Cymbopetalum penduliflorum

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Cymbopetalum penduliflorum
Cymbopetalum penduliflorum 22475100.jpg
leaves and a young flower of Cymbopetalum penduliflorum
Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution (1910) (17816192693).jpg
Cymbopetalum penduliflorum flowers
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Cymbopetalum
Species:
C. penduliflorum
Binomial name
Cymbopetalum penduliflorum
(Sessé & Moç. ex Dunal) Baill. 1868
Synonyms

Cymbopetalum penduliflorum is a species of plant in family Annonaceae. The specific epithet penduliflorum derives from the Latin pendulus (pendent or hanging) [2] and florum (flowered). [3] [1]

Common names include "sacred earflower". [4] In Spanish the plant is called flor de la oreja [5] or orejuela, and in Nahuatl it is called xochinacaztli. In the Guatemalan municipality of Todos Santos Cuchumatán it is called tzchiquin itz in the Mam language. It is called muc' by the Qʼeqchiʼ in the area of Cobán. [6]

The plant grows as a tree or small shrub [5] with distichous, subsessile, oblanceolate leaves. It has solitary flowers borne on long slender peduncles coming from the internodes of the smaller branches. Its sepals are broadly ovate or suborbicular, cuspidate, reflexed at length, The outer petals are similar, but are much larger than the sepals. The inner petals are thick and fleshy with an involute margin that causes them to resemble a human ear. When fresh, the pungent flowers are greenish-yellow with the inner surface of the inner petals tending towards orange, at length turning brownish-purple or maroon, breaking with a bright orange fracture. [4]

The dried flowers of C. penduliflorum and related species C. costaricense [7] were traditionally used to give a spicy flavor to chocolate [5] before the arrival of cinnamon and the other Old World spices. [4] The dried petals are still used to in atoles, pinoles, and coffee. [6]

It is native to mountainous areas of southern Mexico, Guatemala, [4] [5] and El Salvador. [8] It is still cultivated as a spice in the Guatemalan regions around Cobán and Jacaltenango and sold in markets in those areas as well as Antigua Guatemala, Santa Ana, El Salvador, and San Andrés Tuxtla, Mexico. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annonaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

The Annonaceae are a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs, or rarely lianas commonly known as the custard apple family or soursop family. With 108 accepted genera and about 2400 known species, it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Several genera produce edible fruit, most notably Annona, Anonidium, Asimina, Rollinia, and Uvaria. Its type genus is Annona. The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the remaining are Indomalayan.

<i>Monodora myristica</i> Species of tree

Monodora myristica, the calabash nutmeg, is a tropical tree of the family Annonaceae or custard apple family of flowering plants. It is native to Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Liberia, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda. In former times, its seeds were widely sold as an inexpensive nutmeg substitute. This is now less common outside its region of production. Other names of calabash nutmeg include Jamaican nutmeg, African nutmeg, ehuru, ariwo, awerewa, ehiri, airama, African orchid nutmeg, muscadier de Calabash and lubushi.

Mitrephora fragrans is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Borneo and The Philippines. Elmer Drew Merrill, the American botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its large, fragrant flowers.

<i>Cymbopetalum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Cymbopetalum is a genus of plant in family Annonaceae. The Linnean name derives from the Latin cymba, meaning “boat,” and petalum, meaning "petal.”

<i>Cymbopetalum costaricense</i> Species of flowering plant

Cymbopetalum costaricense is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. The specific epithet refers to the country of Costa Rica which is in the plant's range. It grows as a tree.

<i>Annona macroprophyllata</i> Species of plant

Annona macroprophyllata is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico. John Donnell Smith, the American botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its large leaves.

<i>Goniothalamus giganteus</i> Species of plant

Goniothalamus giganteus is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Malaya, Myanmar, Sumatra and Thailand. Joseph Dalton Hooker and Thomas Thomson, the British botanists who first formally described the species, named it after its exceptionally large flowers.

<i>Goniothalamus malayanus</i> Species of plant

Goniothalamus malayanus is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Borneo, the Malay Peninsula, the Nicobar Islands, Sumatra and Thailand. Joseph Dalton Hooker and Thomas Thomson, the British botanists who first formally described the species, named it after part of its habitat range, British Malaya.

