Related Research Articles
The politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic,whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government,and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the Government and the Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Peru a "flawed democracy" in 2021. Traditionally weak political parties saw their support collapse further in Peru since 2000,paving the way for the rise of personalist leaderships. The political parties in the congress of Peru are,according to political scientist Lucia Dammert,"agglomerations of individual and group interests more than solid and representative parties".
The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was a Peruvian Marxist-Leninist guerrilla group which started in the early 1980s. Their self-declared goal was to demonstrate to leftist groups in Peru that sought change through the current government the viability of radical revolution. The MRTA also aimed to provide an alternative to another militant group,the Shining Path,which placed them in direct competition. The group was led by Víctor Polay Campos until he was sentenced to 32 years' imprisonment in 1992 and by Néstor Cerpa Cartolini until his death in 1997.
Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto is a Peruvian statesman,professor and former engineer who was President of Peru from 28 July 1990 until 22 November 2000. Frequently described as a dictator,he remains a controversial figure in Peruvian politics;his government is credited with the creation of Fujimorism,defeating the Shining Path insurgency and restoring Peru's macroeconomic stability,though Fujimori ended his presidency by fleeing Peru for Japan amid a major scandal involving corruption and human rights abuses. Even amid his prosecution in 2008 for crimes against humanity relating to his presidency,two-thirds of Peruvians polled voiced approval for his leadership in that period.
Vladimiro Lenin Ilich Montesinos Torres is a former long-standing head of Peru's intelligence service,National Intelligence Service (SIN),under President Alberto Fujimori. In the year 2000,the infamous "Vladi-videos" came to light through the television:they were secret videos recorded by Montesinos that showed him bribing elected congressmen into leaving the opposition and joining the pro-Fujimori group of the Congress. The ensuing scandal caused Montesinos to flee the country and prompted Fujimori's resignation.
Lori Helene Berenson is an American who served a 20-year prison sentence for collaboration with a guerrilla organization in Peru in 1996. Berenson was convicted of collaborating with the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA),a group accused of trying to overthrow the Peruvian government by force,considered to be a terrorist organization by the Peruvian government,and on the U.S. State Department's official "terrorist organization" list from 1997–2001. Her arrest and conviction,and the circumstances surrounding her trials,drew considerable attention in both the United States and Peru.
Néstor Cerpa Cartolini was a member,then leader of the Peruvian Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). He was sometimes known by the nom de guerre "Evaristo".
The Japanese embassy hostage crisis began on 17 December 1996 in Lima,Peru,when 14 members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) took hostage hundreds of high-level diplomats,government and military officials and business executives. They were attending a party at the official residence of the Japanese ambassador to Peru,Morihisa Aoki,in celebration of Emperor Akihito's 63rd birthday. Although the crisis took place at the ambassadorial residence in San Isidro rather than at the embassy proper,it is often referred to as the "Japanese embassy" hostage crisis.
Operation Chavín de Huántar was a military operation in which a team of one hundred and forty-two commandos of the Peruvian Armed Forces ended the 1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis by raiding the Japanese ambassador's residence and freeing the hostages held there by the terrorist organization Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA),considered one of the most successful hostage rescues in the world.
The Dominican Republic Embassy siege was the 1980 siege of the embassy of the Dominican Republic by M-19 guerrillas in Bogotá,Colombia. The guerrillas held nearly 60 people,including 15 ambassadors,hostage. Of the initial group,18 were held captive for 61 days.
Frank Almaguer is an American retired diplomat and career Foreign Service Officer. He has served in numerous positions with the Peace Corps,the United States Agency for International Development,the U.S. Department of State and the Organization of American States.
The internal conflict in Peru is an ongoing armed conflict between the Government of Peru and the Maoist guerilla group Shining Path. The conflict began on 17 May 1980,and from 1982 to 1997 the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement waged its own insurgency as a Marxist–Leninist rival to the Shining Path. It is estimated that there have been between 50,000 and 70,000 deaths,making it the bloodiest war in Peruvian history,since the European colonization of the country.
Ambassador Martha I. Lara is a prominent Mexican career diplomat and politician.
Francis Vincent "Frank" Ortiz Jr. was an American diplomat who served as United States Ambassador to Argentina from 1983 to 1986,United States Ambassador to Peru from 1981 to 1983,United States Ambassador to Guatemala from 1979 to 1980 and Ambassador of the United States to Barbados,and Grenada as well as Special Representative to Dominica,Saint Lucia,Antigua,St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla,and St. Vincent from 1977 to 1979.
Peter Michael McKinley is an American diplomat. A career Foreign Service Officer,McKinley served as U.S. Ambassador to Peru (2007–2010),Colombia (2010–2013),Afghanistan (2015–2016),and Brazil (2017–2018),and then as Senior Adviser to the U.S. Secretary of State (2018–2019).
Earl Anthony Wayne is an American diplomat. Formerly Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs,Ambassador to Argentina and Deputy Ambassador to Afghanistan,Wayne served nearly four years as Ambassador to Mexico. He was nominated by President Obama and confirmed by the Senate in August,2011. He departed Mexico City for Washington July 31,2015 and retired from the State Department on September 30,2015. Wayne attained the highest rank in the U.S. diplomatic service:Career Ambassador. He is currently a Diplomat in Residence at American University's School of International Service and works with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars,the Atlantic Council,the Center for Strategic and International Studies,and as an independent consultant,speaker and writer. Wayne worked as an adviser for HSBC Latin America on improving management of financial crime risk from 2015 until 2019 and with the American Foreign Service Association from 2017 to 2019.
Sharon P. Wilkinson is an American diplomat. She served as United States Ambassador to Burkina Faso from 1996 to 1999 and United States Ambassador to Mozambique from 2000 to 2003.
Rose McCartney Likins is a Career Ambassador within the United States Foreign Service and the former United States Ambassador to Peru. Prior to this post she was the Deputy Director of the Foreign Service Institute in Washington,D.C.,where she was also Dean of the Foreign Service Institute's School of Professional and Area Studies.
Francisco Antonio Gregorio Tudela van Breugel-Douglas is a Peruvian scholar,diplomat and politician. A former Fujimorist politician and diplomat,he briefly served as the First Vice President of Peru between 28 July 2000 to 21 November 2000,during the brief third term of Alberto Fujimori and also as a Congressman between 2000 and 2001. He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs during the Fujimori administration and as a member of the Democratic Constituent Congress between 1992 and 1995.
Francisco Rafael Sagasti HochhauslerOSP is a Peruvian engineer,academic,and author,who served as President of Peru from 2020 to 2021.
Ronald Bruce St. John,also known as R. Bruce St. John,is an American historian and writer on international relations,an affiliate professor of Bradley University.
References
- ↑ "Dennis Jett". Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
- 1 2 3 "Ambassador Dennis C. Jett, (ret.), Ph.D. Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Pennsylvania State University. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
