Many standard PC cards have CF counterparts, some examples include:

Pinout

Shown looking into card.

FunctionFunction
MemI/OTrue IDE
Mode 4		PinMemI/OTrue IDE
Mode 4
GND---126-->CD1
D03<->227<->D11
D04<->328<->D12
D05<->429<->D13
D06<->530<->D14
D07<->631<->D15
CE1CS0-->732<--CE2CS1
A10L-->833-->VS1
OEATA_SEL-->934<--NUIORD
A09L-->1035<--NUIOWR
A08L-->1136<--WE
A07L-->1237-->RDY/BSYIREQINTRQ
VCC---1338---VCC
A06L-->1439<--CSEL
A05L-->1540-->VS2
A04L-->1641<--RESETRESET
A03L-->1742-->WAITIORDY
A02-->1843-->NUINPACKNC
A01-->1944<--REGH
A00-->2045<->BVD2(H)SPKRDASP
D00<->2146<->BVD1(H)STSCHGPDIAG
D01<->2247<->D08
D02<->2348<->D09
WPIOIS16IOCS16-->2449<->D10
CD2<--2550---GND
Essential for 8-bit interface.
Essential for 16-bit interface.
NC = No Connection
NU = Not Used
L = tied Low (to 0V)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parallel ATA</span> Interface standard for the connection of storage devices

Parallel ATA (PATA), originally AT Attachment, also known as Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), is a standard interface designed for IBM PC-compatible computers. It was first developed by Western Digital and Compaq in 1986 for compatible hard drives and CD or DVD drives. The connection is used for storage devices such as hard disk drives, floppy disk drives, optical disc drives, and tape drives in computers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Industry Standard Architecture</span> Internal expansion bus in early PC compatibles

Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is the 16-bit internal bus of IBM PC/AT and similar computers based on the Intel 80286 and its immediate successors during the 1980s. The bus was (largely) backward compatible with the 8-bit bus of the 8088-based IBM PC, including the IBM PC/XT as well as IBM PC compatibles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PC Card</span> Expansion card standard for laptop computers

PC Card is a parallel peripheral interface for laptop computers and PDAs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Memory Stick</span> Sonys removable flash memory card format, launched in July 1998

The Memory Stick is a removable flash memory card format, originally launched by Sony in late 1998. In addition to the original Memory Stick, this family includes the Memory Stick PRO, a revision that allows greater maximum storage capacity and faster file transfer speeds; Memory Stick Duo, a small-form-factor version of the Memory Stick ; the even smaller Memory Stick Micro (M2), and the Memory Stick PRO-HG, a high speed variant of the PRO to be used in high-definition video and still cameras.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SATA</span> Computer bus interface for storage devices

SATA is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the earlier Parallel ATA (PATA) standard to become the predominant interface for storage devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Memory card</span> Electronic data storage device

A memory card is an electronic data storage device used for storing digital information, typically using flash memory. These are commonly used in digital portable electronic devices, such as Digital cameras as well as in many early games consoles such as the Nintendo Wii. They allow adding memory to such devices using a card in a socket instead of protruding USB flash drives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Power Macintosh G3</span> Series of personal computers by Apple

The Power Macintosh G3 is a series of personal computers designed, manufactured, and sold by Apple Computer from November 1997 to August 1999. It represented Apple's first step towards eliminating redundancy and complexity in the product line by replacing eight Power Macintosh models with three: Desktop and Mini Tower models for professional and home use, and an all-in-one model for education. The introduction of the Desktop and Mini Tower models coincided with Apple starting to sell build-to-order Macs directly from its web site in an online store, which was unusual for the time as Dell was the only major computer manufacturer doing this. Apple's move to build-to-order sales of the Power Macintosh G3 also coincided with the acquisition of Power Computing Corporation, which had been providing telephone sales of Macintosh clones for more than two years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SD card</span> Type of memory storage for portable devices

Secure Digital, officially abbreviated as SD, is a proprietary, non-volatile, flash memory card format the SD Association (SDA) developed for use in portable devices.

