Dan Gilroy

Last updated

Dan Gilroy
Dan Gilroy 2014.jpg
Gilroy at Fantastic Fest 2014
Born
Daniel Christopher Gilroy

(1959-06-24) June 24, 1959 (age 64)
Alma mater Dartmouth College (BA)
Occupation(s) Film director, screenwriter
Years active1992–present
Spouse
(m. 1992)
Children1
Parents
Relatives Tony Gilroy (brother)
John Gilroy (twin brother)

Daniel Christopher Gilroy [1] (born June 24, 1959) is an American screenwriter and film director. He is best known for writing and directing Nightcrawler (2014), for which he won Best Screenplay at the 30th Independent Spirit Awards, and was nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the 87th Academy Awards. His other screenwriting credits include Freejack (1992), Two for the Money (2005), The Fall (2006), Real Steel (2011), and The Bourne Legacy (2012)—the last in collaboration with his brother Tony Gilroy. His wife, Rene Russo, has also been his frequent collaborator since the two met in 1992 and married later that year. [lower-alpha 1]

Contents

Early life and education

Dan Gilroy was born on June 24, 1959, in Santa Monica, California. [6] [7] He is the son of Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Frank D. Gilroy, [8] [9] and sculptor and writer Ruth Dorothy Gaydos. [7] His brother, Tony, is a screenwriter and director, and his fraternal twin brother, John, is a film editor. [7] [10] Dan Gilroy remembered that as a boy, seeing his father work and write at home full-time simplified the intricacies of becoming a writer. [11]

Gilroy grew up in Washingtonville, New York, [7] where he attended Washingtonville High School. [12] In 1981, he graduated with a degree in English literature from Dartmouth College, [10] which his father also attended. [8] At Dartmouth, he and Boston Globe film critic Ty Burr were classmates and attended a class taught by David Thomson, another film critic. Gilroy developed a strong interest in written works of the Victorian era—chiefly those of Charles Dickens, Anthony Trollope, and George Eliot. [11]

Career

Gilroy's debut novel, a thriller titled Sight Unseen, was published by Carroll & Graf Publishers in 1989. It tells the story of an NSA satellite analyst who discovers a sunken Russian submarine off the coast of California containing the remains of American sailors. [13] Reviewing for The New York Times , Newgate Callendar called the novel "a clever, smoothly written piece of work that is never dull." [14] [15]

Gilroy began his screenwriting career by co-writing the science fiction thriller Freejack (1992) with Steven Pressfield and Ronald Shusett, directed by Geoff Murphy and based on the novel Immortality, Inc. by Robert Sheckley. [2] [11] There, he met the film's co-star Rene Russo, whom he married later that year. [11] After Freejack, he wrote for the films Chasers (1994), Two for the Money (2005), and The Fall (2006). [16] In his positive review of Two for the Money, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said Gilroy's script "is about three people who are transformed in relation to one another, as a situation develops that is equally dangerous all the way around". [3]

With Jeremy Leven, he co-wrote for Real Steel (2011), directed by Shawn Levy and based on Richard Matheson's short story "Steel". [17] He co-wrote with his brother Tony Gilroy the script for The Bourne Legacy (2012), which was edited by his fraternal twin brother, John Gilroy. [11] Directed by Tony Gilroy, the film is inspired by Robert Ludlum's Jason Bourne novel series. [18] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times described the Gilroys' script as something that "has given [Tony] much more to wrangle—locations, characters, hardware, franchise expectations—than he's had to deal with in the past", [19] while Toronto Star reviewer Peter Howell said it resorted "too much into jabbering and jargon and not enough into action". [20]

Gilroy made his directorial debut with the thriller Nightcrawler (2014), [21] which starred Jake Gyllenhaal, Rene Russo, and Riz Ahmed. [4] Gilroy also wrote the script, which he conceived in 1988 after reading the photo-book Naked City, a collection of photographs taken by American photographer Weegee of 1940s New York City residents at night. [22] Gilroy did not begin writing the script until he moved to Los Angeles two years later, when he recognized an abundance of violent stories on television news. According to Gilroy, he considers the film to be a success story about a modern equivalent of Weegee, and a cautionary tale about the risks posed by capitalism. [11] Nightcrawler was well received by the press on release, as was Gilroy's script, [23] for which he was nominated for Best Original Screenplay at the 87th Academy Awards, [24] and won Best Screenplay at the 30th Independent Spirit Awards. [25] At the Independent Spirit Awards, Gilroy closed his acceptance speech by lamenting the proliferation of superhero films in Hollywood. [26]

