Ellimmichthyiformes

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Ellimmichthyiformes
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous–Late Oligocene
Gfp-diplomystus-dentatus.jpg
Diplomystus dentatus from Wyoming
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Clupeomorpha
Order: Ellimmichthyiformes
Grande, 1982
Families

The Ellimmichthyiformes, also known as double-armored herrings, are an extinct order of ray-finned fish known from the Early Cretaceous to the Oligocene. They were the sister group to the extant true herrings, shad and anchovies in the order Clupeiformes, with both orders belonging to the suborder Clupeomorpha. [1]

A highly successful group throughout the Cretaceous, they were found worldwide and are known to have inhabited both marine and freshwater habitats. They appear to have been a largely marine group for most of their history, with the first freshwater lineages appearing during the Late Cretaceous. [2]

Shortly after the origin of the Ellimmichthyiformes in the Early Cretaceous, the Mediterranean portion of the Tethys Ocean appears to have been a major center of diversification for them, as the majority of fossils of this group are known from there. Following this, they saw an explosion in diversity during the Cenomanian, possibly due to the high sea levels of the Tethys at the time and the resulting impact on geography and food distribution, with the group evolving numerous different body plans. [2] [3] However, they were devastated by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and saw a drastic reduction in range. Only a few freshwater species in the genera Diplomystus and Guiclupea survived primarily in North America and China (although the unusual Gasteroclupea of South America appears to have briefly survived into the Paleocene), including Diplomystus dentatus of the famous Green River Formation. A few marine lineages survived in the Paratethys near modern Italy, such as "Diplomystus" trebicianensis in the Paleocene and Eoellimichthys , the last marine ellimmichthyiform, during the Eocene. The last surviving ellimmichthyiform, Guiclupea, was a freshwater species that occurred in southern China during the Oligocene, representing the youngest member of the group. [3] [4]

Taxonomy

Life restoration of the bizarre Rhombichthys from Palestine Rhombichthys intocabilis.jpg
Life restoration of the bizarre Rhombichthys from Palestine

The following families are known: [5] [1]

Other studies have found this division of families to be paraphyletic. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clupeiformes</span> Order of fishes

Clupeiformes is the order of ray-finned fish that includes the herring family, Clupeidae, and the anchovy family, Engraulidae. The group includes many of the most important forage and food fish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gonorynchiformes</span> Order of fishes

The Gonorynchiformes are an order of ray-finned fish that includes the important food source, the milkfish, and a number of lesser-known types, both marine and freshwater.

<i>Pycnodus</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Pycnodus is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the Eocene period. It is wastebasket taxon, although many fossils from Jurassic or Cretaceous are assigned to this genus, only Eocene species, P. apodus is valid. As its name suggests, it is the type genus of Pycnodontiformes.

<i>Gasteroclupea</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Gasteroclupea is a genus of prehistoric ellimmichthyiform fish that is distantly related to modern anchovies and herrings. It contains one species, G. branisai. It inhabited freshwater or estuarine habitats across South America during the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous period, and it briefly survived beyond the K-Pg boundary into the Danian stage of the Paleocene, making it among the few genera from its order to survive into the Cenozoic. Fossils of the genus have been found in the Yacoraite Formation of Argentina, the Chaunaca Formation, Santa Lucía Formation, and El Molino Formation of Bolivia, and the Navay Formation in Venezuela.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pycnodontiformes</span> Extinct order of fishes

Pycnodontiformes is an extinct order of primarily marine bony fish. The group first appeared during the Late Triassic and disappeared during the Eocene. The group has been found in rock formations in Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America. They were small to middle-sized fish, generally with laterally-compressed deep bodies, some with almost circular outlines, adapted for manuverability in reef-like environments, though the group was morphologically diverse. Most, but not all members of the groups had jaws with round and flattened teeth, well adapted to crush food items (durophagy), such as echinoderms, crustaceans and molluscs. Some pyncodontiformes developed piranha like teeth used for eating flesh. Most species inhabited shallow marine reef environments, while a handful of species lived in freshwater or brackish conditions. While rare during the Triassic and Early-Middle Jurassic, Pycnodontiformes became abundant and diverse during the Late Jurassic, exhibiting a high but relatively static diversity during the Early Cretaceous. At the beginning of the Late Cretaceous they reached their apex of morphological and species diversity, after which they began to gradually decline, with a more sudden decline at the end of the Cretaceous due to the collapse of reef ecosystems, finally becoming extinct during the Eocene. They are considered to belong to the Neopterygii, but their relationship to other members of that group is uncertain.

<i>Alloberyx</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Alloberyx is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine ray-finned fish, possibly a holocentrid, that lived during the Santonian of Lebanon. It contains a single species, A. syriacus, initially described as a species of Pseudoberyx.

Anguilloides is an extinct genus of prehistoric marine eel that lived in the early Eocene. It contains a single species, A. branchiostegalis. Fossils are known from the famous Monte Bolca site of Italy.

