Concerto for Two Pianos (Stravinsky)

Last updated
Concerto for Two Pianos
by Igor Stravinsky
Igor Stravinsky LOC 32392u.jpg
Igor Stravinsky, at the time of the composition
Native nameConcerto per due pianoforti soli
Catalogue
  • W66 (Eric W. White)
  • HH58 (Harry Halbreich)
  • CC80 (Clifford Cæsar)
Year1935 (1935)
Period 20th-century classical music
Style Neoclassicism
Composed1930 (1930)–1935
Duration20:00
Movements4
Premiere
Date21 November 1935 (1935-11-21)
LocationParis
PerformersIgor and Soulima Stravinsky

The Concerto for Two Pianos (sometimes also referred to as Concerto for Two Solo Pianos or rather as its Italian original name, Concerto per due pianoforti soli) [1] is a composition by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. It was finished on November 9, 1935 [2] and, together with his Sonata for Two Pianos, is considered nowadays as one of his major compositions for piano during his neoclassical period. It was also Stravinsky's first work after becoming a French citizen.

Contents

Composition

Stravinsky decided that, after composing his Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments, he wanted to explore the capabilities of the piano as a solo instrument. Stravinsky had in mind a piece for which no orchestra would be needed (in case he lived in a city where no resident orchestra was actually established) and which could be played by himself and his son, Soulima Stravinsky. He began to work on a piece which would be the first movement of the Concerto in 1931 in Voreppe after finishing his Violin Concerto, although he found himself unable to complete a composition for which two pianos would play simultaneously and fully complement each other.

He then took a break and took up the concerto again after finishing his Duo Concertant and Persephone, even though he was interrupted again due to an appendectomy. Having figured out that he had given a three-year break to his composition, and this could result in a radical difference between its first movement and the rest of the work, he opted for asking Pleyel et Cie to build him a double piano, one appended to the back part of the other. Pleyel could eventually invent it, so Stravinsky finished the Concerto in 1935. [3] In 1963, Stravinsky stated in a conversation with American conductor Robert Craft in their book Dialogues and a Diary (1963) that "the Concerto is perhaps my 'Favorite' among my purely instrumental pieces." [1] Stravinsky claimed to have been inspired by variations by Brahms and Beethoven and, especially, by Beethoven's fugues. [4]

Movement order

The order of the movements was a challenging issue for Stravinsky, due to his break at the time of composing this work. Stravinsky stated in a conversation with Robert Craft that the third movement was meant to be placed after the first movement. [4] Nevertheless, Stravinsky expert Eric Walter White claims that Stravinsky had put the variations after the fugue but eventually decided to change it because the last chord of the fugue was stronger. [2]

Key system

There are discernible patterns in the work that indicate that every movement is in a different tonality.

The first movement is in E minor, even though it modulates to B♭ major in its middle section, its most remote key possible. However, the background voices are often dissonant with the two melodic subjects, which generate bitonality. The second movement is in G major and, as in the first movement, it also modulates to D♭ major, its most remote key, in its central section. The first variation is in G minor and modulates to B♭ major, the second is in the same key as the previous one and modulates to C♯ minor, the third is still in the same key as the previous one and changes to A♯ minor (which is an enharmonic key with B♭ minor) and the last variation rotates round G minor or E♭ major while the harmonisation of the first piano implies C major. Ultimately, the last variation modulates to D major. Both the prelude and the fugue are in D, but, towards the end, a descending chromatic scale performed nonsimultaneously by both of the pianos makes it to change to E major. [2]

Performances

The composition was premièred in Paris, at a recital given in the Salle Gaveau by the Université des Annales on November 21, 1935. Stravinsky gave two concerts the same day (one in the morning and another one in the evening), giving a 15-minute speech before each one. The concert was subsequently played during the following months with his son Soulima Stravinsky throughout Europe and South America.

After playing it in Baden-Baden, Stravinsky signed a contract with the French subdivision of Columbia Records to make a commercial release of the concerto, which was eventually released after his death because of the war. [4]

Structure

The concerto is divided into four movements, even though the third movement is also split up into four different parts. A typical performance lasts approximately 20 minutes. The movement titles were originally written in Italian:

  1. Con moto
  2. Notturno: Adagietto (Nocturne)
  3. Quattro variazioni (Four variations):
    • Variazione I (Variation I)
    • Variazione II (Variation II)
    • Variazione III (Variation III)
    • Variazione IV (Variation IV)
  4. Preludio e fuga (Prelude and fugue)

First movement

The first movement is in a form that recalls a first movement of a sonata, with its tonal regions and its recapitulation; this movement is full of repeated notes and chords, in which its energy and momentum is based. In the central section of this movement, sixteenth notes are grouped in sextuplets repeated in 4
4.

