Court of Final Appeal (Hong Kong)

For the building, see Court of Final Appeal Building.

Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal
香港終審法院
The logo features the Court of Final Appeal Building
22°16′51″N114°09′37″E / 22.28090°N 114.16035°E / 22.28090; 114.16035
Established	1 July 1997;26 years ago (1997-07-01)
Location	8 Jackson Road, Central, Hong Kong [1]
Coordinates	22°16′51″N114°09′37″E / 22.28090°N 114.16035°E / 22.28090; 114.16035
Composition method	Appointment by the Chief Executive acting in accordance with the recommendation of the Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission with Legislative Council endorsement
Authorized by	Hong Kong Basic Law Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal Ordinance
Judge term length	Until retirement age of 70 for the Chief Justice and Permanent Judges, but this may be extended by two three-year terms, meaning retirement age can be extended to 76; no retirement age for non-permanent judges
Number of positions	One Chief Justice, at least three permanent judges and at most 30 non-permanent judges
Website	hkcfa.hk
Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal
Currently	Andrew Cheung
Since	11 January 2021

Role of the court

From the 1840s to 30 June 1997, Hong Kong was a British Dependent Territory, and the power of final adjudication on the laws of Hong Kong was vested in the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London. The power to exercise sovereignty over Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. Based on the one country, two systems principle, Hong Kong retains a high degree of autonomy and maintains its own legal system. The Court of Final Appeal was established on 1 July 1997 in Central, Hong Kong. Since then, it has served as the court of last resort; the court has the power of final adjudication with respect to the law of Hong Kong as well as the power of final interpretation over local laws including the power to strike down local ordinances on the grounds of inconsistency with the Basic Law.

However, this power is not absolute; the court's decisions can be overturned by the Chinese government via a controversial process known as an "interpretation" via Article 158 of the Basic Law. ^{[2] [3]}

The Court of Final Appeal has no original jurisdiction; an appeal has to originate from the High Court (either from the Court of Appeal or the Court of First Instance).

Court structure

Judges

The Court of Final Appeal is made up of the Chief Justice, at least three Permanent Judges, and at most 30 non-permanent Judges who can come from Hong Kong or any overseas Common Law jurisdictions. Under the Basic Law, the constitutional document of Hong Kong, the special administrative region remains a common law jurisdiction. Judges from other common law jurisdictions can be recruited and serve in the judiciary as non-permanent judges according to Article 92 of the Basic Law; to date, Judges appointed have served in the judiciaries of England and Wales, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. Aside from the Chief Justice, there is no nationality requirement for any of the permanent or non-permanent judges.

Allowing an appeal

Whether an appeal is allowed or not is determined by a panel of three Hong Kong judges, usually the Chief Justice and two other permanent judges. Should the Chief Justice or a permanent judge not be available, the other permanent judge or a non-permanent judge from Hong Kong may be called in. Non-permanent judges from other jurisdictions do not sit on such panels.

Hearing an appeal

All appeal cases are heard by a bench of five judges consisting of the Chief Justice, three permanent judges and a non-permanent judge from another common law jurisdiction. If the Chief Justice does not sit in an appeal, a permanent judge is designated to sit in the Chief Justice's place, and a non-permanent judge from Hong Kong will sit on the court as well. Similarly, if a permanent judge is unable to sit, a non-permanent Hong Kong judge will sit in place of that permanent judge. Technically, should a non-permanent judge from outside Hong Kong be unable to attend due to extraordinary circumstances (such as during the COVID-19 pandemic), two non-permanent Hong Kong judges may sit on the court or, or the overseas judge may sit via video conferencing.

As the role of a non-permanent judge is not a full time role, a serving High Court judge may be appointed as a non-permanent judge concurrently, such as Vice-President Robert Tang and Vice-President Frank Stock, as they were then known. This is extended only to the most eminent and senior serving High Court justices. There is no mandatory retirement age for a non-permanent judge.