In 2017, he co-wrote Jordan Vogt-Roberts's adventure Kong: Skull Island with Max Borenstein and Derek Connolly, [27] and wrote and directed Roman J. Israel, Esq. , a legal drama starring Denzel Washington. [28] [29] Gilroy conceived of Roman J. Israel after doing extensive research about the 1960s where many Americans have staunchly protested and advocated certain individual and group rights. [30] The script had started as a spec, whose title role he wrote specifically for Washington; Gilroy has said that he would not have made the film had Washington declined to take over the role. [31] After its premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF), he re-edited the film by trimming thirteen minutes of runtime to get the plot to arrive quickly as the previous cut had laid much emphasis on the characters. [32] On release, although Washington's performance was mostly praised, [36] Gilroy's script for the film drew ambivalent responses from the press: Peter Travers at Rolling Stone praised it as "above standard-issue legal thriller but below the transcendent personal drama it aspires to be", [33] while Entertainment Weekly 's Chris Nashawaty felt it was ultimately a letdown. [35]

Other projects

Gilroy was hired by Tim Burton to re-write Wesley Strick's Superman Lives script, making it more budget conscious and expanding the psychology for the final shooting drafts before it was cancelled by WB. Gilroy later appeared in the documentary The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened? (2015) to recount his contribution to the project. [37] In 2011, he was due to write a film adaptation of the comic strip adventure The Annihilator . [38]

Personal life

Gilroy resides in Los Angeles with actress Rene Russo, to whom he has been married since 1992. [11] The couple has a daughter, Rose. [39]

Filmography

Films

YearTitle Director Writer NotesRef.
1992 Freejack NoYes [2]
1994 Chasers NoYes [40]
2005 Two for the Money NoYesAlso executive producer [41]
2006 The Fall NoYes [42]
2011 Real Steel NoStory [17]
2012 The Bourne Legacy NoYes [18]
2014 Nightcrawler YesYes Directorial debut [21]
2017 Kong: Skull Island NoYes [27]
Roman J. Israel, Esq. YesYesFormerly titled Inner City [29]
2019 Velvet Buzzsaw YesYes [43]

Producer only

Television

YearTitleNotes
2007City of Light6 episodes
2022 Andor 3 episodes

Notes

  1. Rene Russo appeared in Freejack , Two for the Money , Nightcrawler , and Velvet Buzzsaw —all films that Gilroy has written. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denzel Washington</span> American actor (born 1954)

Denzel Hayes Washington Jr. is an American actor, producer, and director. In a career spanning over four decades, Washington has received numerous accolades, including a Tony Award, two Academy Awards, three Golden Globe Awards and two Silver Bears. He was honored with the Cecil B. DeMille Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016, the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2019, and in 2020 The New York Times named him the greatest actor of the 21st century. In 2022, Washington received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rene Russo</span> American actress and model (born 1954)

Rene Marie Russo is an American actress and model. She began her career as a fashion model in the 1970s, appearing on magazine covers such as Vogue and Cosmopolitan. She made her film debut in the 1989 comedy Major League, and rose to international prominence in a number of thrillers and action films throughout the 1990s, including Lethal Weapon 3 (1992), In the Line of Fire (1993), Outbreak (1995), Get Shorty (1995), Ransom (1996), Lethal Weapon 4 (1998), and The Thomas Crown Affair (1999).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jake Gyllenhaal</span> American actor (born 1980)

Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal is an American actor. Born into the Gyllenhaal family, he is the son of director Stephen Gyllenhaal and screenwriter Naomi Foner, and the younger brother of actress Maggie Gyllenhaal. He began acting as a child, making his acting debut in City Slickers (1991), followed by roles in his father's films A Dangerous Woman (1993) and Homegrown (1998). His breakthrough roles were as Homer Hickam in October Sky (1999) and as a psychologically troubled teenager in Donnie Darko (2001).

<i>The Bourne Identity</i> (2002 film) 2002 action film directed by Doug Liman

The Bourne Identity is a 2002 action-thriller film directed by Doug Liman and written by Tony Gilroy and William Blake Herron. Based on Robert Ludlum's 1980 novel of the same name, it is the first installment in the Bourne franchise, and the film stars Matt Damon, Franka Potente, Chris Cooper, Clive Owen, Brian Cox, and Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje. In the film, Jason Bourne (Damon) suffers from psychogenic amnesia and is forced to fight to unlock his identity and his mysterious connection to the CIA.

