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The Euclid Company of Ohio was a manufacturer which specialized in heavy equipment for earthmoving, particularly dump trucks, loaders and wheel tractor-scrapers. It operated in the US from the 1920s to the 1950s, when it was purchased by General Motors. The firm was later bought by Hitachi Construction Machinery. [1]
The Euclid Company of Ohio made specifically-designed off-road heavy haulers, compared with other companies that modified on-road trucks for off-road earth-hauling.
The Euclid Crane and Hoist Co., formed in 1909 and owned by George A. Armington and his five sons, had become a large, respected and profitable operation by the early 1920s. It introduced the Euclid Automatic Rotary Scraper in 1924, soon followed by the Euclid Wheeler (wheeled) scraper. Those earthmoving products were conceived by George's eldest son, Arthur, who steered the company into the earthmoving field. The two models of scrapers were well received, and a third model, the Euclid Contractors Special, designed to cope with hard ground, was even more successful. In 1926, the Armingtons formed Euclid Inc., the Road Machinery Division of Euclid Crane and Hoist, to cater especially to the off-road hauler market. [2]
Arthur and his father, George, had built a successful prototype crawler, and tested it on the family farm, but the crawler design was dropped, for reasons unknown. Large public works construction programs in 1927 and 1928 required large excavations, thus enhancing the success of the Euclid Road Machinery division.
Euclid produced crawler wagons on tracks (similar to Athey Wagons) known as Euclid Tu-Way haulers. The crawler track speed restriction was a problem, and the next version used steel wheels for improved speed. George Armington Jr was a keen hydraulics designer, and produced the first hydraulic Euclid dumpers circa 1930.
The Great Depression did not affect Euclid greatly, and the expansion of the earthmoving portion of the Euclid business led to the incorporation of the Euclid Road Machinery Co., on July 11, 1931. That company remained a subsidiary of Euclid Armington Corp, until January 1, 1933, when the companies were separated. Euclid Road Machinery became a producer of fast, off-road earthmoving haulers.
Euclid produced its first specially-designed, 7-yard (6.4 m)-long, off-road dump truck, the Model 1Z, in January 1934. It was powered by a 100 horsepower (75 kW) Waukesha gasoline engine, and used an extremely heavy-duty, Euclid rear axle, fitted with a new 17.5 x 24 tire, which had just been released by the tire industry. Mack had produced a 14-yard (13 m)-long, heavy duty off-road hauler in 1931, specifically for the Boulder Dam project (the Model AP Super-Duty), but it was basically a beefed-up, road-going, chain-drive AC Bulldog Mack.
The next Euclid design was an articulated, tractor/trailer, in the style of the Caterpillar DW10 bottom dumper. It was known as the Model Z or ZW.
Euclid made thousands of off-road haulers and scrapers. Improved and larger designs helped it become a significant international corporation by the early 1950s. In 1950, a separate UK-based company, Euclid Great Britain, was established. A factory specialising in off-road haulers was opened in Motherwell, Scotland. [3] In 1953, the Euclid Corporation was purchased by General Motors, in what the leaders of both companies saw as an advantageous deal, given their complementary product lines. The deal came about due to GM's desire to enter the earthmoving manufacturing field, and the realisation by the Armington family that a GM takeover would provide capital and enhanced design capability. The GM takeover was announced on September 30, 1953, with an official takeover date of January 1, 1954.
Arthur Armington died suddenly in 1937, leading to a stumble in Euclid's fortunes. George Armington died in 1954, at the age of 89, after overseeing the sale of Euclid to GM. Sons Stuart & Everett Armington retired in 1953, and George Jr retired in 1958. The youngest son Ray, the last Armington, retired in 1960 after seven years as General Manager of GM's Euclid Division.
The 1950s and 1960s were good years for Euclid Trucks. In 1951, the company produced the industry's first 50-ton, three-axle dump truck, with twin-engined Cummins power. During that period, Euclid produced two- and three-axle dump trucks with capacities up to 105 tons. Some of the largest three-axle units were used as tractors for even larger end-dump, and bottom-dump haulers.
In 1959, the Department of Justice, led by Attorney General William P. Rogers, initiated an antitrust suit, under the Clayton Act, against General Motors Corporation. It charged that GM was too dominant, and its business methods stifled competition in the off-road hauler and earthmoving market. GM fought the suit for eight years, finally surrendering in 1968 and agreeing to sell its Euclid Division.