Since the enactment of the National Security Law in 2020, no foreign non-permanent judges has sat during a National Security case, being replaced instead by designated Hong Kong non-permanent judges.

Judicial Assistants

Since 2009, under the auspices of the then-Chief Justice Andrew Li, judicial assistants have been appointed to provide support and assistance to its judges.

Registrar

There is also a Registrar attached to the Court of Final Appeal, to help with review of appeal applications and other administrative duties; the Registrar is usually recruited from the District Court level. The list of Registrar's are as follows:

1. Edward Timothy Starbuck Woolley (1997–1999)
2. Simon Kwang Cheok-weung (2014–2018)
3. Wong King-wah (since June 2023)

Building

From its inception in July 1997 until September 2015, the court was located in the Former French Mission Building, in Central. ^[4] In September 2015, the court relocated to the former (until 2011) Legislative Council Building, which was originally the colonial Supreme Court (1912–1985).

List of buildings used

• Former French Mission Building (1 July 1997 – 6 September 2015)
• Court of Final Appeal Building (since 7 September 2015)

Image gallery

• 
  The Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong was housed in the Former French Mission Building until September 2015
• 
  Entrance of the Former French Mission Building
• 
  The Court of Final Appeal Building from Prince's Building
• 
  The Court of Final Appeal has been based at 8 Jackson Road since 7 Sept 2015; the building is the former home of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong and the Supreme Court of Hong Kong
• 
  Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal building at night from Prince's Building
• 
  Plaque beside the entrance of the Court of Final Appeal

Current court

The Cheung Court

The Cheung Court began on 11 January 2021 (3 years and 100 days ago), when Andrew Cheung began his tenure as the 3rd Chief Justice. Currently, 17 justices serve on the Cheung Court, including the Chief Justice, 3 Permanent Judges, and 13 non-permanent judges (9 of whom are from other common law jurisdictions).

Permanent members of the court

• The Hon. Chief Justice Andrew Cheung (since January 2021; first appointed Permanent Judge in October 2018)
• The Hon. Mr. Justice Roberto Ribeiro (since September 2000)
• The Hon. Mr. Justice Joseph Fok (since October 2013)
• The Hon. Mr. Justice Johnson Lam (since July 2021)

Court of Final Appeal
Traditional Chinese	香港終審法院
Simplified Chinese	香港终审法院
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xiānggǎng Zhōngshěnfǎ​yuàn Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Hēung góng jūng sám faat yuhn Jyutping Hoeng1 gong2 zung1 sam2 faat3 jyun6

No.	Name	Chinese name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Tenure length	Previous judicial office	Inner bar	Appointed by
1	Andrew Li Kwok-nang, GBM (Born 12 December 1948; age 75)	李國能	1 July 1997	31 August 2010	13 years and 62 days	None (Barrister–Queen's Counsel ) (Concurrent Deputy High Court Judge)	QC (1988)	Tung Chee-hwa
2	Geoffrey Ma Tao-li, GBM (Born 11 January 1956; age 68)	馬道立	1 September 2010	10 January 2021	10 years and 132 days	Chief Judge of the High Court	QC (1993)	Donald Tsang
3	Andrew Cheung Kui-nung, GBM (Born 24 September 1961; age 62)	張舉能	11 January 2021	Incumbent	3 years and 100 days	Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal		Carrie Lam