Second movement

The second movement, Notturno, was described by Stravinsky as "not so much night music as after-dinner music, in fact, a digestive to the largest movements", as he also stated that the first piano part was like "a ballerina represented by a harpsichord".

Third movement

Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg
Fourth part of the third movement
"Variation IV" from "Concerto for Two Pianos", by Igor Stravinsky
Problems playing this file? See media help.

The third movement is a collection of variations of a theme that is not present in that movement, but in the fugue of the following movement. These four variations are characterised by having different speeds, melodic lines in different octaves throughout the whole movement; in the last variation, a typical Stravinsky technique (an ostinato in G and B♭, that is, a third interval) is present. In various statements, Stravinsky claims he could have orchestrated this specific movement, but he wanted the composition to remain a composition for two pianos so that he and his son could play it. [4]

Fourth movement

The fourth and final movement is a slow prelude and a four-voiced fugue, followed by an after-fugue in which the notes of the theme are represented in inversion. Accompanying the four voices, one more voice repeats notes in sextuplets, which is a direct reference to the first movement. It ends with a strongly dissonant fortissimo chord by the two pianos, followed by a softer and more consonant chord which closes the concerto, though in 1957 Stravinsky expressed to American pianist Paul Jacobs that he wanted to leave out the softer chord. Stravinsky considered this movement the one in the whole concerto he was most fond of. [4]

Catalogues

The Concerto is included in some of the most complete catalogues of works by Igor Stravinsky. In Eric W. White's catalogue, the Concerto is listed with the reference number W66, Harry Halbreich lists it with the number HH58, and Clifford Cæsar lists it with the number CC80.

Notable recordings

Notable recordings of this concerto include:

PianistsRecord CompanyYear of RecordingFormat
Igor Stravinsky and Soulima Stravinsky Columbia/EMI/Soundmark193878rpm, reissued on LP and CD [5]
Vitya Vronsky and Victor Babin Columbia Records 1945LP and CD
Vera Appleton and Michael Field Vox Records c. 195078rpm and LP (in different couplings)
Aloys and Alfons Kontarsky Wergo 1962LP and CD [6]
Paul Jacobs and Ursula Oppens Arbiter/Nonesuch Records 1977CD [7]
Aloys and Alfons Kontarsky Deutsche Grammophon 1977LP and CD [8]
Katia and Marielle Labèque Philips1987CD
Benjamin Frith and Peter Hill Naxos Records 1995CD [9]
Aglika Genova and Liuben Dimitrov CPO 1998CD [10]
Marc-Andre Hamelin and Leif Ove Andsnes Hyperion 2018CD

Related Research Articles

Sonata form is a musical structure generally consisting of three main sections: an exposition, a development, and a recapitulation. It has been used widely since the middle of the 18th century.

Scordatura is a tuning of a string instrument that is different from the normal, standard tuning. It typically attempts to allow special effects or unusual chords or timbre, or to make certain passages easier to play. It is common to notate the finger position as if played in regular tuning, while the actual pitch resulting is altered. When all the strings are tuned by the same interval up or down, as in the case of the viola in Mozart's Sinfonia Concertante for Violin, Viola and Orchestra, the part is transposed as a whole.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piano Sonata No. 29 (Beethoven)</span> Longest Beethoven piano sonata, composed in 1818

Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 29 in B♭ major, Op. 106 is a piano sonata that is widely viewed as one of the most important works of the composer's third period and among the greatest piano sonatas of all time. Completed in 1818, it is often considered to be Beethoven's most technically challenging piano composition and one of the most demanding solo works in the classical piano repertoire. The first documented public performance was in 1836 by Franz Liszt in the Salle Erard in Paris to an enthusiastic review by Hector Berlioz.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piano Sonata No. 32 (Beethoven)</span> Piano sonata written by Beethoven

The Piano Sonata No. 32 in C minor, Op. 111, is the last of Ludwig van Beethoven's piano sonatas. The work was written between 1821 and 1822. Like other late period sonatas, it contains fugal elements. It was dedicated to his friend, pupil, and patron, Archduke Rudolf.

<i>Symphony of Psalms</i> Choral symphony composed by Igor Stravinsky

The Symphony of Psalms is a choral symphony in three movements composed by Igor Stravinsky in 1930 during his neoclassical period. The work was commissioned by Serge Koussevitzky to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The symphony derives its name from the use of Psalm texts in the choral parts.

