Darul Uloom Deoband

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Darul Uloom Deoband
دارالعلوم دیوبند
Darul Uloom Deoband logo.png
Other name
 Darul Uloom
Type Islamic university
Established30 May 1866(157 years ago) (1866-05-30)
Founders Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Fazlur Rahman Usmani and others.
Rector Abul Qasim Nomani
Studentsc. 5000
Location
Deoband, Uttar Pradesh
,
India
CampusUrban, 70 acres (28 ha)
Website www.darululoom-deoband.com
Darul Uloom Deoband. Darul Uloom Deoband.JPG
Darul Uloom Deoband.

The Darul Uloom Deoband is an Islamic seminary (darul uloom) in India at which the Sunni Deobandi Islamic movement began. Uttar Pradesh-based Darul Uloom is one of the most important Islamic seminaries in India and the largest in the world. It is located in Deoband, a town in Saharanpur district, Uttar Pradesh. The seminary was established by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Fazlur Rahman Usmani, Sayyid Muhammad Abid and others in 1866. Mahmud Deobandi was the first teacher and Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was the first student.

Contents

On 14 October 2020, the executive council of the seminary appointed Arshad Madani as the principal (sadr-mudarris) and Abul Qasim Nomani as the senior hadith professor (shaykh al-hadith). [1]

History

Darul Uloom Deoband was established on 30 May 1866 by Fazlur Rahman Usmani, Sayyid Muhammad Abid, Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi, Mehtab Ali, Nehal Ahmad and Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi. [2] [3] Mahmud Deobandi was appointed as the first teacher, and Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was the first student who enrolled in the seminary. [4]

In 1982, during the Vice Chancellorship of Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi, administrative disputes occurred in the seminary which led to the formation of Darul Uloom Waqf. [5] [6]

The spread of the Deobandi movement in the United Kingdom has produced some criticism concerning their views on interfaith dialogue and values including democracy, secularism, and the rule of law. [ citation needed ] In September 2007 Andrew Norfolk of The Times published an article titled "Hardline takeover of British mosques" about the influence of the Deobandis whom the author called a "hardline islamic sect". [7]

Masjid Rasheed in the seminary. Masjid Rasheed.jpg
Masjid Rasheed in the seminary.

In February 2008, an anti-terrorism conference organized by the seminary denounced all forms of terrorism. [8]

Program

The school teaches manqulat (revealed Islamic sciences) according to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence.[ citation needed ] In this seminar, Nanawtawi instituted modern methods of learning such as teaching in classrooms, a fixed and carefully selected curriculum, lectures by academics who were leaders in their fields, exam periods, merit prizes, and a publishing press.[ citation needed ] Students were taught in Urdu, and sometimes in Arabic for theological reasons or Persian, for cultural and literary reasons. The curriculum is based on a highly modified version of the 18th century Indo-Islamic syllabus known as Dars-e-Nizami.[ citation needed ] The students learn the Quran and its exegesis; Hadith and its commentary; and juristic rulings with textual and rational proofs. They also study the biography of Muhammad, Arabic grammar, Arabic language and literature, and Persian language. [9]

The syllabus consists of many stages. The five-year Nazirah (primary course) teaches Urdu, Persian, Hindi and English. The next level is the Hifze Quran. This involves the memorization of the Quran over two to four years. A few students will then choose Tajwid e Hafs (melodious recitation). The student is taught the detailed recitation rules of the Quran as laid down by Arabic Hafs. Still fewer will take up the next course, the Sab'ah and 'Asharah Qira'at (study of all the ten Quran recitations).

A post graduate studies equivalent is the Fazilat course taken over eight years. It commences with Arabi Awwal, in which the basics of the Arabic language is the main aim, and finishes with Daura e Hadith, in which the main books of the sayings of Muhammad are taught. A prerequisite for this course is completion of primary education. Memorization of the Quran is also recommended. Students who complete the Fazilat may use the title Alim or Maulvi. The Daurae Hadith (final year) class is taught in the basement of "an under construction seven storied building". In the 2017–2018 academic year (1438–1439 AH), 1664 students attended the Daurae Hadith class.

Almost a quarter of the students who complete the Daurae Hadith continue their studies. These advanced courses include Takmil Ifta (Jurisprudence); Takmil Adab (Arabic literature); and Takhassus fil Hadith (Hadith). [9] Students who complete the Takmil Ifta take the title Mufti .