Permanent Judges

No.	Name	Chinese name	Replacing	Tenure start	Tenure end	Tenure length	Previous judicial office	Inner bar	Appointed by
1	Henry Denis Litton, CBE (Born 7 August 1934; age 89)	烈顯倫	Inaugural	1 July 1997	13 September 2000 [lower-alpha 1]	3 years and 75 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal	QC (1970)	Tung Chee-hwa
2	Charles Arthur Ching, GBM (7 October 1935 –30 November 2000; aged 65)	沈澄	Inaugural	1 July 1997	6 October 2000	3 years and 98 days	Justice of Appeal	QC (1974)
3	Syed Kemal Shah Bokhary, GBM (Born 25 October 1947; age 76)	包致金	Inaugural	1 July 1997	24 October 2012	15 years and 116 days	Justice of Appeal	QC (1983)
4	Patrick Chan Siu-oi, GBM (Born 21 October 1948; age 75)	陳兆愷	Litton	1 September 2000 [lower-alpha 2]	20 October 2013	13 years and 50 days	Chief Judge of the High Court
5	Roberto Alexandre Vieira Ribeiro, GBM (Born 20 March 1949; age 75)	李義	Ching	1 September 2000 [lower-alpha 3]	Incumbent	23 years and 232 days	Justice of Appeal	QC (1990)
6	Robert Tang Kwok-ching, GBM, SBS (Born 7 January 1947; age 77)	鄧國楨	Bokhary	25 October 2012	24 October 2018	6 years and 0 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (Concurrent Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal)	QC (1986)	Leung Chun-ying
7	Joseph Paul Fok (Born 24 September 1962; age 61)	霍兆剛	Chan	21 October 2013	Incumbent	10 years and 182 days	Justice of Appeal	SC (1999)
8	Andrew Cheung Kui-nung, GBM (Born 24 September 1961; age 62)	張舉能	Tang	25 October 2018	10 January 2021 [lower-alpha 4]	2 years and 78 days	Chief Judge of the High Court		Carrie Lam
9	Johnson Lam Man-hon (Born August 1961; age 62)	林文瀚	Cheung	30 July 2021	Incumbent	2 years and 265 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal

List of non-permanent judges

Current non-permanent judges from Hong Kong

No.	Name	Chinese name	Tenure start	Tenure length	Previous judicial offices	Inner bar	Appointed by
1	Frank Stock, GBS (Born 15 June 1945; age 78)	司徒敬	1 September 2010	13 years and 232 days	Deputy High Court Judge (1991) Judge of the High Court of Justice/Court of First Instance (1992–2000) Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal (2000–09) Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (2009–14)	QC (1985)	Donald Tsang
2	Syed Kemal Shah Bokhary, GBM (Born 25 October 1947; age 76)	包致金	25 October 2012	11 years and 178 days	Judge of the High Court of Justice (1989–93) Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal (1993–97) Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal (1997–2012)	QC (1983)	Leung Chun-ying
3	Patrick Chan Siu-oi, GBM (Born 21 October 1948; age 75)	陳兆愷	21 October 2013	10 years and 182 days	Judge of the District Court (1987–91) Deputy Registrar of the Supreme Court (1991–92) Judge of the High Court of Justice (1992–97) Chief Judge of the High Court (1997–2000) Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal (2000–13)
4	Robert Tang Kwok-ching, GBM, SBS (Born 7 January 1947; age 77)	鄧國楨	25 October 2018	5 years and 178 days	Deputy District Judge (1982) Deputy High Court Judge (1986) Recorder of the High Court of Justice/Court of First Instance (1995–2004) Judge of the Court of First Instance (2004–05) Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal (2005–06) Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (2006–12) Non-Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal (2010–12) Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal (2012–18)	QC (1986)	Carrie Lam