<i>Freejack</i> 1992 film by Geoff Murphy

Freejack is a 1992 American science fiction film directed by Geoff Murphy and starring Emilio Estevez, Mick Jagger, Rene Russo, and Anthony Hopkins. The screenplay was written by Steven Pressfield, Ronald Shusett and Dan Gilroy, who adapted it from the 1959 science fiction novel Immortality, Inc. by Robert Sheckley. The film was produced by Morgan Creek and released by Warner Bros. in the United States on January 17, 1992. It received mostly negative reviews.

<i>The Bourne Ultimatum</i> (film) 2007 action film directed by Paul Greengrass

The Bourne Ultimatum is a 2007 action-thriller film directed by Paul Greengrass. Although it shares its name with the 1990 novel The Bourne Ultimatum by Robert Ludlum, its plot is entirely different. The screenplay was written by Tony Gilroy, Scott Z. Burns and George Nolfi and based on a screen story of the novel by Gilroy. The Bourne Ultimatum is the third installment in the Jason Bourne film series, after The Bourne Identity (2002) and The Bourne Supremacy (2004). The fourth film, The Bourne Legacy, was released in August 2012, without the involvement of Damon, and the fifth film, Jason Bourne, was released in July 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tony Gilroy</span> American filmmaker (born 1956)

Anthony Joseph Gilroy is an American filmmaker. He wrote the screenplays for the original Bourne trilogy (2002–2007) and wrote and directed the fourth film of the franchise, The Bourne Legacy (2012). He also wrote and directed Michael Clayton (2007) and Duplicity (2009), earning nominations for the Academy Award for Best Director and the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the former.

<i>The Bourne Legacy</i> (film) 2012 action thriller film directed by Tony Gilroy

The Bourne Legacy is a 2012 American action-thriller film directed by Tony Gilroy, and is the fourth installment in the series of films adapted from the Jason Bourne novels originated by Robert Ludlum and continued by Eric Van Lustbader, being preceded by The Bourne Identity (2002), The Bourne Supremacy (2004), and The Bourne Ultimatum (2007). The film centers on black ops agent Aaron Cross, an original character. In addition to Renner, the film stars Rachel Weisz and Edward Norton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Denzel Washington on screen and stage</span>

Denzel Washington is an American actor known for his performance on stage and screen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jake Gyllenhaal on screen and stage</span>

Jake Gyllenhaal is an American actor and producer who has appeared in over 35 motion pictures, three television programs, one commercial, and four music videos. He made his film debut in 1991 with a minor role in the comedy-drama City Slickers. In 1993, he appeared in A Dangerous Woman, a motion picture adaptation directed by Gyllenhaal's father Stephen Gyllenhaal and co-written by his mother Naomi Foner Gyllenhaal that was based on the novel of the same name by Mary McGarry Morris. In the following year, he portrayed Robin Williams' son in an episode of the police procedural television series Homicide: Life on the Street; the episode was directed by his father. In 1999, Gyllenhaal starred in the Joe Johnston-directed drama October Sky; the film was received warmly by critics, and Gyllenhaal's portrayal of the NASA engineer Homer Hickam was praised.

<i>Nightcrawler</i> (film) 2014 American film by Dan Gilroy

Nightcrawler is a 2014 American thriller film directed and written by Dan Gilroy and co-produced by and starring Jake Gyllenhaal, with Rene Russo, Riz Ahmed, and Bill Paxton in supporting roles. Gyllenhaal plays Louis "Lou" Bloom, a stringer who records violent events late at night in Los Angeles and sells the footage to a local television news station. A common theme in the film is the symbiotic relationship between unethical journalism and consumer demand.

<i>The Magnificent Seven</i> (2016 film) American film by Antoine Fuqua

The Magnificent Seven is a 2016 American Western action film directed by Antoine Fuqua and written by Nic Pizzolatto and Richard Wenk. It is a remake of the 1960 film of the same name, which itself was a remake of Akira Kurosawa’s 1954 film Seven Samurai. The film stars Denzel Washington, Chris Pratt, Ethan Hawke, Vincent D'Onofrio, Lee Byung-hun, Manuel Garcia-Rulfo, Martin Sensmeier and Peter Sarsgaard. It was the final film of composer James Horner, who died the previous year after composing part of the score. His friend Simon Franglen completed the music. Principal photography began on May 18, 2015, north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

John M. Gilroy is an American film editor whose work includes Michael Clayton, The Bourne Legacy, Warrior, Pacific Rim, Nightcrawler and Suicide Squad.

