Echinothrips americanus

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Echinothrips americanus
Echinothrips americanus PaDIL136415a.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Thysanoptera
Family: Thripidae
Genus: Echinothrips
Species:
E. americanus
Binomial name
Echinothrips americanus
Morgan, 1913

Echinothrips americanus is a species of thrips (the taxonomic order Thysanoptera) in the family Thripidae. It is found in North America, Europe, and Asia. [1] [2] [3] [4] E. americanus was first described in 1913 by entomologist A.C. Morgan in Quincy, Florida, where he found the insect on a Veratrum viride plant (common name green false-hellebore). [5] [6] Suggested common names include Poinsettia thrips and Impatiens thrips. [7] [8] Since their spread throughout Europe as early as 1995, and subsequently China, E. americanus has been called an "upcoming pest." [8]

Contents

Etymology

Insects belonging to the order Thysanoptera were named thrips meaning "woodworm," by Carl Linnaeus. [9]

Physical appearance

Thrips, including E. americanus, are usually no longer than 1mm. Individual E. americanus are generally brown or black. [5] A.C. Morgan provides a detailed description of several individuals in his publication declaring his discovery of the species. [5] Males are generally smaller, thinner, and lighter in colour than females. [5] Morgan described E. americanus as having a red hypodermal pigmentation. Prepupae are white in colour. [10] Thrips are known for their asymmetrical mouthparts that distinguish them from other orders. [9] They are also known for their fringed wings. Adult E. americanus have moniliform antennae and the body size differences between males and females corresponds with antennae length and size differences. [11]

Distribution

As its name suggests, E. americanus is native to the United States. E. americanus has been documented in the following countries: China, Indonesia, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, [12] Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Bermuda, Canada, Guadeloupe, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Australia. [13] An unconfirmed observation of E. americanus was made in Denmark. [13]

E. americanus has been recorded in 10 U.S. states (Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Missouri, New York, Tennessee, and Virginia) as well as the District of Columbia. [13]

E. americanus is known to occur in British Columbia as well as Ontario. [13]

Lifecycle

Most species of thrips have a haplo-diploid reproductive mode and reproduce via arrhenotoky (a form of parthenogenesis). [14] Kreuger et al. (2015) report the mean lifespan of E. americanus to be 10 – 14 days. [15] As a member of the suborder Terebrantia, E. americanus has two larval instars (developmental stages) as well as two pupal instars. [16]

Habitat and diet

E. americanus' are leaf dwelling thrips, feeding on both the upper and lower surfaces of leaves (but more commonly on the lower surface). [7] [11] They are highly polyphagous and cause severe damage to foliage that they feed on. [8] As opposed to other species of thrips like the western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis) or tobacco thrips ( Thrips tabaci ) that pupate in the soil, E. americanus pupates on the aboveground parts of plants. [8] Using their mouthparts to puncture the leaf surface, E. americanus will leave plants with a chlorotic and shrunken appearance. [11] Particulate excreta or frass left on the leaf surface as well as eggs laid in plant tissues are serious threats to the economic value of many ornamental and crop plants. [11] E. americanus is known to feed on about 24 different families of plants. [17]

Lifecycle and reproduction

Most species of thrips have a haplo-diploid reproductive mode and reproduce via arrhenotoky (a form of parthenogenesis). [14] Kreuger et al. (2015) report a mean lifespan of 10 - 14 days. [18] As a species in the order Thysanoptera, E. americanus are hemimetabolous insects, meaning they undergo incomplete metamorphosis and have three distinct life stages: egg, nymph, and adult (also called imago). As a member of the suborder Terebrantia, E. americanus has two nymph instars as well as two pupal instars. [16] E. americanus exhibit assortative mating by body size. [19] Female E. americanus place their eggs into plant tissues with their ovipositor. [11]

Mating behaviour

Mating begins with initial contact or the precopulatory period and is followed by the male mounting the female. In the case that the male is rejected by the female, she raises her abdomen to drive off the male. [19] The male clasps the females pterothorax (meso- and metathorax) with his legs, twisting his abdomen under hers, then inserts the aedeagus. Copulation lasts about four minutes and requires that the antennae come into contact and that the females back is stroked with the males mesothoracic (hind) legs. [14] Males produce pheromones that appear to induce mating behaviours and that indicate to other males that a female has been previously mated with. [17] E. americanus is one of few species (mostly Dipterans) in which male-produced contact pheromones are known to occur. [19] A pheromone has been identified that likely allows individual E. americanus to distinguish between males and females. [19] Females rarely mate a second time, typically only mating once. Males are known to guard female pupae and mate with them soon after the female ecloses, this is likely due to the strong local mate competition when living in high densities on leaf surfaces. [19]

Sex determination

E. americanus reproduce via arrhenotoky, meaning fertilized eggs develop into diploid females while unfertilized eggs develop into haploid males. [14] [19] While females tend to mate only once, they are also able to reproduce without mating due to arrhenotoky. The offspring produced without mating will all be haploid males. [14]