Current non-permanent judges from other common law jurisdictions

No.	Jurisdiction	Name	Chinese name	Tenure start	Tenure length	Prior most senior judicial role	Inner bar	Appointed by
1	United Kingdom	Lord Hoffmann, GBS	賀輔明勳爵	12 January 1998	26 years and 99 days	Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (1995–2009)	QC (1977)	Tung Chee-hwa
2	United Kingdom	Lord Neuberger of Abbotsbury, GBS	廖柏嘉勳爵	1 March 2009	15 years and 50 days	President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2012–17)	QC (1987)	Donald Tsang
3	United Kingdom	Lord Collins of Mapesbury	郝廉思勳爵	30 June 2011	12 years and 295 days	Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2009–11)	QC (1997)
4	United Kingdom	Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers, GBS	范理申勳爵	1 October 2012	11 years and 202 days	President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2009–12)	QC (1978)	Leung Chun-ying
5	Australia	William Montague Charles Gummow	甘慕賢	29 July 2013	10 years and 266 days	Justice of the High Court of Australia (1995–2012)	QC (1986)
6	Australia	Robert Shenton French	范禮全	31 May 2017	6 years and 325 days	Chief Justice of Australia (2008–17)
7	Canada	Beverley Marian McLachlin	麥嘉琳	30 July 2018 [5]	5 years and 265 days	Chief Justice of Canada (2000–17)		Carrie Lam
8	United Kingdom	Lord Sumption	岑耀信勳爵	18 December 2019 [6]	4 years and 124 days	Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2012–18)	QC (1986)
9	Australia	Patrick Anthony Keane	祈顯義	6 April 2023 [7]	1 year and 14 days	Justice of the High Court of Australia (2013–2022)	QC (1988)	John Lee

• The nomination of Australian judge James Allsop to join as a non-permanent judge was accepted by the Chief Executive on 25 March, and is currently pending approval from the Legislative Council. ^[8]

Former non-permanent judges from Hong Kong

No.	Name	Chinese name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Tenure length	Prior most senior local judicial role	Inner bar	Notes	Appointed by
1	Sir Denys Tudor Emil Roberts, KBE	羅弼時爵士	28 July 1997	27 July 2003	6 years and 0 days	Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1979–88)	QC (1964)	Inaugural justice	Tung Chee-hwa
2	Sir Alan Armstrong Huggins	赫健士爵士	28 July 1997	27 July 2003	6 years and 0 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (1980–87)		Inaugural justice
3	Sir Derek Cons	康士爵士	28 July 1997	27 July 2006	9 years and 0 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (1986–93)		Inaugural justice
4	William James Silke	邵祺	28 July 1997	27 July 2009	12 years and 0 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (1987–94)		Inaugural justice
5	Kutlu Tekin Fuad	傅雅德	28 July 1997	27 July 2009	12 years and 0 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (1988–93)		Inaugural justice
6	Gerald Paul Nazareth, GBS	黎守律	28 July 1997	27 July 2012	15 years and 0 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (1994–2000)	QC (1981)	Inaugural justice
7	John Barry Mortimer, GBS	馬天敏	28 July 1997	27 July 2015	18 years and 0 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (1997–99)	QC (1971)	Inaugural justice
8	Sir Noel Plunkett Power, GBS	鮑偉華爵士	28 July 1997	19 November 2009	12 years and 115 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (1997–99)		Inaugural justice; died in office
9	Art Michael McMullin	麥慕年	28 July 1997	27 July 2003	6 years and 0 days	Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal (1979–86)		Inaugural justice
10	Philip Gerard Clough	郭樂富	28 July 1997	27 July 2006	9 years and 0 days	Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal (1986–92)		Inaugural justice
11	Neil Macdougall	麥德高	28 July 1997	27 July 2003	6 years and 0 days	Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal (1993–95)		Inaugural justice
12	Henry Denis Litton, GBM	烈顯倫	14 September 2000	13 September 2015	15 years and 0 days	Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal (1997–2000)	QC (1970)
13	Charles Arthur Ching, GBM	沈澄	7 October 2000	30 November 2000	55 days	Permanent Judge of the Court of Final Appeal (1997–2000)	QC (1974)	Died in office
14	Robert Tang Kwok-ching, GBM, SBS	鄧國楨	1 September 2010	24 October 2012	2 years and 54 days	Vice-president of the Court of Appeal (2006–12)	QC (1986)	Appointed Permanent Judge	Donald Tsang
15	Michael John Hartmann, GBS	夏正民	1 September 2010	31 August 2016	6 years and 0 days	Justice of Appeal of the Court of Appeal (2008–12)

