Edinburgh City Hospital

Last updated

Edinburgh City Hospital
Pavilions at former Edinburgh City Hospital.jpg
Pavilions at former Edinburgh City Hospital now part of Greenbank Village, Edinburgh
Location map United Kingdom Edinburgh.png
Red pog.svg
Shown in Edinburgh
Geography
Location Colinton, Edinburgh, Scotland
Coordinates 55°54′56″N03°13′42″W / 55.91556°N 3.22833°W / 55.91556; -3.22833 Coordinates: 55°54′56″N03°13′42″W / 55.91556°N 3.22833°W / 55.91556; -3.22833
Organisation
Care system NHS
Type Specialist
Affiliated university University of Edinburgh
Services
SpecialityInfectious disease, Otolaryngology, Care of the elderly
History
Opened1903
Closed1999
Links
Lists Hospitals in Scotland

The Edinburgh City Hospital (also known as the Edinburgh City Hospital for Infectious Diseases or the City Hospital at Colinton Mains) was a hospital in Colinton, Edinburgh, opened in 1903 for the treatment of infectious diseases. As the pattern of infectious disease changed, the need for in-patients facilities to treat them diminished. While still remaining the regional centre for infectious disease, in the latter half of the 20th century the hospital facilities diversified with specialist units established for respiratory disease, ear, nose and throat surgery, maxillo-facial surgery, care of the elderly and latterly HIV/AIDS. The hospital closed in 1999 and was redeveloped as residential housing, known as Greenbank Village.

Contents

Origins

Local authorities in Scotland were required to make provision for the treatment and isolation of patients with infectious epidemic disease under the terms of the Public Health (Scotland) Act of 1867. On the advice of Dr Henry Littlejohn, the medical officer of health, Edinburgh Town Council in 1870 converted Canongate Poorhouse into a fever hospital known as the First City Fever Hospital. [1] This soon proved insufficient to meet the demand, and the Council bought the old Royal Infirmary buildings at Infirmary Street, and these together with the Surgical Hospital (the former Royal High School) and the former Surgeons Hall in Surgeons’ Square were opened as the Second City Fever Hospital in 1885. In the 1890s even this expanded accommodation was inadequate in the face of epidemics of smallpox and scarlet fever, and the city council decided to build a new fever hospital on a greenfield site at Colinton Mains, on the southern outskirts of the city, which became the Third City Fever Hospital. [2]

Design

Plan of City Hospital, 1902 Public health and preventive medicine (1902) (14783835532).jpg
Plan of City Hospital, 1902

The hospital was on a greenfield site at Colinton on the southern outskirts of the city. It was built close to the Edinburgh City (Craiglockhart) Poorhouse, (which later became Greenlea Old People's Home, [3] and was redeveloped in the 1980s as residential housing known as The Steils.) [4] The Third City Hospital, now known as the Colinton Mains Fever Hospital, was designed by the Edinburgh City architect Robert Morham, who had toured European fever hospitals to incorporate their best features into his design. In Berlin he was told by Robert Koch that "sunlight is the great germicide", and this advice was followed. [5] The hospital was built in red sandstone and consisted of fifteen two-storey Nightingale pavilions separated by grassy airing grounds to ensure spacing between wards and give them greater exposure to light. All included balconies and sun rooms. There were separate blocks for patients with individual diseases together with isolation cottages. In addition there was a nurses' home, accommodation for doctors, a central administrative block and a bacteriology laboratory. The hospital was surrounded by lawns and a small tree plantation. [5]

Early history

The hospital, now called the Edinburgh City Hospital for Infectious Diseases, was officially opened on 13 May 1903 by King Edward VII. From the earliest years it was a centre for nurse training and certification in infectious diseases with its own school of nursing. Much of the medical teaching and training for the Diploma in Public Health qualification took place in the hospital. Until the Second World War, the hospital dealt mainly with measles, typhus, scarlet fever, diphtheria and whooping cough. There were sporadic cases of smallpox, the last notification for this disease in Edinburgh being registered in 1942. [6]

In 1948 the hospital became part of the National Health Service, administered initially by the South Eastern Regional Hospital Board. [2]

