Delta Air Lines Flight 1141

Last updated

Delta Air Lines Flight 1141
N473DA B727 Delta La Guardia.jpg
N473DA, the Boeing 727 in the accident,
at LaGuardia Airport in 1980
Accident
DateAugust 31, 1988 (1988-08-31)
SummaryCrashed on takeoff following runway overrun
Site Dallas/Fort Worth Int'l Airport, Dallas, Texas, United States
32°52′13″N097°03′04″W / 32.87028°N 97.05111°W / 32.87028; -97.05111
Aircraft
Aircraft type Boeing 727-232 Advanced
Operator Delta Air Lines
IATA flight No.DL1141
ICAO flight No.DAL1141
Call signDELTA 1141
Registration N473DA
Flight origin Jackson Municipal Airport
StopoverDallas/Fort Worth Int'l Airport
Destination Salt Lake City Int'l Airport
Occupants108
Passengers101
Crew7
Fatalities14
Injuries76 (26 serious)
Survivors94

Delta Air Lines Flight 1141 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight between Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas and Salt Lake City, Utah. On August 31, 1988, the flight, using a Boeing 727-200 series aircraft, crashed during takeoff, resulting in 14 deaths and 76 injuries of the 108 on board. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Aircraft

The aircraft was a Boeing 727-200 Advanced, registration N473DA [5] , a three-engine narrow-body jet aircraft. It was delivered to Delta Air Lines in November 1973, and was the 992nd Boeing 727 to be manufactured. The aircraft was powered by three Pratt & Whitney JT8D-15 turbofan engines. [1] : 6–7  The plane had recorded more than 43,000 flight hours before the crash. [6] [ additional citation(s) needed ]

Crew

The flight crew consisted of Captain Larry Lon Davis (age 48), First Officer Carey Wilson Kirkland (37); and Flight Engineer Steven Mark Judd (30). Captain Davis was a highly experienced pilot, with a total of approximately 17,000 flight hours, 7,000 of which had been in the 727. First Officer Kirkland had a total of 6,500 flight hours, with 4,500 hours in the 727. Flight Engineer Judd had a total of 3,000 flight hours, including 600 hours in the 727. [1] : 102–103 

The cabin crew consisted of four flight attendants: Dixie Dunn (56); Diana George (40); Rosilyn Marr (43); and Mary O'Neill (57). [7]

Crash

Wreckage of the aircraft Delta 1141 wreckage.png
Wreckage of the aircraft

Flight 1141 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from Jackson Municipal Airport in Jackson, Mississippi, to Salt Lake City International Airport in Salt Lake City, Utah, with an intermediate stop at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) in North Texas. [1] : 6–7  The Wednesday morning flight from Jackson to DFW was uneventful, and Flight 1141 arrived at DFW at 07:38 CDT. [1] : 1  For the flight from DFW to Salt Lake City, Flight 1141 had 101 passengers and seven crew members on board. [1] : v 

At 08:30, Flight 1141 departed from the gate at DFW and was cleared by the ground controller to taxi to runway 18L. [1] : 2  The aircraft was instructed to line up on the runway and hold for one minute due to the possibility of wake turbulence from an American Airlines DC-10 that was departing. The crew requested to extend the hold to two minutes, which was granted. The crew talked to the flight attendants for a while about what they would say on the cockpit recorder in case they crashed. Eventually this chat ceased as the crew was cleared for takeoff. The takeoff was normal until the main wheels left the ground, at which point the aircraft commenced a violent rolling motion and the right wing dropped. [1] : 2  The aircraft's tail made contact with the runway briefly, and 650 feet (200 m) later, the right wingtip struck the runway. [1] : 14  The aircraft developed compressor surges (due to breakdown of the airflow through the engine), and was unable to gain altitude or maintain stabilized flight. [1] : 70  Approximately 900 feet (270 m) beyond the end of runway 18L, the plane's right wing hit the ILS localizer antenna, which set the wing on fire and caused it to start disintegrating while the plane was still in flight. [1] : 14–16, 84  The aircraft remained airborne for another 400 feet (120 m) before it struck the ground, sliding sideways and leaving a trail of wreckage 800 feet (240 m) long before finally coming to a rest 3,200 feet (980 m) from the end of the runway. [1] : 14  Fire erupted in the right wing area and quickly spread and engulfed the rear of the aircraft. [1] : 30  The total flight time was 22 seconds, from liftoff to the first ground impact. [1] : 55  [8] [9]