Former non-permanent judges from other common law jurisdictions

No.	Jurisdiction	Name	Chinese name	Tenure start	Tenure end	Tenure length	Prior most senior judicial role	Inner bar	Notes	Appointed by
1	New Zealand United Kingdom	Lord Cooke of Thorndon	顧安國勳爵	28 July 1997	27 July 2006	9 years and 0 days	Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (1996–2001)	QC (1964)	Inaugural justice	Tung Chee-hwa
2	Australia	Sir Anthony Frank Mason, GBM	梅師賢爵士	28 July 1997	27 July 2015	18 years and 0 days	Chief Justice of Australia (1987–95)	QC (1964)	Inaugural justice
3	New Zealand	Sir Edward Jonathan Somers	沈穆善爵士	28 July 1997	3 June 2002	4 years and 311 days	Judge of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand (1981–90)	QC (1973)	Inaugural justice; died in office
4	Australia	Sir Daryl Michael Dawson	杜偉舜爵士	1 September 1997	31 August 2003	6 years and 0 days	Justice of the High Court of Australia (1982–97)	QC (1971)
5	United Kingdom	Lord Nicholls of Birkenhead	李啟新勳爵	12 January 1998	11 January 2004	6 years and 0 days	Second Senior Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (2002–07)	QC (1974)
6	Australia	Sir Francis Gerard Brennan, GBS	布仁立爵士	28 July 2000	27 July 2012	12 years and 0 days	Chief Justice of Australia (1995–98)	QC (1965)
7	United Kingdom	Lord Millett, GBS	苗禮治勳爵	28 July 2000	27 May 2021	20 years and 304 days	Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (1998–2004)	QC (1974)	Died in office
8	New Zealand	Sir Johann Thomas Eichelbaum	艾俊彬爵士	28 July 2000	27 July 2012	12 years and 0 days	Chief Justice of New Zealand (1989–99)	QC (1978)
9	United Kingdom	Lord Scott of Foscote	施廣智勳爵	28 July 2003	27 July 2012	9 years and 0 days	Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (2000–09)	QC (1975)
10	United Kingdom	Lord Woolf, GBS	伍爾夫勳爵	28 July 2003	27 July 2012	9 years and 0 days	Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (2000–05)
11	New Zealand	Sir Ivor Lloyd Morgan Richardson	韋卓善爵士	28 July 2003	27 July 2009	6 years and 0 days	President of the Court of Appeal of New Zealand (1996–2002)
12	Australia	Michael Hudson McHugh	馬曉義	1 July 2006	30 June 2012	6 years and 0 days	Justice of the High Court of Australia (1989–2005)	QC (1973)		Donald Tsang
13	New Zealand	Sir Thomas Munro Gault, KNZM	高禮哲爵士	1 July 2006	19 May 2015	8 years and 323 days	Justice of the Supreme Court of New Zealand (2004–06)	QC (1984)	Died in office
14	United Kingdom	Lord Walker of Gestingthorpe, GBS	華學佳勳爵	1 March 2009	16 November 2023	14 years and 261 days	Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2009–13)	QC (1982)	Died in office
15	Australia	Anthony Murray Gleeson, GBS	紀立信	1 March 2009	29 February 2024	15 years and 0 days	Chief Justice of Australia (1998–2008)	QC (1974)
16	United Kingdom	Lord Clarke of Stone-cum-Ebony	簡嘉麒勳爵	30 June 2011	29 June 2020	9 years and 0 days	Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2009–17)	QC (1979)
17	Australia	James Jacob Spigelman, AC	施覺民	29 July 2013	2 September 2020	7 years and 36 days	Chief Justice of New South Wales (1998–2011)	QC (1986)	Resigned mid-term [9]	Leung Chun-ying
18	United Kingdom	Lord Reed of Allermuir	韋彥德勳爵	31 May 2017	30 March 2022	4 years and 304 days	President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2020–)	QC (1995)	Resigned mid-term [10]
19	United Kingdom	Baroness Hale of Richmond	何熙怡女男爵	30 July 2018	29 July 2021	3 years and 0 days	President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2017–20)	QC (1989)	First NPJ to not renew term	Carrie Lam
20	United Kingdom	Lord Hodge	賀知義勳爵	1 January 2021 [11]	30 March 2022	1 year and 89 days	Deputy President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (2020–)	QC (1996)	Resigned mid-term [10]