There were 200 beds for tuberculosis when Dr John Crofton was appointed to the Edinburgh University Chair of Tuberculosis in 1952. Crofton established his academic unit and main clinical base at the City Hospital [5] and pioneered a treatment that demonstrated that pulmonary tuberculosis could be cured by antibiotic therapy. [7] [8] He introduced an antibiotic treatment that became known as The Edinburgh method and used triple therapy of streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and isoniazid, which became the standard treatment of tuberculosis for the next fifteen years worldwide. [9] [10] Locally this resulted in a marked reduction in disease prevalence enabling more out-patient treatment. By 1958 only 20 beds were required for tuberculosis patients. [11]

Later history

City Hospital, Edinburgh, 1988 City Hospital, Edinburgh, April 1988 (6695641495).jpg
City Hospital, Edinburgh, 1988

In 1952 a thoracic surgery unit was established with Mr Andrew Logan as lead surgeon, initially to treat patients with surgically amenable pulmonary tuberculosis. It expanded to become the regional unit for all thoracic surgery, with cardiac surgery being largely performed at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh. [5]

By the 1950s the introduction of antibiotics, effective immunisation and improved sanitation brought about a changing pattern of infectious disease. Pavilions were no longer needed for conditions like typhus, scarlet fever, diphtheria and whooping cough, and these beds were reallocated to other specialities. From this time the hospital became known simply as the Edinburgh City Hospital. An infectious diseases unit was established, catering for all infectious disease and associated with an attached tropical diseases unit from 1963 to 1972 and a unit devoted to the treatment of pyelonephritis. [5]

In 1961 a Wellcome Trust virus research laboratory was opened. This was expanded and became the regional clinical virus laboratory. An enlarged bacteriology laboratory was opened in 1970 and expanded in 1989. This laboratory housed the Scottish mycobacteria reference laboratory. The Rayne Research laboratory was established in 1983 and conducted research into respiratory disease, particularly emphysema, sleep disorders and inflammatory cell biology. [5]

The former tuberculosis wards became the respiratory disease unit. [5]

In 1965 the ear, nose and throat department moved from the Royal Infirmary and in the 1976 a care of the elderly unit was opened. [5]

As a result of the epidemic of HIV/AIDS in Edinburgh an AIDS screening service was set up in the hospital, the first of its kind in the UK. This was followed by the opening of a 14-bed unit for the in-patient treatment of HIV/AIDS. [12]

In 1991 Milestone House, the first purpose-built AIDS hospice in the UK was established in the grounds of the hospital. [13] In that year it was visited by Diana, Princess of Wales, and by Sean Connery. [5]

The regional maxillofacial surgical unit was in the hospital from 1991 moving to St John's Hospital at Livingston in 1998. [5]

Closure and legacy

The hospital closed in 1999 and was redeveloped as residential housing, known as Greenbank Village. Streets in the development are named for Sir Henry Littlejohn and Robert Morham, reflecting the history of the hospital. [14]

It was the subject of a book by James A. Gray, The Edinburgh City Hospital, published by Tuckwell Press in 1999. [15] [16]

Notable staff

Related Research Articles

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). NIAID's mission is to conduct basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuberculosis management</span>

Tuberculosis management describes the techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB).

The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) is part of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), the agency of the Government of Canada that is responsible for public health, health emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opportunistic infection</span> Infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available

An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available. These opportunities can stem from a variety of sources, such as a weakened immune system, an altered microbiome, or breached integumentary barriers. Many of these pathogens do not necessarily cause disease in a healthy host that has a non-compromised immune system, and can, in some cases, act as commensals until the balance of the immune system is disrupted. Opportunistic infections can also be attributed to pathogens which cause mild illness in healthy individuals but lead to more serious illness when given the opportunity to take advantage of an immunocompromised host.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis</span> Tuberculosis that is resistant to the most effective drugs

Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis caused by bacteria that are resistant to some of the most effective anti-TB drugs. XDR-TB strains have arisen after the mismanagement of individuals with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis</span> Medical condition

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis (TB) infection caused by bacteria that are resistant to treatment with at least two of the most powerful first-line anti-TB medications (drugs): isoniazid and rifampin. Some forms of TB are also resistant to second-line medications, and are called extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).