Casualties

Two of the four flight attendants (Dunn and Marr) and 12 of the 101 passengers on board died in the crash. [1] : 5  [10] Medical examinations determined that all but one of the fatalities were due to smoke inhalation. [1] : 30  [10] One passenger, who had successfully exited the aircraft, attempted to re-enter the aircraft in order to assist his wife and other passengers still trapped inside; [1] : 5  he suffered severe burns and died 11 days after the accident from his injuries. [1] : 30 

Captain Davis, First Officer Kirkland, two cabin crew members, and 22 passengers were seriously injured. Flight Engineer Judd and 49 passengers received minor injuries; 18 passengers received no injuries. [1] Many of the passengers reported that impact forces were not severe and mostly concentrated towards the back of the aircraft. Captain Davis suffered severe fractures to the rib cage and spine that required surgery. [1] : 30  First Officer Kirkland was badly bruised and sustained a concussion. [1] : 30  Flight Engineer Judd sustained injuries to his abdomen. [1] : 30 

Delta1141-727.png
Seating chart for Flight 1141 including occupant survival and, if known, egress route.
Delta1141-727key.png
Legend

Investigation

Aircraft performance

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigation into the accident attempted to reconstruct the aircraft's performance based on reports from witnesses and survivors. Witnesses reported that the plane attempted to climb at a higher than normal angle, and that the plane rolled from side to side and appeared to be out of control. [1] : 5  Based on examination of the wreckage, the NTSB determined that collision with the instrument landing system (ILS) localizer antenna array approximately 900 feet (270 m) beyond the departure end of the runway 18L led to the breakup of the aircraft. [1] : 14–16  Leaking jet fuel started a fire that quickly engulfed the fuselage. Engine #3 had separated from the empennage. [1] : 14–16  Passengers reported that the plane appeared to shake violently on takeoff. Witnesses on the ground claimed that one of the engines was on fire, but although the engine was badly crushed from ground impact, there was no sign of fire or heat damage. Delta officials quickly reacted to questions about the 727's operating and maintenance condition by pointing out that the original factory engines from 1973 (when the plane was initially purchased by the airline) had been replaced in the last few years by a newer model that ran more quietly and used less fuel. They also stated that there were no known mechanical or maintenance problems with the plane prior to the flight.[ citation needed ]

The NTSB examined why the plane was unable to climb once it departed the runway. After conducting airplane performance studies, the NTSB determined that the events of Flight 1141 could only be explained by the aircraft attempting to take off without its flaps and slats extended to the proper take-off configuration. [1] : 70  The aircraft's instability and sudden roll to the right was consistent with known performance of the Boeing 727 with the flaps and slats retracted. [1] : 70  The captain continued to pull back on the control column in an attempt to keep the plane's nose raised, which created turbulence over the rear-mounted engines and caused the compressor surges. [1] : 70  However, the NTSB concluded that the compressor surges would not have significantly reduced the engines' thrust, and that the plane's failure to gain speed was due to aerodynamic drag on the aircraft due to the high angle of attack, rather than a loss of engine thrust. [1] : 70  The NTSB examined the CVR and noted that the Pilot and Co-Pilot are heard announcing the deployment of the flaps but the sound of the flap lever movement is never heard. [1] : 71  Based on the aircraft's failure to climb at takeoff speed, its roll instability, the position of the flap's jackscrews in the fully retracted position, [1] : 58  and the absence of sounds indicating the flaps or slats were deployed, the NTSB determined that the plane's failure to climb resulted from the flight crew's failure to deploy the flaps and slats as required by the pre-flight checklist. [1] : 71 