Role in the Indian independence movement

The political ideals of Darul Uloom Deoband were founded up to ten years prior to its opening. In 1857 (1274 AH), Imdadullah Muhajir Makki (a spiritual leader) and his followers, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi, Rasheed Ahmad Gangohi, Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi and others gathered at Thana Bhawan to protest against British rule and continue their call for the independence of India. [10] They fought what is called the Battle of Shamli. [10]

In 1913 (1333 AH), Nanautawi's pupil, Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was a leader in the independence movement. He incited revolution through a scheme which the Rowlatt committee called the Silken Letters. However, the scheme failed and Hasan and his followers were arrested and exiled. Hasan was returned from exile in Malta, and he reached Bombay in June 1920. [11] His group, Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind, which included Husain Ahmad Madani, Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad, and later on, Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi, Atiqur Rahman Usmani, Minnatullah Rahmani, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, and Muhammad Miyan Deobandi joined with the Indian National Congress.[ citation needed ]

In 1926 and 1927 (1345 abs 1346 AH), graduates of the school called for Indian independence at Jamiat Ulama meetings in Calcutta and Peshawar. Madani opposed the suggestion of the All-India Muslim League for the partition of India along sectarian lines. He also advocated democratic government with religious freedoms and tolerance. [12] [13] [14]

On 29 December 1929, Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam (Majlis-e-Ah'rar-e-Islam,Urdu : مجلس احرارلأسلام, or Ahrar), a conservative Sunni Muslim Deobandi political party was founded in Lahore, Punjab. The founding members of the party were Chaudhry Afzal Haq, Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, Habib-ur-Rehman Ludhianvi, Mazhar Ali Azhar, Zafar Ali Khan and Dawood Ghaznavi. [15] The founding members were disillusioned by the Khilafat Movement, which had aligned with the Indian National Congress. [16] The party gathered support from the urban lower-middle class. It opposed Muhammad Ali Jinnah, leader of the All-India Muslim League and in the early years of Pakistan wanted Ahmadiyas to be declared non-Muslims. [17]

Fatwas

A fatwa is “an issue arising about law and religion, explained in answer to questions received about it” by muftis (Islamic jurists). [18] Muftis at Darul Ifta (fatwa department), Darul Uloom Deoband are responsible for giving fatwas. [19]

On 31 May 2008, the seminary issued a significant public “Fatwa against terrorism” after a public rally in Delhi with around 100,000 representatives from nearly 6,000 madrasas across India, including those from different sects. The fatwa was a first of its kind in South Asia and stated that "in Islam, creating social discord or disorder, breach of peace, rioting, bloodsan, pillage or plunder and killing of innocent persons anywhere in the world are all considered most inhuman crimes.” [20] [21] [22] The edict was signed by Habibur Rahman Khairabadi. [23]

Controversial Fatwas

In January 2012, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a religious decision calling for the author Salman Rushdie to be barred from entering India to attend a literature festival because, in their opinion, he had offended Muslim sentiments. [24] [25]

In May 2010, clerics from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa stating that men and women cannot work together in public offices unless the women are properly clothed. [26] [27] [28]

In September 2013, scholars from a Deobandi school issued a fatwa banning photography as un-Islamic. [29]

In February 2024, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights, demanded an FIR against the seminary's alleged promotion of the idea of Ghazwa-e-Hind, claiming that a supporting fatwa was available on their website, in response to a question seeking an answer to "whether Hadith talks about invasion of India or the Ghazwa-e-Hind". [30] [31] [32]

Administration

The seminary's co-founder Sayyid Muhammad Abid was the first vice-chancellor. [33] Abul Qasim Nomani succeeded Ghulam Mohammad Vastanvi as the thirteenth VC of the seminary on 24 July 2011. [34] [35]

No.Name
(birth–death)		Term of officeReference
1 Sayyid Muhammad Abid
(1834–1912)		18661867 [36]
2 Rafiuddin Deobandi
(1836–1891)		18671868 [36]
3Sayyid Muhammad Abid
(1834–1912)		18691871 [36]
4 Rafiuddin Deobandi
(1836–1891)		18721889 [36]
5Sayyid Muhammad Abid
(1834–1912)		18901892 [36]
6Fazl Haq18931894 [36]
7Muneer Ahmad Nanautawi
(1831-)		18941895 [36]
8 Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad
(1862–1928)		18951928 [37] [38]
9 Habibur Rahman Usmani
(d. 1929)		19281929 [36]
10 Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi
(1897–1983)		19299 August 1982 [39] [40] [41] [42]
11 Marghubur Rahman Bijnori
(1914–2010)		19822010
12 Ghulam Muhammad Vastanvi
(b. 1950)		10 January 201124 July 2011 [43]
13 Abul Qasim Nomani Banarsi
(b. 1947)		2011-- [43]