<i>The Equalizer 2</i> 2018 American action crime drama film directed by Antoine Fuqua

The Equalizer 2 is a 2018 American vigilante action-thriller film directed by Antoine Fuqua. It is the sequel to the 2014 film The Equalizer, which was based on the TV series of the same name, as well as the second installment of The Equalizer trilogy. The film stars Denzel Washington in the lead role, Pedro Pascal, Ashton Sanders, Melissa Leo, Bill Pullman, and Orson Bean in his final film role. It follows ex-Marine and retired DIA officer Robert McCall as he sets out on a path of revenge after one of his friends is murdered. The film is the fourth collaboration between Washington and Fuqua, following Training Day (2001), The Equalizer (2014), and The Magnificent Seven (2016), and marks the first time Washington has starred in a sequel to one of his films.

Jennifer Fox is an American film producer. From 2001 to 2007, she was president of Section Eight Productions; before that she was Vice President of Production at Universal Pictures. Fox was nominated for an Oscar in 2008 for her production work in Michael Clayton.

<i>Roman J. Israel, Esq.</i> 2017 film by Dan Gilroy

Roman J. Israel, Esq. is a 2017 American legal drama film written and directed by Dan Gilroy. The film stars Denzel Washington and Colin Farrell and follows the life of a civil rights advocate and defense lawyer (Washington) who finds himself in a tumultuous series of events that lead to a personal crisis and the necessity for extreme action.

<i>Velvet Buzzsaw</i> 2019 film directed by Dan Gilroy

Velvet Buzzsaw is a 2019 American satirical black comedy horror film directed and written by Dan Gilroy and starring Jake Gyllenhaal, Zawe Ashton, Rene Russo, Toni Collette, Daveed Diggs, Nitya Vidyasagar, Tom Sturridge, Natalia Dyer, Billy Magnussen, Mig Macario, and John Malkovich. The film had its world premiere at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on January 27.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Topic Studios</span> American film production company

Topic Studios is an American film production company owned by First Look Media. The company is known for producing films Leave No Trace (2018), Luce (2019), The Climb (2019), The Mauritanian (2021). The company also produces television shows including Love Fraud (2020) and 100 Foot Wave (2021).

<i>Nightcrawler</i> (soundtrack) 2014 film score by James Newton Howard

Nightcrawler (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the score album to the film of the same name composed by James Newton Howard. The score consisted of moody electronic and synth music in contrast to his large orchestral scores he had composed for big-budget films, that made his career. As per Gilroy's suggestions, Howard composed a subversive music that fits into the mind of the protagonist. The score consisted of subtle electronic music throughout the film, whereas few orchestral sounds were created to underline the protagonist's character. The album was released by Lakeshore Records on October 17, 2014, while a vinyl edition was released in January 2016 by Invada Records.