Number of judges from each common law jurisdiction

Traditionally, all overseas non-permanent judges came from three common law jurisdictions: the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. In 2018, Beverly McLachlin - the former Chief Justice of Canada - became the first Canadian (and, along with Baroness Hale, one of the first two women) to be appointed to the CFA. ^[12]

Jurisdiction	Currently serving	Formerly served	Total
United Kingdom	5	9	14
Australia	3	6	9
New Zealand	0	5	5
Canada	1	0	1
Total	9	20	29

Controversies

While the CFA is the final appellate court in Hong Kong, and is granted power of final adjudication, the fact that the Central Government of China has the power to interpret - in essence overturn - the CFA's rulings has caused great controversy over the years. This has led the CFA to be mockingly referred to as the "Court of Semi-Final Appeal" by people such as former Hong Kong Bar Association Chairman Martin Lee KC SC, veteran activist-investor David Webb, human rights lawyer Mark Daly, as well as the general public. ^{[13] [14] [15] [16]} The term "Court of Semi-Final Appeal" was first officially referenced to by then-Secretary for Justice Elsie Leung as far back as 1999. ^[17] A more detailed list of controversies around the CFA are listed below.

Article 158 interpretation

The controversial power of final interpretation of "national" law including the Basic Law is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of China (NPCSC) by virtue of Article 158 of the Basic Law and by the Constitution of the PRC; however, "national" laws which are not explicitly listed in Annex III of the Basic Law are not operative in Hong Kong. Since 2020, Article 158 interpretations may also be applied to the Hong Kong national security law. ^[18]

Article 158 delegates such power to the courts of Hong Kong for interpretation while handling court cases. Although this arrangement has attracted criticism of "undermining judicial independence", an interpretation by the NPCSC does not affect any court judgments already rendered. This practice is highly controversial as it contradicts the power of final adjudication; the first time an interpretation occurred in 1999, all five judges (including the Chief Justice, all three permanent justices and one non-permanent justice) involved in the case of Ng Ka Ling v Director of Immigration reportedly considered quitting the top court in protest. The judges ultimately did not quit, as "the justices feared they would be replaced by less independent or competent jurists." ^[19]

Since 1997, there have been 6 interpretations, 5 of which interpreted the Basic Law, and 1 of which interpreted the national security law.

Basic Law interpretations

• 1999: Right of abode in Hong Kong
• 2004: Modifying the process of electoral reforms regarding the election of the Hong Kong Chief Executive (Basic Law Article 45 and 2005 Hong Kong Chief Executive election)
• 2005: Dealing with an incomplete term of a Chief Executive
• 2011: State immunity and the jurisdiction of Hong Kong courts ^[20]
• 2016: Legislative Council oath-taking controversy

National security law interpretations

• 2022: Granting the Chief Executive power to bar foreign lawyers (barristers and solicitors) from Hong Kong national security law cases (Jimmy Lai's hiring of Tim Owen KC); first interpretation of the Hong Kong national security law and first interpretation relating to foreign lawyers. ^[18]

Kemal Bokhary replacement

In 2012, Permanent Judge Kemal Bokhary - known as a leading liberal and dissenting voice on the Court - did not have his tenure extended past the mandated retirement age of 65. His replacement, however, was then-already 65-year old Robert Tang, who was even older than Bokhary but was seen as more conservative. Bokhary himself has said that he believes his tenure was not extended due to his "liberal judgments". ^[21]

Hong Kong National Security Law

Designated national security law judges (2020)

The introduction of designated national security law judges created two new exclusions for justices on the Court: an overseas non-permanent judge now no longer sits in on a full hearing if it is a national security law case, and not all non-permanent judges - even those from Hong Kong - are approved to sit on national security law cases. This was first evidenced in HKSAR v Lai Chee Ying , where two local non-permanent judges (Stock NPJ and Chan NPJ) sat instead of the usual combination of one local NPJ, and one overseas NPJ.