Alumni

Alumni include:

Publications

Darul ‘Uloom Deoband and its alumni publish:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deobandi movement</span> Sunni revivalist movement in South Asia

The Deobandi movement or Deobandism is a revivalist movement within Sunni Islam that adheres to the Hanafi school of law. It formed in the late 19th century around the Darul Uloom Madrassa in Deoband, India, from which the name derives, by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, and several others, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857–58. They consider themselves the continuation of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaat. The main purpose of this movement was to reject the traditional Sunni practices such as visiting shrines, celebrating urs and other orthodox Sunni Sufi practices, which they consider as shirk and bid'ah. They opposed influence of non-Muslim cultures on the Muslim of South Asia. The movement pioneered education in religious sciences through the Dars-i-Nizami associated with the Lucknow-based ulama of Firangi Mahal with the goal of preserving traditional Islamic teachings from the influx of modernist, secular ideas during British colonial rule. The Deobandi movement's Indian clerical wing, Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind, was founded in 1919 and played a major role in the Indian independence movement through its participation in the Pan-Islamist Khilafat movement and propagation of the doctrine of composite nationalism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahmud Hasan Deobandi</span> Indian Muslim scholar and activist (1851–1920)

Mahmud Hasan Deobandi was an Indian Muslim scholar and an activist of the Indian independence movement, who co-founded the Jamia Millia Islamia University and launched the Silk Letter Movement for the freedom of India. He was the first student to study at the Darul Uloom Deoband seminary. His teachers included Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi and Mahmud Deobandi, and he was authorized in Sufism by Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and Rashid Ahmad Gangohi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Qasim Nanawtawi</span> Indian Muslim scholar and co-founder of Darul Uloom Deoband

Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi was an Indian Sunni Hanafi Maturidi Islamic Scholar, theologian and a Sufi who was one of the main founders of the Deobandi Movement, starting from the Darul Uloom Deoband.

Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi (1833–1884) was an Indian Islamic scholar, and one of the earliest teachers of Islamic Madrassa in Deoband, famously called Darul Uloom Deoband in India. He was the first principal of Darul Uloom Deoband.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muhammad Shafi Deobandi</span> Sunni Deobandi Islamic scholar (1897–1976)

Muḥammad Shafī‘ ibn Muḥammad Yāsīn ‘Us̱mānī Deobandī, often referred to as Mufti Muhammad Shafi, was a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar of the Deobandi school of Islamic thought.

Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad (1889-1972) was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar and jurist who served as the Principal of Madrasa Shahi, and the sixth President of Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind. He was a professor of hadith at the Darul Uloom Deoband.

Izaz Ali Amrohi was an Indian Islamic scholar who served as the second and ninth Grand Mufti of the Darul Uloom Deoband. His book Nafahtul Arab is taught in madrassas including the Darul Uloom Deoband.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madrasa Shahi</span> Islamic seminary in India

Madrassa Shahi is an Islamic seminary in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. It was established in 1879 by the poor Muslims of Moradabad under the supervision of Islamic scholar, Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi, who also established the Darul Uloom Deoband. This started as Madrasatul Ghuraba, but gained recognition as Madrasa Shahi. Its first principal was Ahmad Hasan Amrohi.

Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad (1862–1928) was an Indian Muslim scholar, who served as the Vice Chancellor of the Darul Uloom Deoband for thirty five years. He was the Grand Mufti of the Hyderabad State from 1922 to 1925.

Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri, was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar and author who served as Shaykh al-Hadith and Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband. A number of his books are required readings in Darul Uloom Deoband.

Aziz-ul-Rahman Usmani was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar who served as first Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband. He is best known for his Fatawa Darul Uloom Deoband. His brother was Shabbir Ahmad Usmani.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mamluk Ali Nanautawi</span> Indian Muslim scholar (1789–1851)

Mamluk Ali Nanautawi was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar who served as the Head Teacher of Arabic language at the Zakir Husain Delhi College. His notable students include Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi, Rashid Ahmad Gangohi and Muhammad Yaqub Nanautawi.

Muhammad Sahool Bhagalpuri was an Indian Muslim scholar and jurist who served as the fifth Grand Mufti of Darul Uloom Deoband.

Asghar Hussain Deobandi was an Indian Sunni Muslim scholar who co-founded Madrasatul Islah.