Based on the lack of warning sounds on the CVR, the NTSB also determined that the plane's take-off warning system (TOWS), designed to alert the crew if the engines are throttled to take-off power without the flaps and slats being correctly set, failed to alert the pilots to their improper takeoff configuration. [1] : 71  The switch that operated the TOWS in the incident aircraft had been previously modified, per Boeing instructions, to prevent nuisance activations during aircraft taxiing. [1] : 36  A fleet-wide Boeing 727 inspection, ordered by the Federal Aviation Administration following the Flight 1141 crash, identified 35 anomalies in the TOWS out of 1,190 aircraft examined. [1] : 40  The FAA had recommended that the Boeing 727 TOWS be changed from a system activated by the aircraft throttles to one activated by engine pressure ratio (EPR), and while Delta owned Boeing 727s that had an EPR-activated TOWS, these were all aircraft that Delta had acquired from other airlines, and Delta did not convert its own aircraft to an EPR-activated system. [1] : 40  The NTSB concluded that the TOWS had not activated because it had an intermittent problem that was not detected or corrected during the aircraft's last maintenance action. [1] : 64 

Crew and airline performance

The NTSB investigated the relationship between crew performance and the events in the accident. [1] : 73  FAA regulations require a sterile cockpit before takeoff, which means there is to be no conversation unrelated to the aircraft and pending flight. However, the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) tapes recorded extensive nonessential conversation, including about the CVR itself, the crash of Continental Airlines Flight 1713, and the dating habits of the flight attendants. The CVR also showed that prior to takeoff, the flight crew was distracted by chatting with a flight attendant about the upcoming presidential election, drink mixes, and various other topics unrelated to the operation of the aircraft. Of the flight crew, the first officer was most actively engaged in these nonessential conversations, with the captain only occasionally joining in. [1] : 72  However, while the captain did not actively participate in these nonrelevant conversations, he also failed to stop the first officer's repeated interruptions and conversations with the flight attendant. [1] : 73  The NTSB determined that, if the captain had taken a more active role in managing the cockpit, the accident might have been prevented. [1] : 74 

Shortly after an NTSB hearing in which the CVR transcripts were discussed, all three members of the flight crew were fired from Delta. [11] [12] However, the airline itself was also faulted. The NTSB determined that Delta did not insist on standardized crew cockpit management, and that flight crews were allowed significant latitude in their conduct of cockpit operations. [1] : 72  This lax corporate philosophy contributed to the poor discipline and performance of Flight 1141's flight crew. [1] : 93  The NTSB also found that the FAA was already aware of deficiencies in Delta's operations regarding flight crew performance, but that neither Delta nor the FAA had taken sufficient corrective actions to eliminate already known performance deficiencies among Delta flight crews. [1] : 93  [13] [14]

Probable cause and dissent

On September 26, 1989, the NTSB published its final accident report. [1] [13] [14] In it, the NTSB ultimately determined that there were two probable causes for the accident: (1) inadequate cockpit discipline that resulted in the flight crew's failure to extend the aircraft's flaps and slats to proper take-off configuration, and (2) the failure of the plane's TOWS to sound and alert the crew that their plane was not properly configured for takeoff. [1] : 94  Contributing to the crash was Delta's slow implementation of changes to its flight crew management programs, a lack of sufficiently aggressive FAA action to compel Delta to correct known deficiencies, and a lack of sufficient accountability within the FAA's air carrier inspection process. [1] : 94 

One member of the safety board, Jim Burnett, dissented from the NTSB's probable cause statement. While Burnett concurred with the accident report's facts and findings, he believed that the actions of the FAA and Delta were direct causes of the accident and not merely contributing factors. [1] : 96–97  Burnett's dissent proposed a probable cause statement that included the two probable causes named in the main report, while adding a third probable cause: [1] : 99 

"Also causal to the accident was the failure of Delta Air Lines' management to provide leadership and guidance to its flightcrews through its training and check airmen programs to promote and foster optimum cockpit management procedures, and the failure of the Federal Aviation Administration to correct known deficiencies in the training and check airmen programs of Delta Air Lines."

