Durham College, Oxford

Durham College
University of Oxford
College library (c. 1417-8), now part of Trinity College's Durham Quadrangle
Common seal of the college, 1483
Location	Between St Giles' and Broad Street
Coordinates	51°45′19″N1°15′26″W / 51.7553°N 1.25718°W / 51.7553; -1.25718
Founder	Richard de Hoton (possible); Thomas Hatfield (endowment)
Established	c. 1286 or 1291; endowed 1381
Closed	1545
Named after	Durham Priory
Status	Closed; buildings used to found Trinity College, Oxford
Map
Location in Oxford city centre

Durham College was a college of the University of Oxford, founded by the monks of Durham Priory in the late 13th century and endowed by Bishop Thomas Hatfield in 1381.

It was closed in 1545 following the dissolution of the monasteries, with its estates returned to the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral. Its buildings, after a period of disuse, were sold in 1555 to Thomas Pope, who used them to found Trinity College, Oxford.

History

Establishment

The college was built to provide a place of learning for Benedictine monks from the monastery in Durham. ^[1] Until the 1280s, there had been no Benedictine establishment in Oxford itself, and, while in 1291 the southern abbeys decided to combine their efforts at Gloucester College, Durham had already begun to make its own arrangements. ^[2]

The site was acquired by the abbey in 1286 ^{[1] [3]} or 1291, ^[4] during the priorate of Hugh of Darlington, and building commenced under his successor, Richard de Hoton. ^[3] The college, which would house six to ten monks, developed over the coming decades, ^[4] making it one of the first colleges in Oxford (alongside Merton) to construct specialised college buildings. ^[5] A prior oversaw the development of the college, which included the construction of an oratory in 1323 and groundwork for a chapel shortly thereafter, though no such chapel was actually built. ^[4]

The college was a cell of Durham Priory, and the monks who lived there were monks of Durham, residing in Oxford at the discretion of the Prior of Durham, while the priors were appointed centrally, as with other cells such as Finchale Priory. ^[2]

In 1338, Richard de Bury (or Aungerville), Bishop of Durham and noted bibliophile, attempted to secure the future of the college by persuading King Edward III to assign the proceeds of the profitable rectory of Simonburn to the nascent college, which he also intended to establish with new statutes dedicating it to God and St Margaret, and equip with his famed library of over 1,500 volumes. ^[6] However, the surviving college rolls suggest that no part of this took place, and Simonburn was given instead to the Canons of St George's Windsor, while the college did not gain a library until 70 years after de Bury's death, after Bishop Hatfield's endowment. ^[7]

Hatfield's endowment

Tomb of Bishop Thomas Hatfield

In 1380, Thomas Hatfield, Bishop of Durham, drew up a covenant to leave a £3000 legacy (equivalent to £2,800,000in 2023) to provide £200 annually (equivalent to £190,000in 2023) for the maintenance of eight student monks (socii or fellows) and eight seculars (scholares or scholars). ^{[1] [4] [8]} Execution of the scheme was delayed after Hatfield's death in 1381, but the funds were eventually delivered. The prior, Robert de Berington of Walworth, placed a monk of Durham, John de Berington (probably his brother) in charge of the funds, and he used them – perhaps somewhat wastefully – to purchase a number of rectories – Frampton, Fishlake, Bossall and Ruddington – and estates, to provide income for the college. ^{[9] [10]}

The statutes drawn up stated that the fellows were to take instruction in philosophy and theology; they were also to oversee the selection of the scholars, four of whom were to be drawn from North Yorkshire and four from the Diocese of Durham. Once selected, the eight scholars would learn philosophy and grammar, whilst being paid to assist the monks in unspecified day-to-day tasks. All students were expected to remain for seven or eight years to complete their instruction. The running of the College would be overseen by one of the fellows, who was to take the title of Warden. ^[4]

The college quadrangle c.1566, shortly after it was taken over by Trinity College

The funds proved sufficient for the laying out of a quadrangle around which various buildings were constructed, including living quarters, a refectory, a chapel (1408–9) and a library (1417–8). ^[1]