Programmed input–output is a method of data transmission, via input/output (I/O), between a central processing unit (CPU) and a peripheral device, such as a Parallel ATA storage device. Each data item transfer is initiated by an instruction in the program, involving the CPU for every transaction. In contrast, in direct memory access (DMA) operations, the CPU is uninvolved in the data transfer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MultiMediaCard</span> Memory card format

MultiMediaCard, officially abbreviated as MMC, is a memory card standard used for solid-state storage. Unveiled in 1997 by SanDisk and Siemens, MMC is based on a surface-contact low pin-count serial interface using a single memory stack substrate assembly, and is therefore much smaller than earlier systems based on high pin-count parallel interfaces using traditional surface-mount assembly such as CompactFlash. Both products were initially introduced using SanDisk NOR-based flash technology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SmartMedia</span> Memory card format

SmartMedia is an obsolete flash memory card standard owned by Toshiba, with capacities ranging from 2 MB to 128 MB. The format mostly saw application in the early 2000s in digital cameras and audio production. SmartMedia memory cards are no longer manufactured.

xD-Picture Card Memory card format

The xD-Picture Card is an obsolete form of flash memory card, used in digital cameras made by Olympus, Fujifilm, and Kodak during the 2000s. The xD in the xD-Picture Card stands for eXtreme Digital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Native Command Queuing</span>

In computing, Native Command Queuing (NCQ) is an extension of the Serial ATA protocol allowing hard disk drives to internally optimize the order in which received read and write commands are executed. This can reduce the amount of unnecessary drive head movement, resulting in increased performance for workloads where multiple simultaneous read/write requests are outstanding, most often occurring in server-type applications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">USB mass storage device class</span> USB device class for drives

The USB mass storage device class is a set of computing communications protocols, specifically a USB Device Class, defined by the USB Implementers Forum that makes a USB device accessible to a host computing device and enables file transfers between the host and the USB device. To a host, the USB device acts as an external hard drive; the protocol set interfaces with a number of storage devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Microdrive</span> One-inch hard disk format by IBM and Hitachi

The Microdrive is a type of miniature, 1-inch hard disk produced by IBM and Hitachi. These rotational media storage devices were designed to fit in CompactFlash (CF) Type II slots.

In computing, a hybrid drive is a logical or physical storage device that combines a faster storage medium such as solid-state drive (SSD) with a higher-capacity hard disk drive (HDD). The intent is adding some of the speed of SSDs to the cost-effective storage capacity of traditional HDDs. The purpose of the SSD in a hybrid drive is to act as a cache for the data stored on the HDD, improving the overall performance by keeping copies of the most frequently used data on the faster SSD drive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Memory card reader</span>

A memory card reader is a device for accessing the data on a memory card such as a CompactFlash (CF), Secure Digital (SD) or MultiMediaCard (MMC). Most card readers also offer write capability, and together with the card, this can function as a pen drive.

HyperDrive (HD) is a series of RAM-based solid-state drives invented by Accelerated Logic B.V. employee Pascal Bancsi, who partnered with the British company HyperOs Systems, who manufactured the retail product. The HyperDrive interfaces with and is recognized by computer systems as a standard hard drive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solid-state drive</span> Computer storage device with no moving parts

A solid-state drive (SSD) is a solid-state storage device. It provides persistent data storage using no moving parts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seagate Barracuda</span> Series of hard disk drives produced by Seagate Technology

The Seagate Barracuda is a series of hard disk drives and later solid state drives produced by Seagate Technology that was first introduced in 1993.

