Elodea

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Elodea
Elodea canadensis.jpeg
Elodea canadensis foliage detail
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Hydrocharitaceae
Subfamily: Anacharioideae
Genus: Elodea
Michx. 1803 not J. St.-Hil. 1805 (Clusiaceae) nor Rich.
Synonyms [1]
  • Anacharis(Hydrocharitaceae) [2]
  • PhilotriaRaf.
  • UdoraNutt.
  • DiplandraBertero
  • HydoraBesser
  • ApalanthePlanch.

Elodea is a genus of 6 species of aquatic plants often called the waterweeds described as a genus in 1803. Classified in the frog's-bit family (Hydrocharitaceae), Elodea is native to the Americas [1] and is also widely used as aquarium vegetation and laboratory demonstrations of cellular activities. It lives in fresh water. [3] An older name for this genus is Anacharis, which serves as a common name in North America. [4]

Contents

The introduction of some species of Elodea into waterways in parts of Europe, Australia, Africa, Asia, and New Zealand has created a significant problem and it is now considered a noxious weed in these areas.

Elodea canadensis , sometimes called American or Canadian water weed or pond weed, is widely known as the generic water weed. The use of these names causes it to be confused with similar-looking plants, like Brazilian elodea ( Egeria densa ) or hydrilla ( Hydrilla verticillata ). American water weed is an attractive aquarium plant and is a good substitute for Brazilian elodea. It can be used for science experiments in classrooms demonstrating how plants use carbon dioxide with the usage of bromothymol blue.

The American water weed lives entirely underwater with the exception of small white flowers which bloom at the surface and are attached to the plant by delicate stalks. It produces winter buds from the stem tips that overwinter on the lake bottom. It also often overwinters as an evergreen plant in mild climates. In the Autumn, leafy stalks will detach from the parent plant, float away, root, and start new plants. This is the American water weed's most important method of spreading, while seed production plays a relatively minor role. [5]

Silty sediments and water rich in nutrients favor the growth of American water weed in nutrient-rich lakes. However, the plants will grow in a wide range of conditions, from very shallow to deep water, and in many sediment types. It can even continue to grow uprooted, as floating fragments. It is found throughout temperate North America, where it is one of the most common aquatic plants. [5]

American water weed is an important part of lake ecosystems. It provides good habitat for many aquatic invertebrates and cover for young fish and amphibians. Waterfowl, especially ducks, as well as beaver, muskrat and aquatic turtles eat this plant. It is also of economic importance as an attractive and easy to keep aquarium plant, although in the states of Alabama, New Hampshire, New York, South Carolina, and Washington it has been deemed an invasive species and is illegal to sell. [6]

Species [1] [7]
  1. Elodea bifoliata H.St.John - Canada (AB, SK), W United States (OR + CA to NM + MN)
  2. Elodea callitrichoides (Rich.) Casp. - Argentina, Uruguay
  3. Elodea canadensis Michx. - most of United States + Canada
  4. Elodea granatensis Humb. & Bonpl. - much of South America
  5. Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) H.St.John - much of United States + Canada
  6. Elodea potamogeton (Bertero) Espinosa - Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador

Chemical control

Chemical methods are ineffective in eradicating Elodea – at best they only slow growth for a season or two. [8] As Elodea spreads into new ecosystems, it experiences rapid growth for 5–6 years and then slows as soil nutrients are used up. [9] Elodea is threatening aquatic environments across Europe. [10] Chemicals may be used in places that cause undue economic concerns, but very few aquatic herbicides are registered for aquatic use in the EU. Fluridone, the most commonly used aquatic herbicide is highly effective against Hydrilla, but only marginally effective against Elodea, especially at lower use rates. [11] [12] [13]

Mechanical control

An aquatic weed harvester collecting Elodea from a lake Berky Mahsammelboot Elodea.jpg
An aquatic weed harvester collecting Elodea from a lake

The plants can also be removed from lakes and rivers mechanically. They are extracted either by hand or by using rakes, chains, mowing boats or weed buckets. The problem is that through vegetative reproduction via fragments, mechanical removal methods can contribute to the spread of the plant. Torn fragments can be transported downstream or are introduced to new environments via attachment to boats and anchor chains. [14]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquatic plant</span> Plant that has adapted to living in an aquatic environment

Aquatic plants are plants that have adapted to living in aquatic environments. They are also referred to as hydrophytes or macrophytes to distinguish them from algae and other microphytes. A macrophyte is a plant that grows in or near water and is either emergent, submergent, or floating. In lakes and rivers macrophytes provide cover for fish, substrate for aquatic invertebrates, produce oxygen, and act as food for some fish and wildlife.

<i>Hydrilla</i> Species of plant

Hydrilla (waterthyme) is a genus of aquatic plant, usually treated as containing just one species, Hydrilla verticillata, though some botanists divide it into several species. It is native to the cool and warm waters of the Old World in Asia, Africa and Australia, with a sparse, scattered distribution; in Australia from Northern Territory, Queensland, and New South Wales.

<i>Elodea canadensis</i> Species of aquatic plant

Elodea canadensis is a perennial aquatic plant, or submergent macrophyte, native to most of North America. It has been introduced widely to regions outside its native range and was first recorded from the British Isles in about 1836.

<i>Myriophyllum aquaticum</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Haloragaceae

Myriophyllum aquaticum is a flowering plant, a vascular dicot, commonly called parrot's-feather and parrot feather watermilfoil.

<i>Pontederia crassipes</i> Aquatic plant native to the Amazon basin

Pontederia crassipes, commonly known as common water hyacinth is an aquatic plant native to South America, naturalized throughout the world, and often invasive outside its native range. It is the sole species of the subgenus Oshunae within the genus Pontederia. Anecdotally, it is known as the "terror of Bengal" due to its invasive growth tendencies.