Ahmad Hasan Amrohi also known as Muhaddith Amrohi within the Deobandi movement; was an Indian Muslim scholar and freedom struggle activist who served as the first principal of Madrasa Shahi in Moradabad. He was an alumnus of Darul Uloom Deoband and among the founding members of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi's Thamratut-Tarbiyat. He was an authorized disciple of Imdadullah Muhajir Makki.

Sharif Hasan Deobandi was an Indian Islamic scholar and Muhaddith. He served as Sheikh al-Hadith at Darul Uloom Deoband from 1972 to 1977. He also worked as a professor of Hadith and Sheikh al-Hadith at Jamia Islamia Talimuddin in Dabhel for almost ten years.

Mahdi Hasan Shahjahanpuri (1882–1976), also known as Mufti Mehdi Hasan and Mahdi Hasan Gilani Qadri, was an Indian Islamic scholar and mufti. He served as grand mufti at Darul Uloom Deoband for twenty years. He was an alumnus of Madrasa Aminia and Darul Uloom Deoband. He was a student of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi and Kifayatullah Dehlawi. Along with jurisprudence, he also had access to hadith and biographical evaluation. His literary works include Rijāl-u-Kitāb al-Āthār, Sharh-u-Balāghāt-i-Muhammad Fī Kitāb al-Āthār, Al-la'ali al-Masnoo'ah fī al-Riwāyāti al-Marjoo'ah, and a critical commentary on certain ideas of Ibn Hazm in the Science of Hadith entitled As-Sayf al-mujalla 'ala al-Muḥalla. He has done research and commentary work on Muhammad al-Shaybani's two books, Kitab al-Hujjah Alā Ahl al-Madīnah and Kitab al-Āthār.

Habibur Rahman Usmani, also written as Habibur Rahman Deobandi and Maulāna Habib al-Rahmān, was an Indian Islamic scholar, Arabic writer and poet, and an Islamic jurist. He served as Deputy Vice-Chancellor, then Vice-Chancellor for the VC Office of Darul Uloom Deoband, for nearly twenty-three years. He succeeded Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad as Grand Mufti of Hyderabad State for about one year.