References

  1. ↑ Frank, Bill (March 2, 2003). "CompactFlash Specification Allows for the Addressing of up to 137 GB" (PDF) (Press release). CompactFlash Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-12.
  2. ↑ MemberClicks. "Home". www.compactflash.org. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  3. ↑ "History of the SanDisk brand". SanDisk. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  4. ↑ "Canon Announces the EOS R5 C 8K RAW Digital Cinema Camera, Capable of Both Cinema-quality Video and High-speed, High-quality Still Image Capture".
  5. ↑ "Press Room".
  6. ↑ "Sandisk, Sony, and Nikon propose 500MBps memory card with more than 2TB capacity". engadget.com. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  7. ↑ "CompactFlash allies rally against dominant SD". cnet.com. 14 December 2010. Archived from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  8. ↑ "CompactFlash Association readies next-gen XQD format, promises write speeds of 125 MB/s and up". engadget.com. 8 December 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  9. ↑ [ permanent dead link ]
  10. ↑ "25 Years of CompactFlash: A Look Back at the Pioneering Format". PCMAG.
  11. ↑ "PC Mag". 13 November 2001.
  12. ↑ "Liverpool and Manchester Photographic Journal". 2002.
  13. ↑ "pcmcia.org". www.pcmcia.org. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  14. ↑ "CompactFlash Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 2010-03-01. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
  15. ↑ "CompactFlash · AllPinouts". www.allpinouts.org. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  16. ↑ CF+ and CompactFlash Specification Revision 1.4, Section 4 Electrical Interface, Table 4
  17. ↑ "Photofocus - Long-Term Test – UDMA Flash Memory – Lexar Won". photofocus.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-18. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  18. ↑ "UDMA-7/UHS-1 Media Card Study". pietrzyk.us. 16 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  19. ↑ "USB 3.0 CF Card Reader Study". pietrzyk.us. 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  20. ↑ "Seagate - Benut al uw gegevens maximaal | Seagate Nederland".
  21. ↑ "CompactFlash Association Announces Availability of the New CF5.0 Specification" (PDF). CompactFlash Association. February 22, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on Apr 13, 2021. Retrieved 2014-06-21.
  22. ↑ "Lexar® Professional 800x CompactFlash® card | Lexar". Archived from the original on 2015-11-26. Retrieved 2015-11-25.
  23. ↑ "SanDisk Introduces the World's Highest Capacity Card for Professional Photographers" . Retrieved Oct 7, 2022.
  24. ↑ "Samsung Announces First 40-nanometer Device 32 Gb NAND Flash with Revolutionary Charge Trap Technology". samsung.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  25. ↑ Administrator. "Pretec - Small size, Big impact". www.pretec.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  26. ↑ "The Leader in Mass Data Storage Solutions | Seagate US". Seagate.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012.
  27. ↑ "The Leader in Mass Data Storage Solutions | Seagate US". Seagate.com. Archived from the original on December 7, 2009.
  28. ↑ "Submerged camera holds functional memory card two years after accident". engadget.com. 17 November 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  29. ↑ "Compact Flash and Secure Digital Adapters". Addonics. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
  30. ↑ "CompactFlash cards and DMA/UDMA support in True IDE (tm) mode". www.fccps.cz. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  31. ↑ "Application Note for NAND Flash Memory (Revision 2.0)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2011. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
  32. ↑ The comparison is not in the same terms as for magnetic media, for which hours of operation and reads also impose wear.
  33. 1 2 Car PC hacks, Damien Stolarz, 2005, Farnham:O’Reilly Media, Sebastopol, CA, USA, ISBN   0-596-00871-6
  34. ↑ EWF is available only in XP Embedded, not the XP Professional, Home, or Media Editions versions of Windows.
  35. ↑ LetsGoDigital. "SanDisk Extreme IV review". www.photokina-show.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  36. ↑ "CompactFlash Performance Database updated". Rob Galbraith. March 22, 2004. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18.
  37. ↑ "CFA Announces Availability of the New CF5.0 Specification". CompactFlash Association. February 22, 2010. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010.
  38. ↑ "CF 6.0 Introduces Performance and Feature Enhancements". CompactFlash Association. November 18, 2010. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010.
  39. ↑ Heybruck, William F. "Are You Ready for CE-ATA?" (PDF). Hitachi Global Storage Technologies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-08.
  40. ↑ "MMCA: Home" (PDF). www.mmca.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
  41. ↑ "CFast – Evolution of the CompactFlash Interface" (PDF). CompactFlash Association. 2008-04-14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
  42. ↑ Donald Melanson (2008-02-25). "CFast CompactFlash cards now said to be coming in "18 to 24 months"". Engadget.
  43. ↑ "Pretec release CFast card with SATA interface". DPReview. 2008-01-08.
  44. ↑ "ARRI Group: AMIRA". ARRI Group. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  45. ↑ "ARRI Group: News". ARRI Group. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  46. ↑ Design, Blackmagic. "Blackmagic URSA Mini Pro - Blackmagic Design". www.blackmagicdesign.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  47. ↑ "Canon XC10 - Professional camcorder". Canon Europe. 2015-04-08.
  48. ↑ "CFA 5.1 Press Release" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-19. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
  49. ↑ "CFexpress 1.0 Press Release" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-12. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
  50. ↑ MemberClicks. "Home". www.compactflash.org. Archived from the original on 18 March 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  51. ↑ "Delkin Devices ship 224MB CF type II". dpreview.com. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  52. ↑ LetsGoDigital. "Lexar Media announces 8GB CompactFlash type II - LetsGoDigital". www.letsgodigital.org. Archived from the original on 21 August 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  53. ↑ "Nikon D700 - see Tech Specs". nikonusa.com. Archived from the original on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  54. ↑ Rob, Galbraith. "Robgalbraith CF info". Rob Galbraith. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
  55. ↑ "eBay.ie Guides - FAKE SanDisk Extreme Compact Flash Cards Exposed". September 27, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
  56. ↑ "July 2007 - Counterfeit SanDisk Cards". Archived from the original on December 8, 2008.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.