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The history of Trinidad and Tobago begins with the settlements of the islands by Indigenous First Peoples. Trinidad was visited by Christopher Columbus on his third voyage in 1498,,and claimed in the name of Spain. Trinidad was administered by Spanish hands until 1797,but it was largely settled by French colonists. Tobago changed hands between the British,French,Dutch,and Courlanders,but eventually ended up in British hands following the second Treaty of Paris (1814). In 1889,the two islands were incorporated into a single political entity. Trinidad and Tobago obtained its independence from the British Empire in 1962 and became a republic in 1976.
German attempts at the colonization of the Americas consisted of German Venezuela,St. Thomas and Crab Island in the 16th and 17th centuries.
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region,then known as Livonia,that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a nominally vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently made part of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom from 1569 to 1726 and incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1726. On March 28,1795,it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.
The Curonian colonization of the Americas was performed by the Duchy of Courland,which was the second-smallest state to colonise the Americas,after the Knights of Malta. It had a colony on the island of Tobago from 1654 to 1659 and intermittently from 1660 to 1689.
Jufureh is a town in the Gambia,30 kilometers inland on the north bank of the River Gambia in the North Bank Division near James Island. The town is home to a museum and Fort Jillifree.
Curonian colonisation refers to the colonisation efforts of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. Small,but wealthy,the Duchy took a modest part in the European colonization settlement attempts of West Africa and the Caribbean. Jacob Kettler spoke Latvian,created an independent state and grew an army and a fleet with powerful ships manufactured of Latvian pine trees from Smiltene city.
Piltene is a town in northwestern Latvia. The population in 2020 was 909.
A colonial empire is a collective of territories,either contiguous with the imperial center or located overseas,settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state.
Jacob Kettler was a Baltic German Duke of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1642–1682). Under his rule,Courland and Semigallia became more independent of its Polish suzerain,reached its peak in wealth,and even engaged in its own overseas colonization,making it one of the smallest,but fastest growing states in the world at that time.
The Bishopric of Courland was the second smallest (4500 km2) ecclesiastical state in the Livonian Confederation founded in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade. During the Livonian War in 1559 the bishopric became a possession of Denmark,and in 1585 sold by Denmark to Poland–Lithuania.
Crown Point is a town in southwestern Tobago,Trinidad and Tobago. It contains the A.N.R. Robinson International Airport which was formerly known as the Crown Point International Airport. It is near Store Bay,Buccoo Reef,and Pigeon Point. Crusoe Cave is located nearby.
Bilateral relations between the countries of France and Trinidad and Tobago have existed for about two hundred years. Currently,France has an embassy in Port of Spain. Trinidad and Tobago is represented in France through its embassy in Brussels (Belgium). Trinidad and Tobago also has bilateral investment agreements with France.
Pomeroon is the name of a former Dutch plantation colony on the Pomeroon River in the Guyana region on the north coast of South America. After early colonization attempts in the late 16th century were attacked by Spaniards and local Indians,the original inhabitants fled the interior of Guyana,founding the colony of Essequibo around Fort Kyk-Over-Al shortly after. A second,and more serious attempt at colonization started in 1650,but was ultimately unsuccessful,as French privateers destroyed the colony in 1689. In the late 18th century,a third attempt of colonization was started,this time under the jurisdiction of the Essequibo colony.
Adrian Lampsins,sometimes called Adrien Lampsius,(1598-1673) was the Baron of colonial Tobago,alongside his brother,Cornelius Lampsins.
Cornelius Lampsins,was,along with his brother Adrian,the Baron of Tobago from 1662 to 1664.
Hubert de Beveren was the Dutch Governor of Tobago from 1662 to 1666. He was appointed by the brothers Lampsins once they became the Barons of Tobago,as granted by Louis XIV.
The history of Tobago covers a period from the earliest human settlements on the island of Tobago in the Archaic period,through its current status as a part of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Originally settled by indigenous people,the island was subject to Spanish slave raids in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century and colonisation attempts by the Dutch,British,French,and Courlanders beginning in 1628,though most colonies failed due to indigenous resistance. After 1763 Tobago was converted to a plantation economy by British settlers and enslaved Africans.
The Fleet of Courland and Semigallia was the navy and merchant fleet of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. It has existed since the end of the 16th century,but the official date of its creation is considered to be the founding of the Vindava Admiralty in 1638. The main creator was Duke Jacob Kettler,the most prominent of all the rulers of the duchy. It was built at the Vindava (1638–1718),Goldingen (1638–1702),and Libava shipyards (1677–1702). During its heyday in the middle of the 17th century,it numbered up to 40 warships and 100 merchant ships. The fleet was used in international trade,the Couronian colonization of America and Africa,and the wars of European powers as a mercenary force. It suffered greatly in the wars with the Swedes:the Second Northern War (1655–1660) and the Great Northern War (1700–1721). In fact,it ceased to exist after the closure of the shipyard in Vindava.
Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality law is regulated by the Trinidad and Tobago Constitution Order of 1962,as amended;the 1976 Citizenship Act,and its revisions;and various British Nationality laws. These laws determine who is,or is eligible to be,a national of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality is typically obtained either on the principle of jus soli,i.e. by birth in Trinidad and Tobago or under the rules of jus sanguinis,i.e. by birth abroad to parents with Trinidadian and Tobagonian nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country,or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through naturalisation. There is not currently a program in Trinidad and Tobago for persons to acquire nationality through investment in the country. Nationality establishes one's international identity as a member of a sovereign nation. Though it is not synonymous with citizenship,for rights granted under domestic law for domestic purposes,the United Kingdom,and thus the commonwealth,have traditionally used the words interchangeably.
References
- ↑ Nimblett, Lennie M. “The Courlanders Claim.” Tobago: the Union with Trinidad 1889- 1899: Myth and Reality, Authorhouse, 2012, pp. 311–311.