G major is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E, and F♯. Its key signature has one sharp. Its relative minor is E minor and its parallel minor is G minor.

B-flat major is a major scale based on B♭, with pitches B♭, C, D, E♭, F, G, and A. Its key signature has two flats. Its relative minor is G minor and its parallel minor is B-flat minor.

D minor is a minor scale based on D, consisting of the pitches D, E, F, G, A, B♭, and C. Its key signature has one flat. Its relative major is F major and its parallel major is D major.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piano Sonata No. 31 (Beethoven)</span> 1822 piano sonata by Ludwig van Beethoven

The Piano Sonata No. 31 in A♭ major, Op. 110, by Ludwig van Beethoven was composed in 1821 and published in 1822. It is the middle piano sonata in the group of three that he wrote between 1820 and 1822, and is the penultimate of his piano sonatas. Though the sonata was commissioned in 1820, Beethoven did not begin work on Op. 110 until the latter half of 1821, and final revisions were completed in early 1822. The delay was due to factors such as Beethoven's work on the Missa solemnis and his deteriorating health. The original edition was published by Schlesinger in Paris and Berlin in 1822 without dedication, and an English edition was published by Muzio Clementi in 1823.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soulima Stravinsky</span> Swiss-born American pianist, teacher, and composer (1910–1994)

Sviatoslav Soulima Stravinsky was a Swiss-American pianist, composer, and musicologist. As a pianist, he was considered an important interpreter of the works of his father, Igor Stravinsky, but as a composer he was overshadowed by his father.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piano Sonata No. 14 (Mozart)</span>

The Piano Sonata No. 14 in C minor, K. 457, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was composed and completed in 1784, with the official date of completion recorded as 14 October 1784 in Mozart's own catalogue of works. It was published in December 1785 together with the Fantasy in C minor, K. 475, as Opus 11 by the publishing firm Artaria, Mozart's main Viennese publisher.

Olli Mustonen is a Finnish pianist, conductor, and composer.

<i>Ebony Concerto</i> (Stravinsky)

Igor Stravinsky wrote the Ebony Concerto in 1945 for the Woody Herman band known as the First Herd. It is one in a series of compositions commissioned by the bandleader/clarinetist featuring solo clarinet, and the score is dedicated to him. It was first performed on March 25, 1946 in Carnegie Hall in New York City, by Woody Herman's Band, conducted by Walter Hendl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Octet (Stravinsky)</span>

The Octet for wind instruments is a chamber music composition by Igor Stravinsky, completed in 1923.

The Septet for clarinet, bassoon, horn, piano, violin, viola and cello is a Chamber music composition by Igor Stravinsky. It was composed between July 1952 and February 1953, and the first performance took place at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., on 23 January 1954. The score is dedicated to the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. It consists of three movements, the first lacking a title, and the last lacking a number in the score. The work is influenced by twelve-tone technique, especially by the Wind Quintet, Op. 26, and the Suite for septet, Op. 29, composed by Arnold Schoenberg.

References

  1. 1 2 Jacobs, Paul (2008). Stravinsky: Music for Four Hands. New York: Nonesuch Records and Arbiter Records. p. 12. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 White, Eric Walter (1985). Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works, Second edition. University of California Press. pp. 389–392. ISBN   0520039858.
  3. ↑ Lindemann Malone, Andrew (2012). "Concerto for 2 solo pianos". Rovi Corporation, Ltd. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Craft, Robert; Stravinsky, Igor (1982). Dialogues. University of California Press. pp. 42–43. ISBN   0520046501 . Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  5. ↑ "Composers In Person - Stravinsky: Les Noces, Octet, Etc". Hong Kong: Rovi Data Solutions, Inc. 1993. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  6. ↑ "Sonata for Two Pianos / Trois Pièces Faciles / Cinq Pièces Faciles / Concerto per due pianoforti soli". Mainz: Wergo. 1965. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
  7. ↑ "Arbiter 155: Stravinsky: Music for Four Hands". New York: Allan Evans. 2008. Archived from the original on September 11, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Sonate für 2 Klaviere und Schlagzeug · Sonata for 2 Pianos and Percussion + Stravinsky: Konzert für 2 Klaviere Sonate für 2 Klaviere 20th-Century Classics". Berlín: Deutsche Grammophon. 1992. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  9. ↑ "STRAVINSKY: Music for Two Pianos". Hong Kong: Naxos Digital Services Ltd. 1995. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Dmitri Shostakovich - Complete Works for Piano Duo + Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Dinicu". G&D media. 1998. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.