There were occasional disputes over authority in the college, with the prior studentium of Gloucester College claiming (with some legal justification) authority over all Benedictine monks resident at the university, including those in Durham College and Canterbury College. ^[9] Prior of Durham John Wessington, who had earlier been the college's bursar, wrote a treatise in 1422 arguing that the college's students should be exempt from this authority because the college predated the appointment of the prior. ^{[11] [12]}

The college also seems to have acted as a home for students from other Northern Benedictine abbeys, including York and Whitby. ^[13] Rooms also seem to have been rented to others who were not part of the foundation, including university chancellor Gilbert Kymer, whose acts during his second period as chancellor (1446–1453) were dated from Durham College. ^[14]

"University monks" were influential in the governance of Durham Priory in its later years: six wardens of the college became priors of Durham, and many others held other important posts such as priors of Coldingham Priory and Finchale Priory. ^[9]

Disestablishment

During the English Reformation the site was surrendered twice to the crown. The first time, in 1540, it was reported to have an annual income of £115 (equivalent to £94,000in 2023). ^[4] Around this time, the buildings on the site were inspected by a surveyor from the Court of Augmentations, providing valuable details about the buildings and the grounds, which were said to consist of three well-proportioned gardens. ^[1]

The buildings of the college were regranted to the Dean of Durham, who kept it on in much the same form, with a rector, six fellows, and four 'inferior fellows'. ^[4] George Clyff, the senior fellow of the college, was appointed as rector, but does not seem to have taken his responsibilities seriously, and the college did not survive. ^[15]

In 1541, Henry VIII proposed founding a university in Durham using the funds of the College, but the plans were scaled down to a grammar school, with a headmaster and assistant master paid from Cathedral funds. ^{[16] [17]}

The College buildings were again surrendered to the crown in March 1544/5 and not regranted, ^[1] while its estates reverted to the Dean and Chapter of Durham. ^[16] The buildings were briefly occupied as a private hall by Walter Wright, Archdeacon of Oxford and later Vice-Chancellor of the university, but they then fell into disrepair, and are described colourfully by Anthony Wood as "canilia lustra" (dog kennels). ^[15]

In 1546, half of the college's grove, having been leased to St Bernard's College, Oxford, for some time, was granted along with St Bernard's to Christ Church. The garden would eventually become part of the original site of St John's College, Oxford, upon its foundation in 1555. ^[1] On 20 February 1554/5 the remainder of the site, having been redistributed in 1553 to private owners (Dr George Owen of Godstow and William Martyn of Oxford) was sold to self-made politician Thomas Pope, who used them to found Trinity College 16 days later. ^[1] Durham College was originally dedicated to the Virgin Mary, St Cuthbert, and the Trinity, and it is thought that Trinity College took its name from the last element of this dedication. ^[18]

Legacy

Trinity College in 1675, with Durham College's chapel and quadrangle largely intact alongside newer buildings

The college's name is preserved in the Durham Quadrangle of Trinity College. The east range of the Durham College quadrangle largely survives, including 15th century stained glass in the Old Library on the first floor. ^{[1] [19]} Elements of 14th century fabric also survive on the opposite side of the quad, at either end of the 17th-century hall, with some 15th and 16th century stained glass. ^[20]

The west range of Trinity College's Durham quadrangle. While substantially altered, elements of Durham College's buildings remain at the north and south ends.

On its foundation in 1832, the University of Durham positioned itself as the successor of Durham College. Charles Thorp, first warden of Durham University, wrote:

The university is the legitimate successor of Durham College, the property of which remained since the reformation in the hands of the Chapter and which successive Governments from Henry VIII downwards have proposed to apply to academic education at Durham. ^[21]

Early Durham University calendars contained a note setting out the link between the college and the university, ^[22] and the university's coat of arms includes on a canton that of Bishop Hatfield, who endowed Durham College. ^[23]

Arms of Durham University, including a canton of the arms of Durham College benefactor Thomas Hatfield

Priors (later Wardens)

Drawn from the Oxford Historical Society's Collectanea. ^[24]