Aftermath

Although the NTSB specifically faulted the captain and co-pilot for the accident, and did not fault Judd (the flight engineer), Judd was unable to find work as a commercial pilot after being fired from Delta. A former Navy pilot, Judd worked as a reserve pilot at Naval Air Station Dallas while appealing his firing, [15] and was later reinstated by Delta. [16]

Media broadcast of the CVR tapes, which demonstrated why the crew failed to extend the airplane's flaps or slats for takeoff, provoked such an outcry by pilots that subsequent releases of CVR data have been restricted by law and carefully vetted by the NTSB. [17] The law prohibits the NTSB from generally releasing CVR transcripts or recordings; while an exception permits the NTSB to release transcripts related to a safety investigation, there is no exception permitting the NTSB to release copies of the actual recordings. [18]

Dramatization

The crash was featured in the third episode of season 18 of Mayday, titled "Deadly Distraction". [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Airlines Flight 191</span> May 25 1979 DC-10 crash in Chicago, US

American Airlines Flight 191 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport. On the afternoon of May 25, 1979, the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 operating this flight was taking off from runway 32R at O'Hare International when its left engine detached from the wing, causing a loss of control, and the aircraft crashed less than one mile (1.6 km) from the end of the runway. All 258 passengers and 13 crew on board were killed, along with two people on the ground. With 273 fatalities, it is the deadliest aviation accident to have occurred in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Airlines Flight 1420</span> June 1999 runway overrun and crash in Arkansas, US

American Airlines Flight 1420 was a flight from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) to Little Rock National Airport in the United States. On June 1, 1999, the McDonnell Douglas MD-82 operating as Flight 1420 overran the runway upon landing in Little Rock and crashed. Nine of the 145 people aboard were immediately killed—the captain and eight passengers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northwest Airlines Flight 255</span> 1987 plane crash of an MD-82 in Detroit, Michigan

On August 16, 1987, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, operating as Northwest Airlines Flight 255, crashed shortly after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, about 8:46 pm EDT, resulting in the deaths of all six crew members and 148 of the 149 passengers, along with two people on the ground. The sole survivor was a 4-year-old girl who sustained serious injuries. It was the second-deadliest aviation accident at the time in the United States. It is also the deadliest aviation accident to have a sole survivor, the deadliest plane crash in the history of the state of Michigan, and the worst crash in the history of Northwest Airlines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pan Am Flight 759</span> 1982 passenger plane crash in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States

Pan Am Flight 759 was a regularly scheduled domestic passenger flight from Miami to San Diego, with en route stops in New Orleans and Las Vegas. On July 9, 1982, the Boeing 727 flying this route crashed in the New Orleans suburb of Kenner after being forced down by a microburst shortly after takeoff. All 145 on board, as well as eight people on the ground, were killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Los Angeles runway disaster</span> 1991 runway collision between two airplanes

On the evening of February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493, a Boeing 737-300, collided with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprop aircraft, upon landing at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). As Flight 1493 was on final approach, the local controller was distracted, though air traffic was not heavy at LAX, by a series of abnormalities, including a misplaced flight progress strip and an aircraft that had inadvertently switched off the tower frequency. The SkyWest flight was told to taxi into takeoff position, while the USAir flight was landing on the same runway.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pilot error</span> Decision, action or inaction by a pilot of an aircraft

Pilot error generally refers to an accident in which an action or decision made by the pilot was the cause or a contributing factor that led to the accident, but also includes the pilot's failure to make a correct decision or take proper action. Errors are intentional actions that fail to achieve their intended outcomes. The Chicago Convention defines the term "accident" as "an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft [...] in which [...] a person is fatally or seriously injured [...] except when the injuries are [...] inflicted by other persons." Hence the definition of "pilot error" does not include deliberate crashing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Air Lines Flight 266</span> 1969 aviation accident

United Air Lines Flight 266 was a scheduled passenger flight from Los Angeles International Airport, California, to General Mitchell International Airport, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, via Stapleton International Airport, Denver, Colorado. On January 18, 1969, at approximately 18:21 PST, the Boeing 727 operating the flight crashed into Santa Monica Bay, Pacific Ocean, about 11.5 miles (18.5 km) west of Los Angeles International Airport, four minutes after takeoff, killing all 38 on board.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Piedmont Airlines Flight 22</span> 1967 mid-air collision