Bangour General Hospital was a hospital just west of the village of Dechmont, West Lothian, Scotland. It had its origins during the Second World War when hospital bed numbers in Scotland were greatly expanded to deal with the anticipated increase in civilian and military war casualties. The Emergency Hospital Service (Scotland) scheme resulted in seven new hospitals being built, while at Bangour Village Hospital in West Lothian an annexe of five ward blocks was built and this developed into Bangour General Hospital after the war. This hospital served the population of West Lothian as a general hospital and also included a maxillo-facial unit serving the Lothian region and a burns and plastic surgery unit serving much of east Scotland, the Borders and the Highland region. The hospital services were transferred to the newly built St John's Hospital at Livingston during 1989–90, and Bangour General Hospital closed in 1990 and was subsequently demolished.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital</span> Hospital in Fairfield, Australia

Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital, originally known as Queens Memorial Infectious Diseases Hospital, operated from 1904 to its closure in 1996. Perched high on the banks of the Yarra River at Yarra Bend in the inner Melbourne suburb of Fairfield, it developed an international reputation for the research and treatment of infectious diseases. When it closed, it was the last specific infectious diseases hospital in Australia.

TB Alert is a charity working to raise awareness about and support effective treatment of the disease tuberculosis in the UK and internationally. It was registered in 1998 and launched on World Tuberculosis Day in 1999 in response to the resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in the UK and worldwide. It is headquartered in Brighton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alimuddin Zumla</span> British-Zambian physician

Sir Alimuddin Zumla,, FRCP, FRCPath, FRSB is a British-Zambian professor of infectious diseases and international health at University College London Medical School. He specialises in infectious and tropical diseases, clinical immunology, and internal medicine, with a special interest in HIV/AIDS, respiratory infections, and diseases of poverty. He is known for his leadership of infectious/tropical diseases research and capacity development activities. He was awarded a Knighthood in the 2017 Queens Birthday Honours list for services to public health and protection from infectious disease. In 2012, he was awarded Zambia's highest civilian honour, the Order of the Grand Commander of Distinguished services - First Division. In 2022, for the fifth consecutive year, Zumla was recognised by Clarivate Analytics, Web of Science as one of the world's top 1% most cited researchers. In 2021 Sir Zumla was elected as Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences.

Sir John Wenman Crofton was a pioneer in the treatment of tuberculosis, who also spent the better part of his life raising awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tuberculosis in India</span> Health issue in India

Tuberculosis in India is a major health problem, causing about 220,000 deaths every year. In 2020, the Indian government made statements to eliminate tuberculosis from the country by 2025 through its National TB Elimination Program. Interventions in this program include major investment in health care, providing supplemental nutrition credit through the Nikshay Poshan Yojana, organizing a national epidemiological survey for tuberculosis, and organizing a national campaign to tie together the Indian government and private health infrastructure for the goal of eliminating the disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ruchill Hospital</span> Hospital in Glasgow, Scotland

Ruchill Hospital was a fever hospital in the Ruchill area of Glasgow, Scotland. The hospital was closed in 1998 and was sold to Scottish Enterprise in July 1999. It was managed by NHS Greater Glasgow.

Monsall Hospital was a hospital in North Manchester, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Wade (surgeon)</span>

Sir Henry Wade PRCSE FRSE DSO CMG was a Scottish military and urological surgeon. He was elected president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1935. His collection of anatomical specimens was donated to Surgeon's Hall in Edinburgh and is known as the Henry Wade Collection.

The Norwegian Institute of Public Health is responsible for maintaining and revising the list of notifiable diseases in Norway and participates in the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the World Health Organization's surveillance of infectious diseases. The notifiable diseases are classified into Group A, Group B and Group C diseases, depending on the procedure for reporting the disease.

Roy D. Mugerwa was a Ugandan physician, cardiologist and researcher. His contribution to the world of academics include being a Professor Emeritus at Makerere University College of Health Sciences in Kampala, cardiology in Uganda, researching HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, and his efforts to find an effective HIV vaccine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Müge Çevik</span> Physician, infectious disease researcher and science communicator

Müge Çevik is a physician who is an infectious diseases researcher and science communicator at the University of St Andrews. Her research considers HIV, viral hepatitis, emerging infections and tropical infections in developing countries. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Çevik was an advisor to the Chief Medical Officer of Scotland and the World Health Organization, and is a member of New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group - an expert committee of the UK Department of Health advising Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies.

Nancy K. Conn (1919–2013) was a Scottish bacteriologist known primarily for her work on preventing the spread of typhoid in Edinburgh in the summer of 1970.