• Gilbert Elwyk, S.T.P., occurs 1316
• John de Beverlaco, S.T.P., occurs 1333
• R— de C—, ^[25] after 1340
•  ? Uthred de Boldon, S.T.P., c.1360
•  ? John Aclyff, or de Acley, c.1380
• Robert Blaklaw, c.1389–1404
• William Appylby, 1404–1409
• Thomas Rome, S.T.P., 1409–1419
• William Ebchester, S.T.P., 1419–1428
• Richard Barton, S.T.B., 1428–1431
• John Mody, S.T.P., 1431–c.1440
• John Burnby, S.T.P., 1442–1450
• Richard Bell, S.T.B., 1450–1453
• John Burnby, again, 1453–1456
• Thomas Caly, S.T.B., 1457–c.1463
• Robert Ebchester, S.T.P., c. 1464–c.1475
• William Law, S.T.B., c. 1478–c.1481
• John Aukland, S.T.P., c. 1481–1484
• Thomas Rowland, S.T.B., 1484–1487
• Thomas Castell, S.T.P., 1487–1494
• William Cawthorne, S.T.P., 1494–c.1501
• Thomas Swalwell, S.T.P., c.1501
•  ? Thomas Castell, occurs 1511
• Hugh Whitehead, S.T.P., 1512–c.1519
• Edward Hyndmer alias Henmarsh, S.T.P., c.1527–1541
• George Clyff, S.T.B., 1541–1542

References

1. Hopkins 2005 , pp. 9–15
2. Blakiston 1896 , p. 6
3. Knowles 1979 , p. 14
4. Page 1907
5. "Medieval Oxford". A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 4, the City of Oxford. London: Victoria County History. 1979. pp. 3–73.
6. "Richard de Bury". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2016.
7. Blakiston 1896 , pp. 9–10
8. Blakiston 1896 , pp. 12–16
9. Knowles 1979 , p. 20
10. Blakiston 1896 , pp. 13–14
11. Knowles 1979 , p. 191
12. Blakiston 1896 , p. 31–35
13. Blakiston 1896 , p. 19
14. Blakiston 1896 , p. 17
15. Blakiston 1896 , p. 22
16. Fowler 1904
17. "Key dates". Durham University. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
18. Hopkins 2005 , p. 17
19. Historic England. "Trinity College, East Range, Durham Quadrangle (1183812)". National Heritage List for England .
20. Historic England. "Trinity College, West Range, Durham Quadrangle (1046623)". National Heritage List for England .
21. "Calendar of the Charles Thorp Correspondence". Durham University. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
22. Durham University Calendar. 1842. pp. 1–2. It is also a fact worthy of notice that the Dean and Chapter were endowed by Henry VIII, not only with the revenues of the Benedictine Priory at Durham, but also with those of the College connected with it in the University of Oxford. This College [...] was dissolved at the Reformation on account of its connexion with the Priory of Durham; and its advowsons and other endowments were granted by Henry VIII to the new Dean and Chapter. This body, therefore, is the representative of the ancient College, as well as of the ancient Priory: and thus there is a peculiar fitness in their endeavour to replace the suppressed establishment for education in Oxford by the foundation of a new one of a similar nature at Durham.
23. Woodward 1894
24. Blakiston 1896 , pp. 23–25
25. Possibly Robert de Claxton, Prior of Coldingham; or Robert Crayk.

Bibliography

• Blakiston, Herbert E. D. (1896), "Some Durham College Rolls", in Burrows, Montagu (ed.), Collectanea, Oxford: Oxford Historical Society, pp. 1–76, retrieved 31 January 2021
• Fowler, J. T. (1904), Durham university; earlier foundations and present colleges, F. E. Robinson & co., retrieved 24 December 2014
• Hopkins, Clare (2005), Trinity: 450 years of an Oxford college community (2007 reprint ed.), Oxford, ISBN   978-0-19-951896-8
• Knowles, David (1979), The Religious Orders in England, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, ISBN   9780521295673
• Page, William, ed. (1907), "Houses of Benedictine monks: Durham College, Oxford", A History of the County of Oxford, vol. 2, British History Online, pp. 68–70, retrieved 30 August 2012
• Woodward, John (1894), A Treatise On Ecclesiastical Heraldry, Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Johnston, p. 444, ISBN   9785878640695