Piedmont Airlines Flight 22 was a Piedmont Airlines Boeing 727-22 that collided with a twin-engine Cessna 310 on July 19, 1967, over Hendersonville, North Carolina, United States. Both aircraft were destroyed and all passengers and crew were killed, including John T. McNaughton, an advisor to U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. The aircraft were both operating under instrument flight rules and were in radio contact with the Asheville control tower, though on different frequencies. The accident investigation was the first of a major scale conducted by the newly created National Transportation Safety Board. A review of the investigation conducted 39 years after the crash upheld the original findings that had placed primary responsibility on the Cessna pilot.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comair Flight 5191</span> 2006 passenger plane crash in Lexington, Kentucky, United States

Comair Flight 5191 was a scheduled United States domestic passenger flight from Lexington, Kentucky, to Atlanta, Georgia. On the morning of August 27, 2006, at around 06:07 EDT, the Bombardier Canadair Regional Jet 100ER crashed while attempting to take off from Blue Grass Airport in Fayette County, Kentucky, 4 miles west of the central business district of the city of Lexington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TWA Flight 159</span> 1967 aviation accident

Trans World Airlines (TWA) Flight 159 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight from New York City to Los Angeles, California, with a stopover in Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport, Kentucky, that crashed after an aborted takeoff from Cincinnati on November 6, 1967. The Boeing 707 attempted to abort takeoff when the copilot became concerned that the aircraft had collided with a disabled DC-9 on the runway. The aircraft overran the runway, struck an embankment and caught fire. One passenger died as a result of the accident.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TWA Flight 841 (1979)</span> 1979 aviation incident

TWA Flight 841 was a scheduled passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, en route to Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis, Minnesota. On April 4, 1979, at or around 9:48 p.m. Eastern Standard Time, while flying over Saginaw, Michigan, the Boeing 727-31 airliner began a sharp, uncommanded roll to the right, and subsequently went into a spiral dive. The pilots were able to regain control of the aircraft and made a successful emergency landing at Detroit Metropolitan Airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanair Flight 5022</span> August 2008 plane crash in Madrid, Spain

Spanair Flight 5022 or (JK5022/JKK5022) was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Barcelona–El Prat Airport to Gran Canaria Airport, Spain, with a stopover in Madrid–Barajas Airport that crashed just after take-off from runway 36L at Madrid-Barajas Airport to Gran Canaria Airport at 14:24 CEST (12:24 UTC) on 20 August 2008. The aircraft was a McDonnell Douglas MD-82, registration EC-HFP. Of the 172 passengers and crew on board, 154 died and 18 survived.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">USAir Flight 427</span> Aviation accident in 1994

USAir Flight 427 was a scheduled flight from Chicago's O'Hare International Airport to Palm Beach International Airport, Florida, with a stopover at Pittsburgh International Airport. On Thursday, September 8, 1994, the Boeing 737 flying this route crashed in Hopewell Township, Pennsylvania while approaching Runway 28R at Pittsburgh, which was USAir's largest hub at the time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delta Air Lines Flight 1288</span> 1996 aviation accident

Delta Air Lines Flight 1288 was a regularly scheduled flight from Pensacola, Florida to Atlanta, Georgia. On July 6, 1996, the aircraft serving the flight, a McDonnell Douglas MD-88, was on takeoff roll from Runway 17 at Pensacola when it experienced an uncontained, catastrophic turbine engine failure that caused debris from the front compressor hub of the left engine to penetrate the left aft fuselage. The cause of the engine failure was found to have been a fault in the manufacture of the fan. The failure of the airline to spot the resulting crack in the blade was a contributing factor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Airlines Flight 383 (2016)</span> 2016 aviation accident in the United States