<i>Sorbinichthys</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Sorbinichthys is an extinct genus of clupeomorph bony fish from the Cenomanian of Lebanon and Morocco.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2015 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and other fishes of every kind that have been described during the year 2015, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that occurred in the year 2015. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2016 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and other fishes of every kind that have been described during the year 2016, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that occurred in the year 2016. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2017 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes and other fishes of every kind that are scheduled to be described during the year 2017, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fishes that are scheduled to occur in the year 2017. The list only includes taxa at the level of genus or species.

<i>Armigatus</i> Extinct genus of fishes

Armigatus is an extinct genus of marine clupeomorph fishes belonging to the order Ellimmichthyiformes. These fishes lived in the Cretaceous ; their fossil remains have been found in Mexico, Croatia, the Middle East and North Africa, suggesting the genus ranged across the Tethys Sea.

This list of fossil fish described in 2018 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fish, bony fish, and other fish of every kind that are scheduled to be described during the year 2018, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of fish that are scheduled to occur in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aulostomoidea</span> Superfamily of fishes

Aulostomoidei is a superfamily of the order Syngnathiformes, which also contains groups such as the seahorses, pipefishes and dragonets. It is one of two superfamilies which make up the suborder Aulostomoidei within the Syngnathiformes.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2019 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes of every kind that were described during the year 2019, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2019.

This list of fossil fishes described in 2020 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes of every kind that were described during the year 2020, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teleosteomorpha</span>

Teleosteomorpha is a clade of ray-finned fishes containing all teleost fish and their closest extinct relatives. Also in this group are two diverse Mesozoic fish orders, the Aspidorhynchiformes and the Pachycormiformes. Several other non-teleostomorph teleosteans existed throughout the Mesozoic, although not as dominant as the two main clades in the group.

This list of fossil fish research presented in 2022 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes that were described during the year, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2022.

This list of fossil fish research presented in 2023 is a list of new taxa of jawless vertebrates, placoderms, acanthodians, fossil cartilaginous fishes, bony fishes, and other fishes that were described during the year, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleoichthyology that occurred in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Enchodontoidei</span> Extinct superorder of aulopiform fish

The Enchodontoidei are an extinct superorder of aulopiform fish known from the Early Cretaceous to the Eocene. They were among the dominant predatory marine fish groups in the Late Cretaceous, achieving a worldwide distribution. They were an extremely diverse group, with some developing fusiform body plans whereas others evolved elongated body plans with long beaks, superficially similar to eels and needlefish. They could also grow to very large sizes, as seen with Cimolichthys and Stratodus, the latter of which is the largest aulopiform known. Their most famous member is the widespread, abundant, and long-lasting genus Enchodus.

References

  1. 1 2 Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016-02-22). Fishes of the World. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN   978-1-118-34233-6.
  2. 1 2 Boukhalfa, Kamel; Wu, Feixiang; Ben Ali, Walid; Fang, Gengyu (2018-09-03). "A new paraclupeid fish (Clupeomorpha: Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Lower Cretaceous Sidi Aich Formation of southern Tunisia: phylogenetic and paleobiogeographic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 38 (5): e1529675. Bibcode:2018JVPal..38E9675B. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1529675. ISSN   0272-4634. S2CID   91457179.
  3. 1 2 Marramà, Giuseppe; Bannikov, Alexandre F.; Kriwet, Jürgen; Carnevale, Giorgio (2019). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "An Eocene paraclupeid fish (Teleostei, Ellimmichthyiformes) from Bolca, Italy: the youngest marine record of double-armoured herrings". Papers in Palaeontology. 5 (1): 83–98. Bibcode:2019PPal....5...83M. doi:10.1002/spp2.1230. ISSN   2056-2799. PMC   6392134 . PMID   30854219.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Chen, Gengjiao; Chang, Mee-mann; Wu, Feixiang; Liao, Xiaowen (2021-06-01). "Guiclupea superstes, gen. et sp. nov., the youngest ellimmichthyiform (clupeomorph) fish to date from the Oligocene of South China". PeerJ. 9: e11418. doi: 10.7717/peerj.11418 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   8176909 . PMID   34131517.
  5. "PBDB". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-01-08.
  6. Figueiredo, Francisco J. De; Ribeiro, Douglas R. M. (2017-02-06). "Reassessment and Relationships of †Scutatuspinosus itapagipensis (Teleostei, Clupeomorpha, †Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Neocomian of Recôncavo Basin, Northeastern Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 89 (2): 799–823. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201620160310. ISSN   0001-3765.
  7. Marramà, Giuseppe; Carnevale, Giorgio (2017-10-03). "The relationships of Gasteroclupea branisai Signeux, 1964, a freshwater double-armored herring (Clupeomorpha, Ellimmichthyiformes) from the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene of South America". Historical Biology. 29 (7): 904–917. Bibcode:2017HBio...29..904M. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1262855. ISSN   0891-2963. S2CID   88892891.