Human impact

Many species of thrips are polyphagous and feed extensively on foliage of both crops and ornamental plants, causing millions of USD in crop loss annually. [14] [8] [17] Several behavioural and morphological characteristics of E. americanus make chemical control of the species difficult. [11]

Biological control

Ghasemzadeh et al. (2017) investigated the potential of phytoseiid predatory mites as a means of biological control to combat E. americanus damage. The mites, supplemented by pollen, were able to significantly reduce juvenile E. americanus populations. [8] Amblyseius swirskii and Euseius ovalis were the most efficient at controlling the juvenile E. americanus populations. Predatory mites have not been documented to consume adult E. americanus, however, so more research into the biological control of this species is needed. [8]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thrips</span> Order of insects

Thrips are minute, slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Entomologists have described approximately 7,700 species. They fly only weakly and their feathery wings are unsuitable for conventional flight; instead, thrips exploit an unusual mechanism, clap and fling, to create lift using an unsteady circulation pattern with transient vortices near the wings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arrhenotoky</span> Male-producing form of parthenogenesis

Arrhenotoky, also known as arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, is a form of parthenogenesis in which unfertilized eggs develop into males. In most cases, parthenogenesis produces exclusively female offspring, hence the distinction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thripidae</span> Family of thrips

The Thripidae are the most speciose family of thrips, with over 290 genera representing just over two thousand species. They can be distinguished from other thrips by a saw-like ovipositor curving downwards, narrow wings with two veins, and antennae of six to ten antennomeres with stiletto-like forked sense cones on antennal segments III and IV.

<i>Franklinothrips</i> Genus of thrips

Franklinothrips is a genus of thrips with pantropical distribution.

<i>Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus</i> Species of virus

Impatiens necrotic spot orthotospovirus(INSV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the order Bunyavirales. It was originally believed to be another strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus, but genetic investigations revealed them to be separate viruses. It is a negative-strand RNA virus which has a tripartite genome. It is largely spread by the insect vector of the western flower thrips. The virus infects more than 648 species of plants including important horticultural and agricultural species such as fuchsia, tomato, orchids, and lettuce (especially romaine). As the name implies, the main symptom on plants is necrotic spots that appear on the leaves. The INSV virus infects by injecting the RNA the virus contains into the cell which then starts using the cell resources to transcribe what the virus RNA states. Viral infection can often result in the death of the plant. The disease is mainly controlled by the elimination of the western flower thrip vector and by destroying any infected plant material.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western flower thrips</span> Vegetable pest, SW US native, invasive

The western flower thrips [Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)] is an invasive pest insect in agriculture. This species of thrips is native to the Southwestern United States but has spread to other continents, including Europe, Australia, and South America via transport of infested plant material.

<i>Orthotospovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthotospovirus is a genus of negative-strand RNA viruses, in the family Tospoviridae of the order Bunyavirales, which infects plants. Tospoviruses take their name from the species Tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) which was discovered in Australia in 1919. TSWV remained the only known member of the family until the early 1990s when genetic characterisation of plant viruses became more common. There are now at least twenty species in the genus with more being discovered on a regular basis. Member viruses infect over eight hundred plant species from 82 different families.

<i>Scirtothrips dorsalis</i> Species of thrip

Scirtothrips dorsalis, the chilli thrips or yellow tea thrips, is an extremely successful invasive species of pest-thrips which has expanded rapidly from Asia over the last twenty years, and is gradually achieving a global distribution. It has most recently been reported in St. Vincent (2004) Florida (2005), Texas (2006), and Puerto Rico (2007). It is a pest of economic significance with a broad host range, with prominent pest reports on crops including pepper, eggplant, mango, citrus, strawberry, grapes, cotton, tea, peanuts, blueberry, and roses. Chilli thrips appear to feed preferentially on new growth, and infested plants usually develop characteristic wrinkled leaves, with distinctive brown scarring along the veins of leaves, the buds of flowers, and the calyx of fruit. Feeding damage can reduce the sale value of crops produced, and in sufficient numbers, kill plants already aggravated by environmental stress. This thrips has also been implicated in the transmission of three tospoviruses, but there is some controversy over its efficiency as a vector.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thripinae</span> Subfamily of thrips

The Thripinae are a subfamily of thrips, insects of the order Thysanoptera. The Thripinae belong to the common thrips family Thripidae and include around 1,400 species in 150 genera. A 2012 molecular phylogeny found that the Thripinae was paraphyletic; further work will be needed to clarify the relationships within the group.

<i>Chelisoches morio</i> Species of earwig

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<i>Haplothrips</i> Genus of thrips

Haplothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae. It is found worldwide and contains about 240 extant species.

<i>Thrips tabaci</i> Species of thrip

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Frankliniella schultzei, the common blossom thrips or cotton thrips, is a species of thrips in the family Thripidae. It is found in many parts of the world and is an important pest insect in agriculture.

<i>Aspidiotus destructor</i> Species of true bug

Aspidiotus destructor, the coconut scale, is a species of armoured scale insect in the family Diaspididae, found in many tropical and subtropical parts of the world. It is a serious pest of coconut and banana, and attacks a range of other fruiting trees and ornamental plants.