After the sale of Euclid to White Motor Corporation, GM formed the Terex brand. [4] Under the sale agreement with White, GM was not allowed to produce trucks in competition with White for four years – from July 1, 1968, to July 1, 1972. GM could produce off-road haul trucks but could not sell them in the US. GM equipment dealers in the US were offered a franchise deal from White to sell the White/Euclid line of trucks for a period of four years. The international Euclid dealerships were still owned by GM, thus forcing White to form all-new international dealerships. GM produced haul trucks in the 1968-1972 period that it had developed during its ownership of Euclid, using plants in Canada and Scotland that it had been allowed to keep. They were sold under the name Terex, but were essentially the same as the Euclid line.
The Euclid Company lost its prominence after the sale to White, and never achieved the standing that it enjoyed before the GM acquisition.
The company was purchased by Hitachi Construction Machinery Co. Ltd. and is now producing a range of models of truck under the Hitachi name, although it is commonly branded as a Euclid, and several components bear the Euclid name. There are two classes of the machines currently in production: both are "rigid dumper" models (dump trucks with a rigid frame, non-articulated). The smaller construction and quarry trucks (30 ton - 90 ton) are dwarfed by the larger mining trucks in the 140 ton - 450 ton range.
Production was moved from Euclid, Ohio, to Guelph in Ontario, Canada. The trucks were are equipped with mufflers and computer controllers to meet environmental requirements for sound and exhaust emissions.
There are some trucks currently in use in mines in the US, and they can be seen in Canada at Fort McMurray, and throughout China, Australia, Africa, Indonesia and South America as well. Although the heady days of large American infrastructure protects are in the past, there is still need for heavy infrastructure and mining equipment.
Smaller construction trucks, of 32 tons and 36 tons capacity, are being built in India by Telcon, a joint venture between Tata and Hitachi Construction Machinery Co. Ltd. They are smaller trucks using older technology, and were previously manufactured in Poland under license from VME (Volvo Michigan Euclid). The intended market for the older-technology construction trucks is India.
In August 1977, White sold Euclid, Inc., to Daimler Benz AG of Stuttgart, Germany and, in January 1984, Daimler-Benz sold Euclid to one of Euclid’s former competitors, Clark Equipment Company, after which it became part of the Clark Michigan Company, as Clark’s construction machinery division was then called. The following April, Clark formed a 50/50 joint venture with Volvo AB of Sweden, now known as Volvo Construction Equipment, to manufacture Volvo, Michigan and Euclid construction equipment under the name of VME Group NV. VME underwent several rather confusing reorganisation of its American and European operations, culminating in 1991 in the creation of a VME North Americas unit, to handle only the Euclid lines.
In December 1993, VME North America entered into a joint venture of its own with Hitachi Construction Machinery Co. Ltd., called Euclid-Hitachi Heavy Equipment. Hitachi, a manufacturer of hydraulic construction machinery such as excavators and cranes, gradually increased its share of the joint venture until it owned 100% of the organization by 2000. Hitachi obtained Euclid to fill the gap in their ability to offer a complete mining package, because mining excavators and dump trucks are usually needed in combination.
Euclid-Hitachi became Hitachi Construction Truck Manufacturing on January 1, 2004, and the famous Euclid green was replaced with Hitachi orange. The Euclid name had been phased out by the end of 2004, ending 80 years of the Euclid name on construction machinery.
The Euclid company of Euclid, OH, was synonymous with off-road haul trucks, and earthmoving equipment such as bottom dumpers, and to a lesser extent, scrapers, in the 1950s. As described in Herbert L. Nicholas' "Moving the Earth", [5] now in its 5th edition, Euclid was everywhere.
GM's work on heavy duty automatic transmissions during the Second World War had produced the Allison heavy duty automatic in 1945. Euclid was the first to use this transmission in heavy duty off-road dump trucks in the late 1940s. It met the need for an industrial transmission with huge power capacity, as engine sizes were increasing to the point where transmissions could not cope with the power.