References

  1. Umland, Samuel J. (2015). The Tim Burton Encyclopedia. United States: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 124. ISBN   978-0-8108-9200-2.
  2. 1 2 3 Maslin, Janet (January 18, 1992). "Review/Film; Scurrying Back in Time In Search of a Healthy Body". The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  3. 1 2 Ebert, Roger (October 6, 2005). "Two for the Money Review (2005)". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  4. 1 2 Scott, A. O. (October 30, 2014). "The First Responder Is a Cameraman, Nightcrawler Stars Jake Gyllenhaal as an Obsessive". The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 24, 2015.
  5. Davids, Brian (February 1, 2019). "Netflix Gave 'Velvet Buzzsaw' Filmmaker Dan Gilroy the Budget No Studio Would". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  6. "Dan Gilroy". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Kennedy, Lisa (March 22, 2009). "Tony Gilroy writes himself perfect role: intrepid filmmaker". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  8. 1 2 Stedman, Alex (September 13, 2015). "Frank Gilroy, Pulitzer-Winning Subject Was Roses Scribe, Dies at 89". Variety . Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  9. "Frank D Gilroy, Pulitzer prize-winning playwright, dies aged 89". Associated Press. September 14, 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  10. 1 2 Wagner, Pamela Mason. "Director's Cut". Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. No. March–April 2015. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sragow, Michael (February 10, 2015). "Interview: Dan Gilroy". Film Comment . ISSN   0015-119X. Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  12. Farlekas, Chris (October 7, 2005). "Lots of local affiliation to major Hollywood films". Times Herald-Record . Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2014.
  13. "Sight Unseen". Publishers Weekly . Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  14. Callendar, Newgate (June 16, 1989). "Spies & Thrillers". The New York Times . Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  15. "Dartmouth Authors". Dartmouth Alumni Magazine . September 1, 1989. Retrieved November 20, 2023.
  16. Goldstein, Gregg (January 2, 2015). "10 Directors to Watch: Dan Gilroy Dissects L.A. in Nightcrawler, Next Project". Variety. Archived from the original on June 28, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  17. 1 2 Holden, Stephen (October 6, 2011). "Bare-Knuckle Bots, Showing Their Mettle in the Boxing Ring". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  18. 1 2 Debruge, Peter (August 6, 2012). "The Bourne Legacy". Variety. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  19. Dargis, Manohla (August 9, 2012). "Bourne, Under New Management". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  20. Howell, Peter (August 9, 2012). "The Bourne Legacy review: Thrill killer". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on December 15, 2013. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  21. 1 2 "If You Don't Read this Interview with Nightcrawler Director Dan Gilroy, Something Terrible Will Happen to You!". Yahoo! Movies . October 31, 2014. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
  22. Friend, Tad (November 10, 2014). "Rembrandt Lighting". The New Yorker . Archived from the original on August 21, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  23. Labrecque, Jeff (October 31, 2014). "'Nightcrawler': The reviews are in..." Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.
  24. Han, Angie (January 15, 2015). "2015 Academy Awards Nominations". /Film. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  25. Rich, Katey (February 21, 2015). "Complete List of Film Independent Spirit Award Winners". Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  26. "Dan Gilroy on the "Tsunami of Superhero Movies" at the Independent Spirit Awards". The Hollywood Reporter . February 21, 2015. Event occurs at 0:13. Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  27. 1 2 Dargis, Manohla (March 9, 2017). "Review: Kong: Skull Island Crosses a 1933 Classic With Apocalypse Now". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 27, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  28. "Denzel Washington Circling Dan Gilroy's Legal Drama Inner City (EXCLUSIVE)". Archived from the original on 2017-09-16.
  29. 1 2 Borys, Kit (June 22, 2017). "Sony's Denzel Washington Legal Drama Gets Title (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  30. Mokry, Natalie (November 14, 2017). "A Conversation with Dan Gilroy". Film School Rejects. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  31. Fleming, Mike Jr. (November 20, 2017). "Dan Gilroy Encouraged Denzel Washington To Change Lanes For Roman J. Israel Esq". Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 30, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  32. Cook, Tommy (November 23, 2017). "Dan Gilroy on Roman J. Israel Esq., Re-Editing the Film After TIFF, and More". Collider . Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  33. 1 2 Travers, Peter (November 16, 2017). "Roman J. Israel, Esq Review: 'Great' Denzel Washington Breaks New Ground". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  34. Kenigsberg, Ben (November 16, 2017). "Review: In 'Roman J. Israel, Esq.,' Denzel Washington as a Lawyer Out of His Element". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  35. 1 2 Nashawaty, Chris (November 17, 2017). "Denzel Washington is great in the less-great Roman J. Israel, Esq.: EW review". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 26, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  36. [33] [34] [35]
  37. Collis, Clark (July 1, 2015). "The Death of 'Superman Lives': What Happened?: What really killed the '90s superhero project?". Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 4, 2015.
  38. Taylor, Drew (December 7, 2011). "Real Steel Writer Dan Gilroy To Pen Asian-Themed Superhero The Annihilator For Stan Lee". IndieWire. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  39. Okwodu, Janelle (July 20, 2016). "Will Rene Russo's Daughter Be Fashion's New Favorite Face?". Vogue . Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  40. Maslin, Janet (April 23, 1994). "Review/Film; Digression And Color Are All of It For Hopper". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  41. Schoell, William (13 April 2016). Al Pacino: In Films and on Stage (2nd ed.). United States: McFarland & Company. p. 141. ISBN   978-0-7864-7196-6.
  42. Ebert, Roger (May 29, 2008). "The Fall Review and Film Summary (2006)". RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
  43. Fleming, Mike Jr. (June 20, 2017). "Hot Package: 'Nightcrawler's Dan Gilroy, Jake Gyllenhaal, Rene Russo Reteam". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 12, 2018.