<i>Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis</i> Species of thrip

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis is a species of thrips in the family Thripidae. It is most commonly known as the greenhouse thrips, the glasshouse thrip or black tea thrips. This species of thrips was first described in 1833 by Bouché in Berlin, Germany. H. haemorrhoidalis also has many synonyms depending on where they were described from such as: H. adonidum Haliday, H. semiaureus Girault, H. abdominalis Reuter, H. angustior Priesner, H. ceylonicus Schultz, Dinurothrips rufiventris Girault. In New Zealand, H. haemorrhoidalis is one of the four species belonging to the subfamily Panchaetothripinae.

<i>Heliothrips</i> Genus of thrips

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panchaetothripinae</span> Subfamily of thrips

Panchaetothripinae is a subfamily of thrips in the family Thripidae, first described in 1912 by Richard Siddoway Bagnall. There are about 11 genera and more than 50 described species in Panchaetothripinae.

<i>Echinothrips</i> Genus of thrips

Echinothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Thripidae. There are about seven described species in Echinothrips.

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<i>Pezothrips kellyanus</i> Species of thrips

Pezothrips kellyanus, also known as Kelly's citrus thrips, is a species of Thysanoptera (thrips) from the family Thripidae. It is known as a pest species on citrus fruit crops as it can cause scarring damage to fruit skins.

References

  1. ↑ "Echinothrips americanus". www.cabi.org. Archived from the original on 2020-10-21. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  2. ↑ "Echinothrips americanus Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  3. ↑ "Echinothrips americanus". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Morgan, A. C. (1913). "New genera and species of Thysanoptera, with notes on distribution and food plants". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 46 (2008): 1–55. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.46-2008.1.
  5. ↑ "EENY-730/IN1246: Poinsettia Thrips, Impatiens Thrips (suggested common names) Echinothrips americanus Morgan (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  6. 1 2 "EENY-730/IN1246: Poinsettia Thrips, Impatiens Thrips (suggested common names) Echinothrips americanus Morgan (Insecta: Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ghasemzadeh, Somayyeh; Leman, Ada; Messelink, Gerben J. (2017-10-01). "Biological control of Echinothrips americanus by phytoseiid predatory mites and the effect of pollen as supplemental food". Experimental and Applied Acarology. 73 (2): 209–221. doi: 10.1007/s10493-017-0191-1 . ISSN   1572-9702. PMID   29128983. S2CID   254264028.
  8. 1 2 Chiasson, Helene (1985). A Synopsis of the Canadian Thysanoptera. McGill University.
  9. ↑ "Echinothrips americanus". cues.cfans.umn.edu. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hu, Qingling; Li, Weina; Feng, Jinian (2020-06-01). "Morphology, distribution, ultrastructure, and possible function of the external sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of Echinothrips americanus Morgan (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 23 (2): 599–605. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2020.04.003. ISSN   1226-8615. S2CID   216295164.
  11. ↑ Dunne, R.; O'Connor, J. P. (1997). "Echinothrips americanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) New to Ireland". The Irish Naturalists' Journal. 25 (11/12): 412–413. ISSN   0021-1311. JSTOR   25536116.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Echinothrips americanus". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Krueger, Stephanie; Jilge, Marcus; Mound, Laurence; Moritz, Gerald B. (2017-04-28). "Reproductive Behavior of Echinothrips americanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Insect Science. 17 (2). doi:10.1093/jisesa/iex043. ISSN   1536-2442. PMC   5469385 . PMID   28931160.
  14. ↑ Krueger, S.; Mound, L. A.; Moritz, G. B. (2016). "Offspring sex ratio and development are determined by copulation activity in Echinothrips americanus MORGAN 1913 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Applied Entomology. 140 (6): 462–473. doi:10.1111/jen.12280. ISSN   1439-0418. S2CID   85747326.
  15. 1 2 "Terebrantia | Oz Thrips" . Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  16. 1 2 3 Krueger, Stephanie; Moritz, Gerald; Lindemann, Peter; Radisch, Diana; Tschuch, Gunther (2016). "Male Pheromones Influence the Mating Behavior of Echinothrips americanus". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 42 (4): 294–299. doi:10.1007/s10886-016-0685-z. ISSN   1573-1561. PMID   27008648. S2CID   254646209.
  17. ↑ Krueger, S.; Mound, L. A.; Moritz, G. B. (2016). "Offspring sex ratio and development are determined by copulation activity in Echinothrips americanus MORGAN 1913 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Applied Entomology. 140 (6): 462–473. doi:10.1111/jen.12280. ISSN   1439-0418. S2CID   85747326.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Krueger, Stephanie; Jilge, Marcus; Mound, Laurence; Moritz, Gerald B. (2017-07-01). "Size Matters – Correlation of Body Size, Structure of Sternal Glands and Mating Success in Echinothrips Americanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Insect Behavior. 30 (4): 409–419. doi:10.1007/s10905-017-9627-z. ISSN   1572-8889. S2CID   254704366.

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