As of 2024, two non-permanent justices (Bokhary NPJ and Tang NPJ) have still not sat in on any national security law cases; it is unclear whether this is because they have not been designated, or simply have not been scheduled to sit in on a national security case.

Resignation of non-permanent judges (since 2020)

No non-permanent judge from overseas jurisdictions had ever quit the Court mid-term before the enactment of the National Security Law. In September 2020, then-non-permanent judge James Spigelman resigned in response to China's controversial National Security Law being imposed on Hong Kong, but Spigelman did not elaborate further. ^[22] In March 2022, both Lord Reed and Lord Hodge resigned as non-permanent judges, citing the National Security Law leading to the judges being unable to "continue to sit in Hong Kong without appearing to endorse an administration which has departed from values of political freedom, and freedom of expression, to which the Justices of the Supreme Court are deeply committed." ^[10]

In November 2022, Lady Hale - who had refused to renew her tenure on the Court in 2020 - suggested that British judges should leave the CFA, stating, "...there's going to come a stage where [British judges] are asked to apply and enforce unacceptable laws, and some of us might think that that stage has already come." ^[23]

Overseas counsel for national security defendants (2023)

Within hours of the CFA allowing media tycoon Jimmy Lai to hire Tim Owen KC, chief executive John Lee announced that the Government would seek an interpretation under Article 158 to overturn the CFA's decision (as well as overturning the decisions by the Chief Judge and the Court of Appeal). This was roundly condemned by legal pundits, including Elsie Leung and Lord Pannick KC. Even before the interpretation, the Immigration Department withheld Owen's work visa, contrary to what the CFA had ruled. ^[24] This decision was criticized by leading barrister Lord Pannick KC, who frequently represents the Hong Kong Government in court, and also questioned by Jonathan Kaplan KC, another British King's Counsel who frequently appears in Hong Kong courts. ^{[25] [26]}

Ultimately, Owen was replaced by Marc Corlett KC, a New Zealand King's Counsel but who had gained admission to the Hong Kong bar in 2020. Corlett was widely seen as a like-for-like replacement for Owen, and showed that overseas specialist lawyers would need to be admitted to the Hong Kong bar before being allowed to participate in national security trials. ^[27]

Proposed United States sanctions on Hong Kong judges (2023)

The United States Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC) released a report on 12 May 2023 suggesting sanctions be placed on 29 hand-picked Hong Kong national security judges (which includes the Chief Justice and 3 Permanent Judges), saying, "As participants in this system, judges appointed to handle national security cases contribute to these systemic violations." ^[28] This suggestion was rejected by both the Hong Kong Bar Association and the Judiciary, stressing that, "...there is no basis at all to call into question the integrity and independence of Hong Kong judges, whose selection, appointment and discharge of their constitutional role and duties are, and must remain, free from any political considerations and interference." ^{[29] [30]}

Maria Yuen nomination saga

In June 2021, Justice of Appeal Maria Yuen was recommended for appointment as a permanent judge by the Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission. However the promotion was rejected by pro-Beijing legislators, in an unprecedented breach of the norms of an independent legal system. The legislators, who by protocol accept the recommendations of the commission, claimed that she might be influenced by her husband, former Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma, whose defence of Hong Kong's judicial independence they considered unpatriotic. ^[31]

See also

• Hong Kong portal
• Law portal

• Law of Hong Kong
• Judiciary of Hong Kong
• Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal
• Permanent Judges of the Court of Final Appeal
• High Court (Hong Kong)
• Chief Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong
• Supreme Court (Hong Kong)

Notes

1. Justice Litton began pre-resignation leave on 1 August 2000.
2. Took office before the retirement of his predecessor, Litton PJ; hence the number of active PJ's was briefly more than the usual 3.
3. Took office before the retirement of his predecessor, Ching PJ; hence the number of active PJ's was briefly more than the usual 3.
4. Became the 3rd Chief Justice.