American Airlines Flight 383 was a scheduled passenger flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois to Miami International Airport. On October 28, 2016, the Boeing 767-300ER operating the flight suffered an engine fire during takeoff. The crew aborted their takeoff, evacuating everyone on board, of whom 21 were injured. The plane was a write-off.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pan Am Flight 799</span> 1968 airplane crash

Pan Am Flight 799 was an international cargo flight from Los Angeles International Airport to Cam Ranh Airport in South Vietnam that crashed on December 26, 1968, near Anchorage, Alaska. The aircraft involved was a Boeing 707-321C aircraft operated by Pan American World Airways. All three crew members died in the crash.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ryan International Airlines Flight 590</span> 1991 aviation accident

Ryan International Airlines Flight 590 was a cargo flight carrying mail for the United States Postal Service from Greater Buffalo International Airport (BUF) in Buffalo, New York, to Indianapolis International Airport (IND) in Indiana, with a stopover at Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE) in Cleveland, Ohio. On February 17, 1991, the McDonnell Douglas DC-9-15RC operating the flight crashed on takeoff from Cleveland during icing conditions. Both pilots, the aircraft's only occupants, were killed. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) determined that the causes of the crash were the flight crew failing to deice their aircraft, and the inexperience of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), McDonnell Douglas, and Ryan International Airlines with icing condition on DC-9-10 aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tower Air Flight 41</span> 1995 aviation accident

Tower Air Flight 41 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in New York City, to Miami International Airport (MIA) in Florida. On December 20, 1995, the Boeing 747-100 operating the flight veered off the runway during takeoff from JFK. All 468 people on board survived, but 25 people were injured. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair and written off, making the accident the 25th hull loss of a Boeing 747. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the captain had failed to reject the takeoff in a timely manner.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 "Delta Air Lines, Inc.; Boeing 727-232, N473DA; Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, Texas; August 31, 1988" (PDF). Aircraft Accident Report. National Transportation Safety Board. September 26, 1989. NTSB/AAR-89/04. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  2. ↑ "S.L.-bound jet crashes and burns in Dallas". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). staff and wire reports. August 31, 1988. p. A1.
  3. ↑ "Texas airline crash kills no Utahns". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). September 1, 1988. p. A1.
  4. ↑ Pego, David (September 1, 1988). "Airliner crashes". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  5. ↑ "FAA Registry (N473DA)". Federal Aviation Administration.
  6. ↑ "Registration Details For N473DA (Delta Air Lines) 727-232". www.planelogger.com. PlaneLogger. Retrieved October 9, 2020.
  7. ↑ Fensch, Thomas (July 16, 2015). Associated Press Coverage of a Major Disaster: The Crash of Delta Flight 1141. Associated Press. ISBN   9781317403821 . Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  8. ↑ "ASN Accident Description". Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation . Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Special Reports: Delta Air Lines Flight 1141". Airdisaster.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2013. Retrieved June 10, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  10. 1 2 Shannon, Kelley (September 2, 1988). "Pilots got stall warning". Victoria Advocate. (Texas). Associated Press. p. 1A.
  11. ↑ "Flight 1141 crew joked about dating habits". Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). Scripps Howard News Service. August 2, 1989. p. A2.
  12. ↑ "Crew joked before crash about providing 'tidbit'". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). Associated Press. August 2, 1989. p. 48.
  13. 1 2 Davidson, Lee (September 27, 1989). "Crew blamed in 1988 crash of airliner bound for S.L." Deseret News. (Salt Lake City, Utah). p. A9.
  14. 1 2 "Pilot, co-pilot blamed in Delta crash". Reading Eagle. (Pennsylvania). Associated Press. September 27, 1989. p. 23.
  15. ↑ "Crash Crew Member Without Blame, But Can't Get Job". Associated Press . October 9, 1989. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  16. ↑ "2002 Pilot Seniority List" (PDF). Delta Air Lines. November 1, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2020. (Note: Identified as Judd, S M, seniority date 11/20/87)
  17. ↑ "NTSB Aviation Image Recording Public Hearing July 27–28, 2004" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  18. ↑ 49 U.S.C.   § 1114
  19. ↑ Mayday - Air Crash Investigation (S01-S22) , retrieved January 20, 2024
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.