Alasdair Macintosh Geddes is Emeritus Professor of Infection at the University of Birmingham Medical School. In 1978, as the World Health Organization (WHO) was shortly to announce that the world's last case of smallpox had occurred a year earlier in Somalia, Geddes diagnosed a British woman with the disease in Birmingham, England. She was found to be the index case of the outbreak and became the world's last reported fatality due to the disease, five years after he had gained experience on the frontline of the WHO's smallpox eradication programme in Bangladesh in 1973.

References

  1. ↑ "Edinburgh". Historic Hospitals. 26 April 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  2. 1 2 "City Hospital Edinburgh" (PDF). Lothian Health Services Archive. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  3. ↑ "The Workhouse in Edinburgh, Midlothian". www.workhouses.org.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  4. ↑ "History". The Steils. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Gray, James A. (1999). The Edinburgh City Hospital. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN   1862320969.
  6. ↑ Millard, C. Killick (3 March 1945). "Edinburgh Outbreak of Smallpox, 1942". Br Med J. 1 (4391): 304–305. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4391.304. ISSN   0007-1447. PMC   2056919 . PMID   20785943.
  7. ↑ Ryan, Frank (1992). Tuberculosis: The Greatest Story Never Told : the Human Story of the Search for the Cure for Tuberculosis and the New Global Threat. FPR-Books Ltd. ISBN   978-1-874082-00-2.
  8. ↑ Stepansky, Paul E. (23 May 2016). In the Hands of Doctors: Touch and Trust in Medical Care: Touch and Trust in Medical Care. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-4408-5078-3.; Sir John, Crofton (2009). "Fighting resistance". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 87 (12): 894–895. doi:10.2471/BLT.09.051209. ISSN   0042-9686. PMC   2789371 . PMID   20454479.
  9. ↑ Gellene, Denise (20 November 2009). "Sir John Crofton, Pioneer in TB Cure, Dies at 97 (Published 2009)". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 28 November 2020.
  10. 1 2 "Sir John Crofton". The University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  11. ↑ Dayell, Tam (5 November 2009). "Sir John Crofton: Physician whose research revolutionised the treatment of tuberculosis and lung disease". The Independent. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  12. ↑ Brettle, R. P.; Willcocks, L.; Cowan, F. M.; Richardson, A. M. (1994). "Inpatient health care utilization for patients with HIV and AIDS in the Edinburgh City Hospital". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 5 (3): 194–201. doi:10.1177/095646249400500308. ISSN   0956-4624. PMID   8061091. S2CID   33185618.
  13. ↑ "The History of Waverley Care, Scotlands HIV and Hepatitis C Charity". www.waverleycare.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.; "Edinburgh, Greenbank Drive, City Hospital, Milestone House | Canmore". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 25 November 2020.; "Campaigners delighted with survival of Aids hospice in changed role". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  14. ↑ "Greenbank Village Edinburgh" (PDF). Gilson Gray.
  15. ↑ Gray, J. A. (1999). The Edinburgh City Hospital. Internet Archive. East Lothian, Scotland : Tuckwell Press. ISBN   978-1-86232-096-3.
  16. ↑ Kumar, P. Dileep (12 August 2000). "Matrons, Medics and Maladies: Edinburgh Royal Infirmary in the 1840s; The Edinburgh City Hospital". British Medical Journal. 321 (7258): 456. doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.456. ISSN   0959-8138. PMC   1127825 . PMID   10938062.
  17. ↑ Scottish Needs assessment Programme (2015). "Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Allied Disorders" (PDF). Scottish Needs Assessment Programme. Retrieved 2 December 2020.
  18. ↑ Das, Pam (January 2004). "Alasdair Geddes—Emeritus Professor of Infection in the School of Medicine, University of Birmingham, UK. Interview by Pam Das". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 4 (1): 54–57. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00862-4. ISSN   1473-3099. PMID   14720570.(subscription required)
  19. ↑ Stafford, Ned (12 February 2018). "Arnold Maran: otolaryngologist who became known as the "Voice Doctor"" . BMJ. 360: k437. doi:10.1136/bmj.k437. ISSN   0959-8138. S2CID   79980166.

Further reading

Gray, James A. (1999). The Edinburgh City Hospital. East Linton: Tuckwell Press. ISBN   1862320969.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.