References

1. "Court Services & Facilities – Court of Final Appeal". Government of Hong Kong. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
2. Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
3. Archived 4 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
4. "Finance Committee – Public Works Subcommittee (Papers) 8 Nov 95". Government of Hong Kong. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
5. Hong Kong Gazette Notice GN5815/2018
6. "Appointments of non-permanent judge from another common law jurisdiction of the Court of Final Appeal and the Chief Judge of the High Court".
7. "Appointment of non-permanent judge from another common law jurisdiction of the Court of Final Appeal". Government of Hong Kong. 3 April 2023.
8. "Appointment of non-permanent judge from another common law jurisdiction of Court of Final Appeal".
9. "REVOCATION OF APPOINTMENT OF JUDGE FROM ANOTHER COMMON LAW JURISDICTION OF THE HONG KONG COURT OF FINAL APPEAL" (PDF).
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11. "Appointment of non-permanent judge from another common law jurisdiction of the Court of Final Appeal". HK Government. 23 December 2020. Archived from the original on 23 December 2020.
12. Chung, Kimmy (30 May 2018). "Baroness Hale and Beverly McLachlin become first female judges to join Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal despite 'national interest' concerns". SCMP.
13. Lee, Martin (21 May 2000). "RTHK "Letter to Hong Kong"".
14. Daly, Mark (2013). "A human rights lawyer's perspective". 9 - A human rights lawyer's perspective from Part II - The Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–222. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511894763.012. ISBN   9781107011212.
15. Webb, David (16 October 2019). "ERO: one judicial review, two judges".
16. "Court undermined by reinterpretation". 9 March 2002.
17. Leung, Elsie (18 May 1999). "Speech by Secretary for Justice".
18. Chau, Candice (8 January 2023). "Explainer: Beijing's first interpretation of Hong Kong's national security law". Hong Kong Free Press.
19. "All city's top judges 'considered quitting'". SCMP. 8 September 2011.
20. "The decision by the Court of Final Appeal to seek an interpretation of the Basic Law from the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress regarding the controversy of state immunity raised in the debt litigation of the Democratic Republic of Congo" (PDF). LegCo.
21. Ng, Kang Chung (5 November 2012). "Former judge Bokhary: 'I was ousted for being too liberal'". SCMP. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016.
22. "Australian judge quits Hong Kong court, citing national security law". Reuters. 18 September 2020. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020.
23. "Lady Hale suggests 'time has come' for British judges to leave Hong Kong court". Scottish Legal News. 17 November 2022.
24. "Media tycoon Jimmy Lai's trial adjourned to Dec 13, Hong Kong Immigration withholds visa extension for his lawyer". HKFP. 1 December 2022.
25. Pannick, David (5 December 2022). "Hong Kong media trial is crunch time for its rule of law". The Times.
26. "修例通過 外狀打國安案須特首批 或涉複雜案件審批不設時限 有議員促說明準則制衡權力". Ming Pao. 11 May 2023.
27. "Hong Kong tycoon Jimmy Lai's legal team joined by 'specialist' New Zealand lawyer seen as replacement for barred Briton Timothy Owen". SCMP. 20 December 2023.
28. Pang, Jessie (12 May 2023). "China condemns U.S. report calling for sanctions against Hong Kong security judges". Reuters.
29. "Statement of the Hong Kong Bar Association Response to the US Congressional-Executive Commission Staff Research Report May 2023 calling for sanctions on Hong Kong Judges" (PDF). HKBA. 12 May 2023.
30. "Judiciary responds to media enquiries". 12 May 2023.
31. Hong Kong pro-Beijing legislators intervene in judicial appointment, Financial Times, by Primrose Riordan, 23 June 2021

External links

• Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal