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Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. The seat of government and administrative capital is La Paz, which contains the executive, legislative, and electoral branches of government, while the constitutional capital is Sucre, the seat of the judiciary. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales, a mostly flat region in the east of the country.
The politics of Bolivia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the president is head of state, head of government and head of a diverse multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. Both the Judiciary and the electoral branch are independent of the executive and the legislature. After the 2014 Bolivian general election, 53.1% of the seats in national parliament were held by women, a higher proportion of women than that of the population.
The president of Bolivia, officially known as the president of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is head of state and head of government of Bolivia and the captain general of the Armed Forces of Bolivia.
Gonzalo Daniel Sánchez de Lozada Sánchez Bustamante, often referred to as Goni, is a Bolivian businessman and politician who served as the 61st president of Bolivia from 1993 to 1997 and from 2002 to 2003. A member of the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), he previously served as minister of planning and coordination under Víctor Paz Estenssoro and succeeded him as the MNR's national chief in 1990.
The Bolivian gas conflict was a social confrontation in Bolivia reaching its peak in 2003, centering on the exploitation of the country's vast natural gas reserves. The expression can be extended to refer to the general conflict in Bolivia over the exploitation of gas resources, thus including the 2005 protests and the election of Evo Morales as president. Before these protests, Bolivia had seen a series of similar earlier protests during the Cochabamba protests of 2000, which were against the privatization of the municipal water supply.
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a centre-right, conservative political party in Bolivia. It was the leading force behind the Bolivian National Revolution from 1952 to 1964. It influenced much of the country's history since 1941.
The Movement for Socialism, officially the Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples, is a socialist political party in Bolivia. Its followers are known as Masistas.
El Alto is the second-largest city in Bolivia, located adjacent to La Paz in Pedro Domingo Murillo Province on the Altiplano highlands. El Alto is today one of Bolivia's fastest-growing urban centers, with an estimated population of 943,558 in 2020. It is also the highest major city in the world, with an average elevation of 4,000 m (13,123 ft).
General elections were held in Bolivia on 30 June 2002. As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a President. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada was elected with 84 votes to the 43 received by Evo Morales.
General elections were held in Bolivia on 1 June 1997. As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a president on 4 August. Hugo Banzer of Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN) was subsequently elected. Whilst the ADN emerged as the largest party in Congress, it failed to win a majority of seats, and formed a coalition government with the Revolutionary Left Movement, Conscience of Fatherland and the Solidarity Civic Unity.
The Revolutionary Left Front is a political party in Bolivia, founded in 1978.
Municipal elections were held in Bolivia, on December 5, 1999, in all 311 municipalities across the country. The elections marked a milestone in the continuous deterioration of the political influence of the traditional parties. In 23 municipalities the mayors were elected through direct popular vote, in other municipalities the mayors were elected by the respective municipal council.
Katarism is a political movement in Bolivia, named after the 18th-century indigenous leader Túpac Katari.
General elections were held in Bolivia on 7 May 1989. As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a president on 6 August. Although the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement had received the most votes, its candidate for President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada was defeated by Jaime Paz Zamora of the Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) in the congressional vote, despite the MIR only finishing third in the public vote.
General elections were held in Bolivia on 6 June 1993. As no candidate for the presidency received over 50% of the vote, the National Congress was required to elect a president on 4 August. Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada of the MNR-MRTKL alliance was subsequently elected unopposed.
Marcial Fabricano Noe is a Bolivian indigenous leader from the Mojeño-Trinitario ethnic group. He has previously served as president of the Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of the Bolivian East and was a vice-presidential candidate of the Free Bolivia Movement.
Francisca Remedios Loza Alvarado was a Bolivian artisan, television presenter and politician.
Cristina Corrales Real was a Bolivian journalist, radio broadcaster, and politician.
Bertha Beatriz Acarapi is a Bolivian politician and former television presenter serving as a party-list member of the Chamber of Deputies from La Paz since 2020. A member of the Movement for Socialism, she previously served as an El Alto municipal councillor from 2000 to 2004 on behalf of the Revolutionary Left Movement and from 2004 to 2010 on behalf of Plan Progress for Bolivia. During her second term, she served as president of the El Alto Municipal Council from 2006 to 2007, becoming the first woman to assume that post. Outside of politics, Acarapi's lengthy career in radio and television journalism led her to join ATB in 2015, becoming one of the country's first high-profile chola indigenous presenters.
Jorge Escobari Cusicanqui was a Bolivian lawyer, diplomat, parliamentarian and politician, who served as foreign minister of Bolivia from May 11, 1979, to 8 August 1979, during the government of President David Padilla Arancibia.
References
- 1 2 3 "Fiscalía investigará a vocales de la CNE por caso Condepa". lostiempos.com. 2006-02-13. Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2010-08-05.
- 1 2 "El legado de Condepa y del "compadre" Carlos Palenque". caracol.com. 2008-07-16. Archived from the original on 2013-01-01.
- 1 2 3 4 Van Cott, Donna Lee (November 2003). "From Exclusion to Inclusion: Bolivia's 2002 Elections". Journal of Latin American Studies. 35 (4): 751–775. doi:10.1017/S0022216X03006977. JSTOR 3875831. S2CID 147569474.
- ↑ Van Cott, Donna Lee (2007). From Movements to Parties in Latin America: The Evolution of Ethnic Politics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707039. p. 84
- 1 2 Toranzo Roca, Carlos (2006). Rostros de la democracia: una mirada mestiza. Plural Ed. [u.a.] ISBN 9789990586930. p. 406
- ↑ Lazar, Sian (2008). Alto, Rebel City: Self and Citizenship in Andean Bolivia. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822341543. p. 93
- ↑ "Elecciones Generales Bolivia 2002". bolivia.com. 2002.
- ↑ "Cuatro partidos políticos pierden personería jurídica". eldiario.net. 2005. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2010-08-05.