Euclid pioneered the use of twin engines (Twin-Power) in a bottom dumper (model 50FDT-102W), in November 1948. Their first Twin-Power scraper prototype (model 51FDT-13SH) appeared in February 1949, and production model Twin-Power scrapers were released in 1950 (GM powered model 68FDT-17SH - and the Cummins powered model, 66FDT-16SH). Prior to GM's purchase of Euclid, the engine preferred by Euclid was Cummins diesels, with GM's 2-stroke Detroit Diesel offered as an option. When GM purchased Euclid, it led to dismay at Cummins, because of loss of an important customer. The takeover led to GM engines being the engine of choice, but the Cummins option was still available, although Cummins-engined trucks sold in lower numbers after the GM takeover.
Ranging from 10 to 62 ton capacity, the giants roamed strip mines, heavy construction sites and quarries worldwide. Euclid's end dumpers reached 210 tons in capacity in the 1980s.
Euclid trucks were usually loaded by cable-operated crawler shovels and draglines of other manufacturers, but Euclid also developed mobile belt loaders to load its bottom dump trucks.
Euclid also pioneered the high speed tractor belly dumper. This combined an off-road tractor (with a fifth wheel) and a very large, up to 100-ton capacity, belly dump trailer. This machine, descended from bottom dump wagons drawn by crawler tractors, discharged its load through longitudinal gates in the bottom of the trailer. The first such trucks carried 13 cubic yards, but by the early 1960s capacities reached 110 tons.
Euclid also manufactured wheeled tractor scrapers, such as were invented by R. G. LeTourneau (later to become LeTourneau-Westinghouse, after the purchase of R. G LeTourneau, Inc. by Westinghouse Air Brake Company) [6] and now almost singularly manufactured by Caterpillar. Euclid's tractor scrapers were powered by the same tractors as their belly dumps. Euclid was the first major manufacturer to commercialize the articulated rubber tired loader, which is the current mainstay of many heavy equipment manufacturers, particularly Caterpillar.
Excavators are heavy construction equipment primarily consisting of a boom, dipper, bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house" - although the largest form ever, the dragline excavator, eliminated the dipper in favor of a line and winch.
A bulldozer or dozer is a large, motorized machine equipped with a metal blade to the front for pushing material: soil, sand, snow, rubble, or rock during construction work. It travels most commonly on continuous tracks, though specialized models riding on large off-road tires are also produced. Its most popular accessory is a ripper, a large hook-like device mounted singly or in multiples in the rear to loosen dense materials.
A loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move or load materials such as soil, rock, sand, demolition debris, etc. into or onto another type of machinery.
Heavy equipment, heavy machinery, earthmovers, construction vehicles, or construction equipment, refers to heavy-duty vehicles specially designed to execute construction tasks, most frequently involving earthwork operations or other large construction tasks. Heavy equipment usually comprises five equipment systems: the implement, traction, structure, power train, and control/information.
A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader, motor grader, or simply blade, is a form of heavy equipment with a long blade used to create a flat surface during grading. Although the earliest models were towed behind horses, and later tractors, most modern graders are self-propelled and thus technically "motor graders".
Volvo Construction Equipment - Volvo CE - is a major international company which develops, manufactures, and markets equipment for construction and related industries. It is a subsidiary and business of the Volvo Group.
A dump truck, known also as a dumping truck, dump trailer, dumper trailer, dump lorry or dumper lorry or a dumper for short, is used for transporting materials for construction as well as coal. A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged at the rear and equipped with hydraulic rams to lift the front, allowing the material in the bed to be deposited ("dumped") on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery. In the UK, Australia, South Africa and India the term applies to off-road construction plants only and the road vehicle is known as a tip lorry, tipper lorry, tipper truck, tip truck, tip trailer or tipper trailer or simply a tipper.
A dumper or dumper truck or dump truck is a truck designed for carrying bulk material, often on building sites. A dumper has a body which tilts or opens at the back for unloading and is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver. The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name "dumper" comes from. They are normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site tractor. Dumpers with rubber tracks are used in special circumstances and provide a more even distribution of weight compared to tires. Continuous tracks allow the operator to carry heavier payload on slick, snowy, or muddy surfaces, and are popular in some countries. Rubber track dumpers offer even weight distribution for transporting heavy payloads over challenging terrains like mud or snow, popular in certain regions. Roll Off Dumpsters, contrastingly, are large, stationary containers designed for substantial waste management, easily loaded and transported by specialized trucks.