References

  1. ↑ "مہتمم دارالعلوم دیوبند مفتی ابو القاسم نعمانی شیخ الحدیث اور مولانا ارشد مدنی صدر المدرسین منتخب" [Abul Qasim Nomani, VC of Deoband appointed as Hadīth professor, and Arshad Madani as the Principal of Darul Uloom Deoband]. AsreHazir. 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  2. ↑ Muḥammad Miyan Deobandi. Ulama-e-Haq ke mujāhidāna kārnāme (in Urdu). New Delhi: Faisal Publications. pp. 44–47.
  3. ↑ Roshen Dalal (2014). The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths. Penguin UK. ISBN   9788184753967 . Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  4. ↑ Metcalf, Barbara (1978). "The Madrasa at Deoband: A Model for Religious Education in Modern India". Modern Asian Studies. 12 (1): 111–134. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00008179. JSTOR   311825. S2CID   145793477.
  5. ↑ Reetz, Dietrich (2009). "2. Change and Stagnation in Islamic Education: The Dar al-'Ulum of Deoband after the Split in 1982". The Madrasa in Asia. pp. 71–104. ISBN   9789048501380.
  6. ↑ Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J. (2013). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. ISBN   978-0-691-13484-0.
  7. ↑ Norfolk, Andrew (7 September 2007). "Hardline takeover of British mosques". The Times. Retrieved 13 April 2019– via www.thetimes.co.uk.
  8. ↑ "Muslim clerics declare terror 'un-Islamic' – Times Of India". 28 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  9. 1 2 "Darul Uloom Deoband". www.darululoom-deoband.com. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  10. 1 2 Najmul Hasan Thanwi. Maidan-e-Shamli-o-Thana Bhawan awr Sarfaroshan-e-Islam (in Urdu). Thana Bhawan: Idara Talifat-e-Ashrafia. p. 8.
  11. ↑ Abu Muhammad Sanaullah Saad. Ulama-e-Deoband ke Aakhri Lamhaat (in Urdu) (2015 ed.). Saharanpur: Maktaba Rasheediya. pp. 23–24.
  12. ↑ "Islamic Pakistan". www.ghazali.net. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  13. ↑ Jaffrelot C. and Beaumont G. A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. p224. ISBN   1-84331-149-6.
  14. ↑ "Barelvi Islam". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  15. ↑ Ahmad, Syed Nesar (1991). Origins of Muslim Consciousness in India: A World-system Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN   978-0-313-27331-5.
  16. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe (28 September 2004). A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. Anthem Press. ISBN   978-1-84331-149-2.
  17. ↑ Bahadur, Kalim (1998). "Dark Forebodings About President Tarar". Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts. Delhi: Har Anand Publications. p. 176. ISBN   978-8-12410-083-7.
  18. ↑ Masud, Muhammad Khalid; Kéchichian, Joseph A.; Messick, Brinkley; Dallal, Ahmad S.; Hendrickson, Jocelyn (2009). "Fatwā". The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-530513-5.
  19. ↑ "About". darulifta-deoband.com. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
  20. ↑ Majumdar, Bappa (1 June 2008). "Darool-Uloom Deoband issues fatwa against terror". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Dash, Kamala Kanta. "The Fatwa against Terrorism: Indian Deobandis Renounce Violence but Policing Remains Unchanged" (PDF). Radicalisation Crossing Borders International Conference, Melbourne, Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2021.
  22. ↑ "Coming, fatwa against terrorism". Hindustan Times . 20 February 2008. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  23. ↑ "Deoband first: A fatwa against terror". The Times of India . 1 June 2008. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  24. ↑ "Darul Uloom Farangimahal fatwa Rushdie Jaipur visit. Siasat.com
  25. ↑ Cleric seeks apology from Rushdie. [ permanent dead link ] Kashmir monitor.org 19 January 2012.
  26. ↑ "Young Muslim women fume at Deoband diktat." Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine News-views.India.
  27. ↑ "archive.ph". archive.ph. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  28. ↑ "Insurance policy is un-Islamic: Deoband." Archived 21 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Express India
  29. ↑ "Deoband issues fatwa banning photography as un-Islamic – Times Of India". 14 September 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  30. ↑ "Child rights body seeks FIR against Deoband's Darul Uloom over Ghazwa-e-Hind fatwa". Hindustan Times. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  31. ↑ "Child rights body seeks action against Darul Uloom Deoband over Ghazwa-e-Hind fatwa". India Today. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  32. ↑ "Child rights body seeks action over 'anti-India' fatwa on website of Darul Uloom Deoband". The Indian Express. 23 February 2024. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  33. ↑ Rizwi, Syed Mehboob, History of the Dar al-Ulum Deoband, vol. 2, translated by Murtaz Hussain F Quraishi, p. 167
  34. ↑ Abantika Ghosh (25 July 2011). "Vastanvi axed as Darul V-C for praising Modi". The Times of India . Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  35. ↑ "Maulana Mufti Abul Qasim Nomani, New Acting Mohtamim of Darul Uloom Deoband". DEOBAND ONLINE. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rizwi, Syed Mehboob (November 1981). "Arbab-e-Ehtemam". History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband (PDF). Vol. 2. Translated by Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi (1st ed.). Idara-e-Ehtemam, Dar al-Ulum Deoband. pp. 164–178. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  37. ↑ Rizwi 1981, p. 173.
  38. ↑ Ernst, Carl W.; Martin, Richard C. (27 November 2012). Rethinking Islamic Studies: From Orientalism to Cosmopolitanism. ISBN   978-1-61117-231-7 . Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  39. ↑ Mufti Taqi Usmani (April 2007). "Qari Muhammad Tayyab". Nuqoosh-e-Raftgaan (in Urdu). Karachi: Maktabatul Maarif. pp. 193–194.
  40. ↑ Tayyib, Qari Muhammad (June 1965). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Sad-Sāla Zindagi [Centenary Life of Darul Uloom Deoband] (in Urdu) (1st ed.). Deoband: VC Office, Darul Uloom. pp. 96, 101.
  41. ↑ Qasmi, Muhammadullah (October 2020). Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh (in Urdu) (2nd ed.). India: Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy. pp. 583, 585, 747, 750. OCLC   1345466013.
  42. ↑ Amini, Noor Alam Khalil (June 2010). Pas-e-Marg Zindah (in Urdu) (3rd ed.). Deoband: Idara Ilm-o-Adab. pp. 159, 173.
  43. 1 2 Ghosh, Abantika (24 July 2011). "Vastanvi axed as Darul V-C for praising Modi". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 8 September 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  44. ↑ Ameeni K. (ed.) Al-Da'ee/Ad-Da'ee.
  45. ↑ Qaasmi H. (ed.) Maah Namah Darul 'Uloom.
  46. ↑ 'Alwi K. (ed.) Aaeenah

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