Goniothalamus rotundisepalus is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. Murray Ross Henderson, the Scottish botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its sepals which are rounded like the arc of a circle.

Monodora laurentii is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo. Émile De Wildeman, the Belgian botanist who first formally described the species, named it after Marcel Laurent, the Belgian botanist who collected many plant specimens in the regions along the Congo River.

Monodora minor is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Mozambique and Tanzania. Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler and Ludwig Diels, the German botanists who first formally described the species, do not explicitly explain the specific epithet but it is among the smaller members of the genus which includes species that reach heights of 30-40 meters.

Pseudoxandra leiophylla is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Ludwig Diels, the German botanist who first formally described the species using the basionym Unonopsis leiophylla, named it after its smooth leaves.

Pseudoxandra polyphleba is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, and Peru. Ludwig Diels, the German botanist who first formally described the species using the basionym Unonopsis polyphleba, named it after the distinctive veins in its leaves.

Pseuduvaria aurantiaca is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is endemic to New Guinea. Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel, the Dutch botanist who first formally described the species using the basionym Orophea aurantiaca, named it after its orange colored fruit.

Pseuduvaria lignocarpa is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to New Guinea. James Sinclair, the Scottish botanist who first formally described the species, named it after the woody wall of its fruit.

Pseuduvaria mindorensis is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to the Philippines. Yvonne Su and Richard Saunders, the botanists who first formally described the species, named it after the island of Mindoro where the specimen they examined was collected in the municipality of Puerto Galera.

Pseuduvaria pulchella is a species of plant in the family Annonaceae. It is native to New Guinea. Ludwig Diels, the botanist who first formally described the species using the basionym Orophea pulchella, chose a specific epithet that means “beautiful little” in Latin, but he did not specify to which aspect of the plant he was referring.

<i>Xylopia nitida</i> Species of flowering plant

Xylopia nitida is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname and Venezuela. Michel Félix Dunal, the botanist who first formally described the species, named it after the shiny upper surface of its leaves.

Xylopia calophylla is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. Robert Elias Fries, the botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its beautiful leaves.

Xylopia polyantha is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Robert Elias Fries, the botanist who first formally described the species, named it after its many flowers.

References

  1. 1 2 Dunal, Michel-Félix (1817). Monographie de la famille des Anonacées (PDF) (in French). Paris ; Strasbourg ; Mointpellier: A Paris : chez Treuttel et Würtz, rue de Bourbon, n.º 17 ; A Londres : même Maison de Commerce, 30 soho-square ; A Strasbourg : même Maison de Commerce, rue des Serruriens, n.º 30 ; A Montpellier : chez Renaud, Libraire, à la Grand'rue. OCLC   6951716. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  2. ↑ Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2019. pendulus pendula pendulum pendulous pendulus pendul adj hanging, pendent
  3. ↑ Griffith, Chuck (2005). "Dictionary of Botanical Epithets". Dictionary of Botanical Epithets. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019. florum flowered florus flor ppar floreo to bloom, to flower
  4. 1 2 3 4 U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry, ed. (May 1922). Inventory of Seeds and Plants Imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction during the Period from April 1 to June 30, 1918 (PDF). Vol. 55. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. pp. 5, 35–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Uphof, Johannes Cornelis Theodorus (1968) [1959]. Dictionary of Economic Plants (second ed.). New York, NY: J. Cramer. p. 167. ISBN   9783904144711. OCLC   48693661.
  6. 1 2 3 Murray, Nancy A. (6 December 1993). Revision of Cymbopetalum and Porcelia (Annonaceae). Systematic botany monographs. Vol. 40. Ann Arbor, Mich: American Society of Plant Taxonomists. ISBN   9780912861401. OCLC   29527548.
  7. ↑ Seidemann, Johannes (27 December 2005). "C". World Spice Plants: Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 129. ISBN   9783540279082. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2015. Flavoring of drinking chocolate
  8. ↑ Roskov, Y.; Abucay, L.; Orrell, T.; Nicolson, D.; Kunze, T.; Culham, A.; Bailly, N.; Kirk, P.; Bourgoin, T.; DeWalt, R.E.; Decock, W.; De Wever, A., eds. (2015). "Species details : Cymbopetalum penduliflorum (Sessé & Moç. ex Dunal) Baill". Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2015 Annual Checklist. Leiden, the Netherlands: Naturalis. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
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