Robert Gilmour LeTourneau, born in Richford, Vermont, was a prolific inventor of earthmoving machinery, and founder of LeTourneau Technologies, Inc and LeTourneau University. His factories supplied machinery which represented nearly 70 percent of the earthmoving equipment and engineering vehicles used by the Allied forces during World War II, and more than half of the 1,500-mile (2,414 km) Alcan Highway in Canada was built with LeTourneau equipment. Over the course of his life he secured nearly 300 patents relating to earthmoving equipment, manufacturing processes and machine tools.
In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a type of heavy equipment used for earthmoving. It has a pan/hopper for loading and carrying material. The pan has a tapered horizontal front cutting edge that cuts into the soil like a carpenter's plane or cheese slicer and fills the hopper which has a movable ejection system. The horsepower of the machine, depth of the cut, type of material, and slope of the cut area affect how quickly the pan is filled.
The Autocar Company is an American specialist manufacturer of severe-duty, Class 7 and Class 8 vocational trucks, with its headquarters in Birmingham, Alabama. Started in 1897 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as a manufacturer of Brass Era automobiles, and trucks from 1899, Autocar is the oldest surviving motor vehicle brand in the Western Hemisphere.
Hitachi Construction Machinery (Europe) NV (HCME) is a subsidiary of Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd. (HCM) and was established in 1972 in Oosterhout, The Netherlands. It is responsible for the manufacture, sales and marketing of Hitachi construction equipment throughout Europe, Africa and the Middle East.
Terex Corporation is an American company and worldwide manufacturer of lifting and material-handling equipment. Products include those that enable customers to reduce their impact on the environment including electric and hybrid offerings, deliver emission-free performance, support renewable energy, and aid in the recovery of reusable materials from waste. Terex does business in the Americas, Europe, Australia and Asia Pacific.
An articulated hauler, articulated dump truck (ADT), or sometimes a dump hauler, is a very large heavy-duty type of dump truck used to transport loads over rough terrain, and occasionally on public roads. The vehicle usually has all-wheel drive and consists of two basic units: the front section, generally called the tractor, and the rear section that contains the dump body, called the hauler or trailer section. Steering is made by pivoting the front in relation to the back by hydraulic rams. This way, all wheels follow the same path, making it an excellent off-road vehicle.
Haul trucks are off-road, heavy-duty dump trucks specifically engineered for use in high-production mining and exceptionally demanding construction environments. Most are dual axle; at least two examples of tri-axles were made in the 1970s. Haul trucks are denominated by their payload capacity, by weight.
The Terex 33-19 "Titan" was a prototype off-highway, ultra class, rigid frame, three-axle, diesel/AC electric powertrain haul truck designed by the Terex Division of General Motors and assembled at General Motors Diesel Division's London, ON, Canada assembly plant in 1973. Only one 33-19 was ever produced and it was the largest, highest capacity haul truck in the world for 25 years. After 13 years in service, the 33-19 was restored and is now preserved on static display as a tourist attraction in Sparwood, BC, Canada.
Fiatallis, was a brand of heavy equipment, such as loaders, bulldozers, backhoes, scrapers, and graders. It began in January 1974, when Allis-Chalmers's construction equipment business was reorganized into a joint venture with Fiat SpA, which bought a 65% majority stake at the outset.
The Volvo VN is a heavy-duty truck produced by the Swedish vehicle manufacturer Volvo Trucks. Initially developed in North America, it was introduced in 1996 as the second generation Volvo Class 8 tractor. For the 2004 model year the third generation model was introduced with a revised hood, headlamps, fairings and interior, and the VN was officially renamed VNL. Other models included the VNM and the VNR.
The Payhauler is a series of dump trucks that were produced from 1956 to 2003. Introduced by International Harvester as the International Harvester Payhauler, the line was spun off in 1982 into a separate company, the Payhauler Corporation.
Belarus had third by volume part of automotive industry of the Soviet Union with near 40,000 annual production. Since that times Belarus specializes on production of own designed superheavy, heavy and middle trucks mainly plus post-Soviet developed buses, trolleybuses and trams. Auto manufacturers in Belarus include MAZ, BelAZ and Neman.
Media related to Euclid haul trucks at Wikimedia Commons
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