<i>Ceratophyllum demersum</i> Species of plant

Ceratophyllum demersum, commonly known as hornwort, rigid hornwort, coontail, or coon's tail, is a species of Ceratophyllum. It is a submerged, free-floating aquatic plant, with a cosmopolitan distribution, native to all continents except Antarctica. It is a harmful weed introduced in New Zealand. It is also a popular aquarium plant.

<i>Egeria densa</i> Species of aquatic plant

Egeria densa, the large-flowered waterweed or Brazilian waterweed, is a species of Egeria native to warm temperate South America in southeastern Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay. It is considered a problematic invasive species due to its use in home aquariums and subsequent release into non-native ecosystems.

<i>Hygrophila polysperma</i> Species of aquatic plant

Hygrophila polysperma, commonly known as dwarf hygrophila, dwarf hygro, Miramar weed, Indian swampweed or Indian waterweed, is an aquatic plant in the family Acanthaceae. It is native to Bangladesh, India, China and Malaysia, and has also been introduced to the US states of Florida, Texas and possibly Virginia. It is listed on the Federal Noxious Weed List in the US and is illegal to import and sell in a number of states including Kansas and South Carolina.

<i>Elodea nuttallii</i> Species of aquatic plant

Elodea nuttallii is a species of waterweed known by the common name western waterweed or Nuttall's waterweed. This is a perennial aquatic plant which is native to North America where it grows submersed in lakes, rivers, and other shallow water bodies. It is also found in Eurasia, where it is commonly weedy; it is not known as a weed species in its native range. It is sometimes used as an aquarium plant.

<i>Lagarosiphon major</i> Species of aquatic plant

Lagarosiphon major is a monocotic aquatic plant native to Southern Africa. Common names include African elodea, curly waterweed, oxygen weed and South African oxygen weed. It is used as freshwater aquarium plant.

<i>Limnobium laevigatum</i> Species of aquatic plant

Limnobium laevigatum is a floating aquatic plant, and is a member of the family Hydrocharitaceae. Common names include West Indian spongeplant, South American spongeplant and Amazon or smooth frogbit. This plant was introduced to North American waterways through use in aquariums and aquascapes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquatic weed harvester</span>

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<i>Myriophyllum alterniflorum</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Haloragaceae

Myriophyllum alterniflorum, known as alternate water-milfoil or alternateflower watermilfoil, is a species of water-milfoil. It is native to Europe and Asia,has been introduced to North America and inhabits aquatic habitat, such as ponds and streams.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fluridone</span> Chemical compound

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Aquatic plant management involves the science and methodologies used to control invasive and non-invasive aquatic plant species in waterways. Methods used include spraying herbicide, biological controls, mechanical removal as well as habitat modification. Preventing the introduction of invasive species is ideal.

<i>Mayaca fluviatilis</i> Species of aquatic plant in the family Mayacaceae

Mayaca fluviatilis, also known as bog moss, is a perennial herbaceous submerged plant in the monogeneric family Mayacaceae. It is native to Central and South America, the Caribbean, and the United States where it is often sold as an aquarium plant. Through the aquatic plant trade, it has recently become naturalized in Sri Lanka, Singapore, and China. It has been identified in three locations in Australia but more populations are likely in other parts of Australia as well.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". apps.kew.org. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  2. ↑ Tropicos, search for Serpicula
  3. ↑ Luteyn, J. L. 1999. Páramos, a checklist of plant diversity, geographical distribution, and botanical literature. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 84: viii–xv, 1–278
  4. ↑ "Elodea in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  5. 1 2 "Plants Profile for Elodea (waterweed)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  6. ↑ Elodea canadensis details Archived 2009-08-20 at the Wayback Machine from Pond Conservation website, a UK organisation
  7. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  8. ↑ "Efficacy of Fluridone, Penoxsulam, and Bispyribac-sodium on Variable-leaf Milfoil". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2015-08-26.
  9. ↑ Thiébaut, Gabrielle (2005-09-01). "Does competition for phosphate supply explain the invasion pattern of Elodea species?". Water Research. 39 (14): 3385–3393. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.05.036. ISSN   0043-1354. PMID   16026814.
  10. ↑ Lambertini, Carla; Riis, Tenna; Olesen, Birgit; Clayton, John S; Sorrell, Brian K; Brix, Hans (2010-06-18). "Genetic diversity in three invasive clonal aquatic species in New Zealand". BMC Genetics. 11: 52. doi: 10.1186/1471-2156-11-52 . ISSN   1471-2156. PMC   2902404 . PMID   20565861.
  11. ↑ Arias, Renée S.; Netherland, Michael D.; Scheffler, Brian E.; Puri, Atul; Dayan, Franck E. (2005-03-01). "Molecular evolution of herbicide resistance to phytoene desaturase inhibitors in Hydrilla verticillata and its potential use to generate herbicide-resistant crops". Pest Management Science. 61 (3): 258–268. doi:10.1002/ps.1022. ISSN   1526-498X. PMID   15668922. S2CID   23469042.
  12. ↑ Michel, Albrecht; Arias, Renee S.; Scheffler, Brian E.; Duke, Stephen O.; Netherland, Michael; Dayan, Franck E. (2004-10-01). "Somatic mutation-mediated evolution of herbicide resistance in the nonindigenous invasive plant hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)". Molecular Ecology. 13 (10): 3229–3237. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02280.x. ISSN   0962-1083. PMID   15367135. S2CID   19191358.
  13. ↑ Sepro, Corp. "SONAR H4C Label" (PDF). Sonar H4C Aquatic Herbicide. Sepro.
  14. ↑ "GISD".
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